THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

Antibiotics, disinfectants and bacteria resistant to them have been detected in environmental compartments such as waste water, surface water, ground water, sediments and soils. Antibiotics are released into the environment after their use in medicine, veterinary medicine and their employment as growth promoters in animal husbandry, fish farming and other fields. There is increasing concern about the growing resistance of pathogenic bacteria in the environment, and their ecotoxic effects. Increasingly, antibiotic resistance is seen as an ecological problem. This includes both the ecology of resistance genes and that of the resistant bacteria themselves. Little is known about the effects of subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics and disinfectants on environmental bacteria, especially with respect to resistance. According to the present state of our knowledge, the impact on the frequency of resistance transfer by antibacterials present in the environment is questionable. The input of resistant bacteria into the environment seems to be an important source of resistance in the environment. The possible impact of resistant bacteria on the environment is not yet known. Further research into these issues is warranted.

Resistance in the Environment

Adsorption of dye from aqueous solution by cashew nut shell: Studies on equilibrium isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamics of interactions

Chromium speciation, bioavailability, uptake, toxicity and detoxification in soil-plant system: A review.

Chromate detoxification using combination of ChromeBac™ system and immobilized chromate reductase beads

The palm oil industry generates large amount of biomass waste such as oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) and palm oil mill effluent (POME). This biomass would be typically recycled to produce EFB compost that is a valuable agricultural input. This study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of using EFB compost as carrier for nitrogen fixing bacteria (NFB) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB). Mixture (50-60% moisture) between EFB (shredded short fibres) and POME (anaerobic pond) were added with Effective Microorganisms (EM) to accelerate the composting process. The EFB compost reached thermophilic phase after 4-6 weeks with consistent temperature between 50-60 o C. After 7 weeks of composting, EFB compost reached the mesophilic phase with continuous reduction of temperature to 35-40 o C at week 8. The maturity of the compost is supported from the reduction of the C/N ratio from 36 (initial) to 20 (after 6 weeks). Mature EFB compost was sun-dried and ground into fine particle size (1 mm) prior to be used as carrier. Dried EFB compost carrier has the following characteristics (dry weight); average pH at 7.5, C/N ratio - 13.5, moisture - 17.4%, organic matter – 74.5%, total N - 3.06%, P - 0.37%, K - 4.74%, Ca - 3.32% and Mg - 0.79%. The inoculation of NFB and PSB into the EFB compost carrier from single cultures of Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter cloacae showed high viable cell count at 4.05 x 10 9 CFU/g and 2.75 x 10 8 CFU/g respectively at day three after inoculation. Meanwhile, the mixed culture of Burkholderia cenocepacia with Serratia marcescens showed 2.45 x 10 8 CFU/g and 4.31 x 10 9 CFU/g respectively. This clearly indicates the potential of using EFB as a useful alternative for bacterial immobilization prior to application in the oil palm industries.

Recycling of oil palm empty fruit bunch as potential carrier for biofertilizer formulation

Sugarcane bagasse as nutrient and support material for Cr(VI)-reducing biofilm

Agriculture has been the main industrial sector for various countries in the world. It provides millions of jobs to the population as well as being the main source of income for these countries. Nevertheless, with the increasing demand for agricultural produce, huge amount of agricultural waste are also produced. Using different physical, chemical, or biological approaches, these agricultural wastes, also loosely termed as biomass, present a huge potential to be valorized into various products such as biochemicals, biofuels, and biomaterials, mainly due to its high carbon composition. However, without proper management, these wastes (both liquid and solid) posed serious threat to overall environmental quality notably from its slow degradation process. Current approaches are effective but labor-intensive would normally require huge capital investment and generation of potential hazardous by-products. This prompted the need to have an alternative approach which is cheaper and easier to handle and has minimum potential impact to environmental quality. 1.1 Agriculture Industry Agriculture is generally defined as the basis for the establishment of modern human societies. It includes crop, animal husbandry, and fisheries to fulfill the food requirements of human population (Kesavan and Swaminathan 2008; Gomiero 2017). Agriculture has emerged from merely one of the means for human survival to a F.Z. Abas (*) • S.E. Zulkifli • R.S.R. Sulong Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia e-mail: fatma_zahra85@yahoo.com Z.A. Zakaria Department of Bioprocess Engineering & Institute of Bioproduct Development, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia e-mail: zainul@ibd.utm.my

/pdf/sustainable-technologies-for-the-management-of-agricultural-1iwtexybwm.pdf

Sustainable Technologies for the Management of Agricultural Wastes

The ability of locally laboratory-synthesized polyaluminium chloride (PAC) with high Al13 content (PAC-Al13) to remove organic, inorganic matter and colour from potable water, agricultural and electroplating wastewaters was evaluated relative to commercial PAC (PACI). PAC-Al13 used in this study was prepared using batch titration of NaOH into AlCl3·6H2O solution under vigorous stirring as opposed to the conventional slow-base titration method. The highly pure PAC-Al13 (containing 79% polymeric Al13 species) with high basicity (87%) was isolated and extracted using the sulphate displacement method and metathesis reaction. PAC-Al13 showed higher COD (85–96%), metals (95–100%), TDS (86–90%) and colour (90–95%) removal compared with PACI, i.e. COD (57–74%), metals (71–99%), TDS (58–80%) and colour (85–92%). The dominance of polymeric Al13 species in PAC-Al13 was supported from the scanning electron microscopy images (presence of Keggin structure of Al13) and the 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance analysis that showed the appearance of a single peak at 62.1 ppm. This study demonstrated the potential of using a new type of PAC, produced using simple preparation technique and contain high polymeric Al13 species, that has the ability to remove contaminants from water and wastewater systems more efficiently.

Zainul Akmar Zakaria

Papers

Chromate detoxification using combination of ChromeBac™ system and immobilized chromate reductase beads

Recycling of oil palm empty fruit bunch as potential carrier for biofertilizer formulation

Sugarcane bagasse as nutrient and support material for Cr(VI)-reducing biofilm

Sustainable Technologies for the Management of Agricultural Wastes

Organic and Inorganic Matter Removal Using High Polymeric Al13 Containing Polyaluminium Chloride