THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

Antibiotics, disinfectants and bacteria resistant to them have been detected in environmental compartments such as waste water, surface water, ground water, sediments and soils. Antibiotics are released into the environment after their use in medicine, veterinary medicine and their employment as growth promoters in animal husbandry, fish farming and other fields. There is increasing concern about the growing resistance of pathogenic bacteria in the environment, and their ecotoxic effects. Increasingly, antibiotic resistance is seen as an ecological problem. This includes both the ecology of resistance genes and that of the resistant bacteria themselves. Little is known about the effects of subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics and disinfectants on environmental bacteria, especially with respect to resistance. According to the present state of our knowledge, the impact on the frequency of resistance transfer by antibacterials present in the environment is questionable. The input of resistant bacteria into the environment seems to be an important source of resistance in the environment. The possible impact of resistant bacteria on the environment is not yet known. Further research into these issues is warranted.

Resistance in the Environment

Adsorption of dye from aqueous solution by cashew nut shell: Studies on equilibrium isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamics of interactions

Chromium speciation, bioavailability, uptake, toxicity and detoxification in soil-plant system: A review.

Kajian pengambilan semula logam Zn dan Cu telah dilakukan menggunakan teknik sekat gerak dengan bakteria A dan P sebagai biopenjerap dan pasir terawat asid sebagai matrik penyokong. Hampir 99% bakteria A dan 100% bakteria P berjaya disekat gerak pada pasir. Nilai qmarks. (Zn: 205.6 mg/g bagi bakteria A dan 58.2 mg/g bagi bakteria P, Cu: 23.2 mg/g bagi bakteria A, dan 13.3 mg/g bagi bakteria P) yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahawa pengambilan logam lebih baik pada pH 4.5. Pengelusian Zn dan Cu yang dilakukan menggunakan 0.05M HNO 3 hanya berjaya mengeluarkan lebih kurang 40% Zn dan 30% Cu. 

				Kata kunci: Tersekat gerak; zink; kuprum; penyahjerapan; bakteria
				
				A study on the ability of immobilized bacteria A and P to enhance the recovery of Cu and Zn was carried out. Almost 99% of bacteria A and 100% of bacteria P were successfully immobilized on the sand. qmax values obtained for Cu and Zn was 23.2mg/g (bacteria A), 13.28mg/g (bacteria P) and 205.6mg/g (bacteria A), 58.2mg/g (bacteria P) respectively. From the desorption experiment, about 33% of Cu and 41% of Zn were recovered. In conclusion, the uptake of Cu and Zn was higher at pH 4.5, whilst HNO 3 (0.05M) was not a suitable eluting agent to release adsorped Cu and Zn. 
				
				Key words: Immobilized; zink; copper; bacteria

KAJIAN SEKAT GERAK BAKTERIA BERPENYOKONG DALAM PENGAMBILAN SEMULA LOGAM Cu DAN Zn

Microwave‐assisted production of biochar from oil palm mesocarp fiber and its dye removal properties

Palm oil plantation is one of the largest cultivation in Malaysia. The massive production of palm oil has abandoned huge palm oil biomass such as palm kernel shell that has become increasingly threatening environmental issue. Conversion of biomass through microwave pyrolysis has become one of the solutions to manage the abundance of biomass. Therefore, the aim of this study is to utilize the palm kernel shell for the production of pyroligneous acid (PA) by using microwave-assisted pyrolysis which would then be evaluated for its total phenolic content and scavenging DPPH free radicals. Pyroligneous acid of palm kernel shell will be produced from the condensation of smoke generated during pyrolysis process. From this study, the TPC observed was 49.96 mg GAE/g, whereas for the IC50, DPPH value obtained was, 66.19 µg/mL. Pyroligneous acid produced during the pyrolysis process has the potential to apply in various applications and could serve as an alternative eco-friendly source of natural antioxidant.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1444/1/012005/pdf

Characterization of pyroligneous acid produced from microwave-assisted treatment of palm kernel shell

Palm kernel shell (PKS) and empty fruit bunches, both raw (EFB-R) and pretreated by means of autoclaving (EFB-A) and microwave (EFB-M), were pyrolyzed in a fixed-bed stainless steel reactor at 550 °C. The yield of the water-soluble liquid fraction (pyroligneous acid, PA) in the pyrolysis of PKS was 26%wt. (dry basis) and in the range of 16–46%wt. when different EFB were used. The yield of insoluble liquid fraction (bio-oil, BO) was 9.1%wt. for PKS and up to 25%wt. in the case of EFB. Liquid and gaseous products were analyzed by conventional capillary gas chromatography. The PA from the PKS had 30%wt. of total phenolic compounds (up to 24%wt. phenol) and 46%wt. acetic acid. On the other hand, the bio-oil from PKS had 43%wt. of total phenolic compounds (up to 26%wt. phenol) and 17%wt. acetic acid. The PA from EFB contained mainly acetic acid (65.5%wt.), furfural (7.7%wt.), methanol (8.0%wt.), and phenol (15.2%wt.). When EFB was pretreated, the concentration of acetic acid in PA decreased dramatically, while the concentration of furfural increased up to ten times, this effect being more noticeable in the case of microwave pretreatment. The yields of by-products were of significance in all cases (13–23%wt. of gases and 33–52%wt. of char). These results show that the liquid products obtained from the pyrolysis of palm oil industrial wastes could be used in order to obtain chemical raw materials of worldwide extended use, while the by-products (gases and char) can be used as renewable energy sources.

Pyrolysis Products from Residues of Palm Oil Industry

Nowadays, Indonesia is faced with an increase in human growth, and followed by increasing electricity demand. One of the environmental friendly alternative energy that can solve this problem is microbial fuel cell, which utilizes organic matter as a substrate of bacteria in carrying out its metabolic activities to produce electricity. In this study, investigated the electrical energy produced by Microalgae Microbial Fuel Cell (MMFC) using Chlorella vulgaris and “Batik” wastewater. This study aims to assess the performance of the MMFC system based on the influence of yeast (8 g L−1 and 4 g L−1 ), “Batik wastewater” concentration (50 % and 100 %), and graphite electrodes (1:1 and 2:2). The MMFC system was carried out by filling anode chamber with “Batik” wastewater and the cathode with C. vulgaris . MMFC simulation was operated for 7 d. Concentration of 100 % “Batik” wastewater and 2:2 number of electrodes gave the best result in MMFC with voltage 0.115 Volt, algae absorbance 0.666. The COD decreased from 824 mg L−1 to 752 mg L−1 after the MMFC. The addition of 8 g L−1 yeast gave the optimum of bioelectricity production reached 0.322 Volt and the microalgae grew until the absorbance reached 1.031.

/pdf/microalgae-microbial-fuel-cell-mmfc-using-chlorella-vulgaris-kmpjqtv3wd.pdf

Zainul Akmar Zakaria

Papers

KAJIAN SEKAT GERAK BAKTERIA BERPENYOKONG DALAM PENGAMBILAN SEMULA LOGAM Cu DAN Zn

Microwave‐assisted production of biochar from oil palm mesocarp fiber and its dye removal properties

Characterization of pyroligneous acid produced from microwave-assisted treatment of palm kernel shell

Pyrolysis Products from Residues of Palm Oil Industry

Microalgae Microbial Fuel Cell (MMFC) using Chlorella vulgaris and “Batik” Wastewater as Bioelectricity