世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

/pdf/economics-of-natural-resources-and-the-environment-43k62iyyte.pdf

Economics of natural resources and the environment

International production and the multinational enterprise

https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/13045/1/FullText.pdf

The effects of FDI, economic growth and energy consumption on carbon emissions in ASEAN-5: Evidence from panel quantile regression

The impact of energy consumption, income and foreign direct investment on carbon dioxide emissions in Vietnam

We investigated the impact of FDI on pollution for Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, and the Philippines- significant FDI recipients within the developing world in the last three decades- and the findings invite further questions. Our time-series analyses, employing the Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) technique suggest that FDI adds to pollution in Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines but not in Indonesia where FDI is inversely related to pollution, and Singapore where it proved insignificant.

Foreign Direct Investment and the Pollution in Five ASEAN Nations

Unemployment is an important issue in developing economies. High unemployment means that labour resources are not being used efficiently. In the macroeconomic framework there is a well known relationship called Okun’s Law, which states that the negative relationship between movements of unemployment rate and real GDP can be determined. This paper examines whether there exist an Okuntype relationship between output and unemployment in the Malaysian economy. The empirical results show that the negative relationship between output and unemployment is present. Some policy implications are discussed at the end of the paper.

/pdf/the-relationship-between-output-and-unemployment-in-malaysia-mg1fkap8ev.pdf

The relationship between output And unemployment in Malaysia: does Okun’s Law exist?

This study examines the impact of income inequality and economic growth on environmental degradation in Pakistan using ARDL bounds testing approach for the period 1966–2011. Empirical results for the aggregate CO2 emissions and its four sources such as CO2 emissions from solid fuel, liquid fuel and gaseous fuel consumption as well as electricity and heat production confirm the existence of long run co-integrated relationship between income inequality, economic growth and environment degradation. The estimated results indicate that carbon emissions increase as the income gap expands in Pakistan. Besides the negative impact of industrial share and population density on CO2 emissions, we also confirm that economic growth in Pakistan comes up with higher emissions. Hence, the hypothesis of EKC is not valid for Pakistan during the study period. Our empirical findings are robust as evidenced by dynamic ordinary least squared and the U-tests. Overall, this study suggests that the distribution of income matters to aggregate carbon emissions and focus should be made on sustained economic growth to reduce pollutants and hence CO2 emission in the study area.

The nexus between income inequality, economic growth and environmental degradation in Pakistan

The objective of this paper is to investigate the long-run and short-run relationships among tourist arrivals to Malaysia and tourism price, substitute price, travelling cost, income and exchange rate for Asian7. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test approach developed by Pesaran et al. (2001) is employed in the analysis, and the data cover the period 1970 to 2004. The empirical results show that in the long-run and short-run the tourism price, travelling cost, substitute price and income are the major determinants of Malaysia's tourism demand. The results also show that word-of mouth effect, world economic crisis (1997-98) and the outbreak of SARS (2002-03) significantly affected the demand for Malaysia's tourism in the short-run. The findings are consistent with the economic theory and the model passed all the diagnostic tests.
Keywords: Tourism Demand, Cointegration, ARDL Model, Bounds Test, Asian7

/pdf/asian-tourism-demand-for-malaysia-a-bound-test-approach-mfiin4ti09.pdf

Asian tourism demand for Malaysia : a bound test approach.

Developing countries have witnessed economic growth as their GDP keeps increasing steadily over the years. The growth led to higher energy consumption which eventually leads to increase in air pollutions that pose a danger to human health. People’s healthcare demand, in turn, increase due to the changes in the socioeconomic life and improvement in the health technology. This study is an attempt to investigate the impact of environmental quality on per capital health expenditure in 125 developing countries within a panel cointegration framework from 1995 to 2012. We found out that a long-run relationship exists between per capita health expenditure and all explanatory variables as they were panel cointegrated. The explanatory variables were found to be statistically significant in explaining the per capita health expenditure. The result further revealed that CO2 has the highest explanatory power on the per capita health expenditure. The impact of the explanatory power of the variables is greater in the long-run compared to the short-run. Based on this result, we conclude that environmental quality is a powerful determinant of health expenditure in developing countries. Therefore, developing countries should as a matter of health care policy give provision of healthy air a priority via effective policy implementation on environmental management and control measures to lessen the pressure on health care expenditure. Moreover more environmental proxies with alternative methods should be considered in the future research.

/pdf/how-relevant-is-environmental-quality-to-per-capita-health-28texul4nr.pdf

Zaleha Mohd Noor

Papers

Foreign Direct Investment and the Pollution in Five ASEAN Nations

The relationship between output And unemployment in Malaysia: does Okun’s Law exist?

The nexus between income inequality, economic growth and environmental degradation in Pakistan

Asian tourism demand for Malaysia : a bound test approach.

How relevant is environmental quality to per capita health expenditures? Empirical evidence from panel of developing countries