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Allan Schore has for some 15 years written about the processes underlying affect regulation in normal and abnormal self-development and attachment His best known book entitled Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The Neurobiology of Emotional Development, published in 1994, was the first coherent attempt to integrate the then recent findings of neurobiology with clinical observations in children and adults and brought down barriers that had impeded the understanding of the self and its disorders In the present volume, Schore incorporates the vast amount of data from neurosciences since 1994 and presents the reader with a truly compelling theoretical synthesis of this literature

In part I, there are 4 chapters on developmental affective neuroscience They deal with the contribution experience expectant vs experience dependent phenomena make to the development of affect regulation The former are primarily gene dependent (eg, the CNS of a newborn is equipped to function well in infants who live within a reasonably safe environment and are exposed to gradual rather than violent changes) while the latter are dependent on the care taking practices the child is exposed to One example cited is the affective transmissions in mutual gaze transactions between infants and their mothers These affective parental responses are the first means by which mothers can provide a model of affect modulation to their infants (eg, mother senses when her baby is becoming overstimulated and will respond by decreasing her own stimulation, leading to calming the infant) Such soothing behaviors will secondarily effect the maturation of the orbitofrontal cortex and strengthen its regulatory abilities Attachment behavior is likewise based on the reciprocal activation of the couple’s endogenous opiate systems but also regulates the dopamine levels in the infant’s brain Schore brings these and other interdisciplinary findings together by citing the available evidence and at times even presenting colored PET or fMRI scans to make his point

In part II, 5 chapters deal with developmental neuropsychiatric data and their relevance on development of the right brain, secure attachment relationships and on symptoms of PTSD, borderline and antisocial personality disorders Here again, Schore cites studies that explain important psychological processes through neuropsychiatric data For example, he cites evidence that in the context of face-to-face interactions, mothers trigger production of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) in their infants The CRF, in turn raises the concentration of noradrenaline, increasing general energy metabolism but also controls endorphin and ACTH production, leading to an elated state in the infant

When it comes to PTSD and other well-defined psychiatric disorders, the overall picture becomes more complicated For example, Schore claims that PTSD is related to the inability of the right prefrontal cortex to sufficiently modulate amygdala (ie, aggressive) functions The fact that this also occurs in children with a disorganized disoriented insecure attachment pattern is then seen as proof that this particular early maternal caretaking pattern contributes to later dissociative psychopathology One could counter that proposition by pointing out that elevated cortisol levels are important for overall stress management – but that prenatally elevated levels, especially in the third trimester of pregnancy, have been found to be especially pathogenic as they effect the developing brain at its most critical time However, high cortisol levels can be caused by a variety of conditions Intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR) is a common condition associated in children born with ‘small gestational age’ (SGA) It is innately stressful for the infant, hence associated with elevated prenatal cortisol levels that are not associated to later maternal attachment patterns Aggressive behavior disorders are also described as a consequence of a right brain system impaired for regulating aggressive affective states Here it is said to be the low arousal state characteristic for antisocial and aggressive individuals that such individuals try to increase back to optimal or normal levels by seeking stimulation While this may be one pathway leading to aggressive behavior disorders, there are authors such as Tremblay and colleagues in Montreal who claim that all young children are highly aggressive and must “unlearn” this behavior in the process of development Those who do not or cannot do so will make up our clinical population

In summary, the present volume of Allan Schore provides the reader with a provocative and stimulating theoretical synthesis of multi-disciplinary work that relates affect regulation to the development of the self and its deviations Schore’s writing style is almost poetic and transforms potentially dry data into an exciting story of discovery and multidisciplinary dependency He also suggests, at least indirectly, preventive measures that can address the problem of violence and other dysfunctions of the developing self in children through optimal early social-emotional experiences I highly recommend this volume to researchers and clinicians

Affect Dysregulation and Disorders of the Self

Background: Burnout has been presented as an antecedent of depression, but longitudinal data are lacking. We investigated whether burnout mediates the association between job strain and depressive symptoms. Methods: Two surveys were conducted. In 2003, 71% of Finnish dentists were reached, and the response rate of the 3-year followup was 84% (n=2555). Burnout was measured with the Maslach Burnout Inventory and depressive symptoms with the Beck Depression Inventory. The sequences ‘job strain–burnout–depressive symptoms’ and ‘job strain–depressive symptoms–burnout’ were investigated with logistic regression analyses. Results: Of the burnout sufferers without depressive symptoms at baseline, 23% reported depressive symptoms at follow-up. The adjusted odds ratio of burnout for depressive symptoms was 2.6 (95% CI 2.0–3.5). The effect of job strain on depressive symptoms had an OR of 3.4 (95% CI 2.0–5.7), but it disappeared when adjusted for burnout. Of those who had depressive symptoms without burnout at baseline, 63% had burnout at follow-up. The adjusted odds ratio of depressive symptoms for burnout was 2.2 (95% CI 1.4–3.4). The effect of job strain on burnout had an OR of 27.9 (95% CI 6.5–120.2) for the men and 4.9 (95% CI 2.5–9.6) for the women. These effects remained significant after adjustment for depressive symptoms. Limitations: The study was conducted among one occupational group. Conclusions: There is a reciprocal relationship between burnout and depressive symptoms. Job strain predisposes to depression through burnout. In comparison, job strain predisposes to burnout directly and via depression. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Research report Job strain, burnout, and depressive symptoms: A prospective study among dentists

Objective. This study investigated whether approach coping, avoidance coping, or perceptions of available social support mediated the relationship between Type D personality and perceived stress. Furthermore, this research also examined whether Type D moderated the relationship between perceived stress and symptoms of burnout. Methods. In this cross-sectional study, 334 (male N = 180; female N = 154) firstyear undergraduate students completed the Type D Scale-14 (DS14), the Brief Approach/Avoidance Coping Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory. Design. Cross-sectional. Results. Multiple mediation analysis revealed that only resignation and withdrawal coping, but not social support partially mediated the relationship between Type D and perceived stress. A small moderation effect was found for the disengagement subscale of the burnout inventory, with Type D individuals experiencing higher levels of disengagement at low and average stress levels. The correlations between variables provided support for most of the prediction from the literature with regard to Type D. Conclusion. Of the participants in the present study, 24.9% were classified as Type D. These individuals tend to use more passive and maladaptive avoidance coping strategies such as resignation and withdrawal. This is associated with higher levels of perceived stress and linked to increased levels of burnout symptoms. © 2010 The British Psychological Society.

Type D personality, stress, and symptoms of burnout: The influence of avoidance coping and social support

The current distributions of species are often assumed to correspond with the total set of environmental conditions under which species can persist. When this assumption is incorrect, extinction risk estimated from species distribution models can be misleading. The degree to which species can tolerate or even thrive under conditions found beyond their current distributions alters extinction risks, time lags in realizing those risks, and the usefulness of alternative management strategies. To inform these issues, we propose a conceptual framework within which empirical data could be used to generate hypotheses regarding the realized, fundamental, and ‘tolerance’ niche of species. Although these niche components have rarely been characterized over geographic scales, we suggest that this could be done for many plant species by comparing native, naturalized, and horticultural distributions.

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Niche syndromes, species extinction risks, and management under climate change

Problem Durumu : 19. yuzyilin sonlarinda baslayip Ikinci Dunya Savasi’na kadar devam eden surecte, psikoloji alaninda genel anlamda hayatin negatif yonlerine odaklanan, sorunlari teshis ve tedaviye yogunlasan ve bireylerin guclu yonleri yerine sorunlu yonlerine odaklanan bir yaklasimin egemen oldugu gorulmektedir. Ozellikle Ikinci Dunya Savasi’ndan sonra savasin etkisi, humanizm anlayisinin yayginlasmasi, hayatin pozitif yonlerini kucaklamaya yonelik ihtiyac psikolojide hakim paradigmada farklilasmalara neden olmustur. Bu cercevede Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow gibi onculerin calismalarinin etkisiyle insanlarin guclu yonlerine olan vurgu artmaya baslamistir. Pozitif psikoloji yaklasimi patoloji (hastalik) odakli bu bakis acisina onemli elestiriler getirmis ve psikolojinin hayatin pozitif yonlerini kucaklamasi gerektigini ve bireylerin guclu yonlerine odaklanarak onlarin iyi oluslarini arttirmayi hedeflemesi gerektigini ileri surmustur. Bu cercevede ortaya cikan ortaya cikan calismalar 2000’li yillarin basinda Pozitif Psikoloji alaninin sistematik olarak ortaya cikmasina zemin hazirlamistir. Pozitif psikoloji yaklasiminin yayginlasmasiyla birlikte mutluluk, iyi olus, yasam doyumu gibi konular sikilikla arastirilmaya baslanmistir. Bu baglamda bireylerin yasam doyumlarini ve iyi olus duzeylerini yordayan degiskenlerin ortaya konulmasi ve bu degiskenlere iliskin cesitli kuramsal ve uygulamali calismalarin gerceklestirilmesi onem kazanmistir. Bu baglamda sukran, umut, iyimserlik ve yasam doyumu degiskenlerinin birbirileriyle olan iliskilerinin ortaya konulmasi ve bu degiskenlerin iyi olusu yordama duzeylerinin ortaya konulmasinin yararli olacagi dusunulmektedir. Arastirmanin Amaci : Yukarida ifade edilenler baglaminda, bu arastirmanin amaci, universite ogrencilerinde sukran, yasam doyumu, iyimserlik ve umut duzeylerinin psikolojik iyi olus durumunu, goreli onem sirasina gore, hangi duzeyde yordadigini bir regresyon modeli ile ortaya koymaktir. Bu amac cercevesinde sozu edilen degiskenlerin arasindaki iliskilerin ortaya konulmasi ve bu degiskenlerin iyi olusu yordama duzeylerinin onem sirasina gore belirlenmesi amaclanmaktadir. Diger yandan arastirmada ele alinan degiskenlerin cinsiyete gore anlamli farklilasma gosterip gostermedigi incelenmektedir. Arastirmanin Yontemi : Arastirma tarama modeli ile gerceklestirilen nicel bir calismadir. Arastirmanin calisma grubu universite ogrencilerinden olusmaktadir. Calismaya Van Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi, Mus Alparslan Universitesi, Erzincan Binali Yildirim Universitesi ve Ankara Universitesinde, 2017-2018 egitim ogretim yilinda cesitli fakulte ve bolumlerde ogrenim gormekte olan 510 ogrenci katilmistir. Arastirmaya katilanlarin % 70,4’unu (359) kadin, % 29,6’sini ( n= 151) erkekler olusturmaktadir. Katilimcilarin yas araligi 17-30 araliginda degismekte olup, yas ortalamasi 21,5’tir (S x= 2,05). Arastirmada veri toplama amaciyla Psikolojik Iyi Olus Olcegi Yasam Doyumu Olcegi,, Sukran Olcegi, Yasam Yonelimi ve Umut Olcegi kullanilmistir. Veri analizinde coklu dogrusal regresyon analizinden yararlanilmistir. Veri analizi oncesinde normallik, dogrusallik ve homojenlik varsayimlarinin yani sira, coklu dogrusal regresyon modelinin sayiltilari olan cok degiskenli normal dagilim, dogrusallik, yordayici degiskenlerle bagimli degisken arasinda dogrusal bir iliski, bagimsiz degiskenler arasinda coklu baglanti (multicollinearity) probleminin olmamasi, hata terimlerinin varyansinin sabit ve hata terimlerinin ortalamasinin sifira esit olmasi varsayimlari incelenmistir. Varsayimlarin karsilandigi anlasildiktan sonra temel analizler yapilmistir. Analizlerde SPSS paket programi kullanilmistir. Veri analizi surecinde betimsel istatistikler, iki asamali coklu dogrusal regresyon analizi, bagimsiz orneklem t testi ve Pearson Momentler Carpimi Korelasyon Katsayisi yontemlerinden yararlanilmistir. Arastirmanin Bulgulari : Arastirmada sonucunda yasam doyumu, sukran, iyimserlik ve umut degiskenlerinden sadece yasam doyumu duzeyinin cinsiyete gore anlamli sekilde farklilastigi, diger degiskenlerde bir farklilasma olmadigi belirlenmistir. Diger yandan arastirmadaki butun degiskenlerin birbirileriyle anlamli pozitif iliskilere sahip olduklari sonucuna ulasilmistir. Psikolojik iyi olusu yordayan degiskenlere iliskin asamali regresyon analizi sonuclari psikolojik iyi olusu en fazla yordayan degiskenlerin sirasiyla sukran, umut, iyimserlik ve yasam doyumu oldugu belirlenmistir.Arastirmada psikolojik iyi olusun en guclu yordayicisinin sukran duyma oldugu belirlenmistir. Buna gore sukran duyma tek basina iyi olustaki degisimin yaklasik yuzde 36’sini yordamaktadir. Arastirmanin Sonuclari ve Onerileri : Bu arastirmada farkli sehirlerde ve farkli universitelerde ogrenim gormekte olan universite ogrencilerinde psikolojik iyi olus, yasam doyumu, sukran, iyimserlik ve umut degiskenleri arasindaki iliskiler incelenmis ve olusturulan regresyon modeli test edilmistir. Arastirma sonucunda ele alinan degiskenlerin birbirileriyle cesitli duzeylerde anlamli pozitif iliskiler icinde oldugu ortaya konulmustur. Arastirma bulgulari cercevesinde arastirmacilara iyi olusu yordamaya iliskin pozitif duygularin cesitlenerek benzer arastirmalarin tasarlanmasi, bu arastirmada ele alinan degiskenler arasindaki aracilik iliskilerine yogunlasarak yeni model onerilerinin ortaya konulmasi, calismanin farkli yas ve meslek gruplariyla tekrarlanmasi onerilmektedir. Uygulayicilarin bu arastirmanin bulgularindan hareketle sukrani arttirmaya ve sukran araciligiyla bireylerin iyi oluslarina katki sunmaya, iyimserlik ve umut calismalari araciligiyla iyi olusu arttirmaya ve bireylerin yasam doyumlarini yukseltmeye iliskin calismalar yapmalarinin onemli oldugu dusunulmektedir.

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Gratitude, Hope, Optimism and Life Satisfaction as Predictors of Psychological Well-Being

Most of the information in the moral development literature depends on Theories of Piaget and Kohlberg. The theo- retical contribution by Gilligan and Turiel are not widely known and not much resource is available in Turkish. For this reason introducing and discussing the theories of Gilligan and Turiel and more comprehensive perspective for moral development were attempted. The purpose of this paper is to presenting and discussing comparatively the psycholo- gical theories of moral development. Piaget had proposed two stage theory in children's development as called "mo- ral heteronomy stage" and "autonomous stage". Kohlberg, on the other hand, had established his comprehensive theory of moral development based on Piaget's cognitive developmental stages in which he suggested 3 levels and 6 stages. Although Kohlberg's theory had been very influential, it has limitations with ignoring local, cultural, moral ideas and being disconnected between moral behavior and moral judgment. Gilligan particularly as a reaction of focus on male development rather than females contributed to the literature of moral development. For her, women tend to consider other's care and protection and she emphasized this difference of ethic of care and ethic of justice. However only few studies in the literature have pointed out differences between women and men in terms of moral judgment. Besides Gilligan's ideas are also been criticized for lack of different contextual and cultural support. Turiel, has quite a different perspective for moral development and he specifically focused on connections between social life and morality. As the pioneer of Social Domain Theory he mentioned the difference between "social convention" and "morality". In this paper, theories are presented with their major concepts.

/pdf/classical-and-contemporary-approaches-for-moral-development-2vqwltr3w3.pdf

Classical and Contemporary Approaches for Moral Development

School burnout is described as the apathetic, ironic behavior and insufficiency of feeling from a student towards school and is associated not only with emotional and behavioral disorder but also with school absenteeism and school dropout. Determining the variables affecting school burnout is essential since it is related to emotional behavioral disorders concerning depression and stress. Additionally, it has a negative relationship with students’ psycho-social status and a positive relationship with students’ school absences and school dropout. In studies investigating school burnout, this variable has been seen as having high correlation with a range of variables. Especially social support, perfectionism, and stress were highlighted among those variables. The purpose of this study is to test the structural equation model [SEM] as it relates to the social support, perfectionism and stress that are being perceived by the university students to explain their burnout. The participants of the study are the total of 371 students studying at Ankara University, Faculty of Educational Sciences. Mean of these students’ age is 21,35 (SD=2,02). 265 of the participants (71,4%) are female and remaining 106 (28,6%) are male. Students’ mean of academic achievement (GPAs) is 2,77 (SD=0,46) out of 4,00. Maslach Burnout Inventory Student Scale (MBI-SS) (MTE-OF; Schaufeli, Martinez, Pinto, Salanova & Bakker, 2002), Percieved Social Support Scale-Revised (ASDO-R;

http://egitimvebilim.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/download/2951/711

School Burnout: Testing a Structural Equation Model Based on Percieved Social Support, Perfectionism and Stress Variables *

The relation between mobbing behaviors teachers in elementary schools are exposed to and their burnout levels

The paper discusses the associations between adult attachment and OCD symptoms in light of current cognitive-behavioural theories of OCD. The role of attachment system in OCD has been increasingly ...

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Papers

Gratitude, Hope, Optimism and Life Satisfaction as Predictors of Psychological Well-Being

Classical and Contemporary Approaches for Moral Development

School Burnout: Testing a Structural Equation Model Based on Percieved Social Support, Perfectionism and Stress Variables *

The relation between mobbing behaviors teachers in elementary schools are exposed to and their burnout levels

An investigation into the role of attachment insecurities in obsessive-compulsive symptoms