Driven by the visions of Internet of Things and 5G communications, recent years have seen a paradigm shift in mobile computing, from the centralized mobile cloud computing toward mobile edge computing (MEC). The main feature of MEC is to push mobile computing, network control and storage to the network edges (e.g., base stations and access points) so as to enable computation-intensive and latency-critical applications at the resource-limited mobile devices. MEC promises dramatic reduction in latency and mobile energy consumption, tackling the key challenges for materializing 5G vision. The promised gains of MEC have motivated extensive efforts in both academia and industry on developing the technology. A main thrust of MEC research is to seamlessly merge the two disciplines of wireless communications and mobile computing, resulting in a wide-range of new designs ranging from techniques for computation offloading to network architectures. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art MEC research with a focus on joint radio-and-computational resource management. We also discuss a set of issues, challenges, and future research directions for MEC research, including MEC system deployment, cache-enabled MEC, mobility management for MEC, green MEC, as well as privacy-aware MEC. Advancements in these directions will facilitate the transformation of MEC from theory to practice. Finally, we introduce recent standardization efforts on MEC as well as some typical MEC application scenarios.

A Survey on Mobile Edge Computing: The Communication Perspective

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An Introduction To The Event Related Potential Technique

Driven by the visions of Internet of Things and 5G communications, recent years have seen a paradigm shift in mobile computing, from the centralized Mobile Cloud Computing towards Mobile Edge Computing (MEC). The main feature of MEC is to push mobile computing, network control and storage to the network edges (e.g., base stations and access points) so as to enable computation-intensive and latency-critical applications at the resource-limited mobile devices. MEC promises dramatic reduction in latency and mobile energy consumption, tackling the key challenges for materializing 5G vision. The promised gains of MEC have motivated extensive efforts in both academia and industry on developing the technology. A main thrust of MEC research is to seamlessly merge the two disciplines of wireless communications and mobile computing, resulting in a wide-range of new designs ranging from techniques for computation offloading to network architectures. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art MEC research with a focus on joint radio-and-computational resource management. We also present a research outlook consisting of a set of promising directions for MEC research, including MEC system deployment, cache-enabled MEC, mobility management for MEC, green MEC, as well as privacy-aware MEC. Advancements in these directions will facilitate the transformation of MEC from theory to practice. Finally, we introduce recent standardization efforts on MEC as well as some typical MEC application scenarios.

In the near future, i.e., beyond 4G, some of the prime objectives or demands that need to be addressed are increased capacity, improved data rate, decreased latency, and better quality of service. To meet these demands, drastic improvements need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper presents the results of a detailed survey on the fifth generation (5G) cellular network architecture and some of the key emerging technologies that are helpful in improving the architecture and meeting the demands of users. In this detailed survey, the prime focus is on the 5G cellular network architecture, massive multiple input multiple output technology, and device-to-device communication (D2D). Along with this, some of the emerging technologies that are addressed in this paper include interference management, spectrum sharing with cognitive radio, ultra-dense networks, multi-radio access technology association, full duplex radios, millimeter wave solutions for 5G cellular networks, and cloud technologies for 5G radio access networks and software defined networks. In this paper, a general probable 5G cellular network architecture is proposed, which shows that D2D, small cell access points, network cloud, and the Internet of Things can be a part of 5G cellular network architecture. A detailed survey is included regarding current research projects being conducted in different countries by research groups and institutions that are working on 5G technologies.

A Survey of 5G Network: Architecture and Emerging Technologies

The fifth generation (5G) wireless communication networks are being deployed worldwide from 2020 and more capabilities are in the process of being standardized, such as mass connectivity, ultra-reliability, and guaranteed low latency. However, 5G will not meet all requirements of the future in 2030 and beyond, and sixth generation (6G) wireless communication networks are expected to provide global coverage, enhanced spectral/energy/cost efficiency, better intelligence level and security, etc. To meet these requirements, 6G networks will rely on new enabling technologies, i.e., air interface and transmission technologies and novel network architecture, such as waveform design, multiple access, channel coding schemes, multi-antenna technologies, network slicing, cell-free architecture, and cloud/fog/edge computing. Our vision on 6G is that it will have four new paradigm shifts. First, to satisfy the requirement of global coverage, 6G will not be limited to terrestrial communication networks, which will need to be complemented with non-terrestrial networks such as satellite and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication networks, thus achieving a space-air-ground-sea integrated communication network. Second, all spectra will be fully explored to further increase data rates and connection density, including the sub-6 GHz, millimeter wave (mmWave), terahertz (THz), and optical frequency bands. Third, facing the big datasets generated by the use of extremely heterogeneous networks, diverse communication scenarios, large numbers of antennas, wide bandwidths, and new service requirements, 6G networks will enable a new range of smart applications with the aid of artificial intelligence (AI) and big data technologies. Fourth, network security will have to be strengthened when developing 6G networks. This article provides a comprehensive survey of recent advances and future trends in these four aspects. Clearly, 6G with additional technical requirements beyond those of 5G will enable faster and further communications to the extent that the boundary between physical and cyber worlds disappears.

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Towards 6G wireless communication networks: vision, enabling technologies, and new paradigm shifts

The 13 articles in this special section focus on security and privacy in wireless Internet of Things (IoT). IoT is a paradigm that involves networked physical objects with embedded technologies to collect, communicate, sense, and interact with the external environment through wireless or wired connections. With rapid advancements in IoT technology, the number of IoT devices is expected to surpass 50 billion by 2020, which has also drawn the attention of attackers who seek to exploit the merits of this new technology for their own benefits. There are many potential security and privacy threats to IoT, such as attacks against IoT systems and unauthorized access to private information of end users. As IoT starts to penetrate virtually all sectors of society, such as retail, transportation, healthcare, energy supply, and smart cities, security breaches may be catastrophic to the actual users and the physical world. To tackle the security challenges in the design of future wireless IoT systems, we have organized this Special Issue focusing on the security, privacy, and performance of future wireless IoT.

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Security and Privacy in Wireless IoT

Blockchain has been progressively applied to various Internet of Things (IoT) platforms. As the efficiency of the blockchain depends on its computing capability, how to make sure the acquisition of the computational resources and participation of the devices would be the driving force. In this work, an edge computing-based blockchain network is considered, where the edge service provider (ESP) offers computational resources for the miners. The focus is to investigate an efficient incentive mechanism for the miners to purchase the computational resources. Accordingly, a two-stage Stackelberg game is formulated between the miners and ESP. By exploring the Stackelberg equilibrium of the optimal mining strategy under two different mining schemes. The aim is to find the optimal incentive for the ESP and miners to choose auto-fit strategies. Through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme on encouraging devices to participate the Blockchain.

Resource Allocation for Edge Computing-Based Blockchain: A Game Theoretic Approach

In this paper, a novel system model for the non orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) based wireless network is proposed using physical layer network coding (PLNC) scheme. The outage performance of a two pairs hybrid NOMA-PLNC relay network is analyzed. Proposed network is designed with three time slots and half-duplex decode-and-forward (DF) relay. A closed form expression for the end-to-end outage probability of the proposed NOMA-PLNC relay network is derived. It is noted that the performance of the proposed hybrid NOMA-PLNC relay network is significantly improved when compare to the conventional orthogonal multiple access (OMA)-PLNC relay network. Finally, numerical results of the proposed relay network is validated using the simulated experimental results.

A Hybrid NOMA-PLNC Wireless Relay Scheme

This paper considers a wireless cooperative OFDMA network with a base station and some relays. The relays adopt the decode-and-forward protocol and can assist the transmission from base station to mobile stations. The objective is to maximize the system transmission rate of downlink under various constraints. The optimal solution for such radio resource allocation problem has high computational complexity. Thus we divide our solution scheme into three steps. The first step is to select the relay that can achieve best transmission rate. Then the subcarrier is distributed to the selected relays. For each hop, the same subcarrier should not be used. Next, power allocation is adopted under the individual power constraints for each node. Simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the system performance. It confirms that our proposed algorithm can enhance the performance compared with newly proposed resource allocation schemes.

Radio resource allocation for cooperative relay-assisted OFDMA wireless networks

This letter considers a wireless power transfer enabled cooperative communication system where the end-users (EUs) make use of WPT to send energy to intermediate RUs to receive information. In traditional cooperative communications systems, service provider provides the energy for cooperation and the networks are optimized from the service providers’ perspectives. In the this system, EUs compensate for the energy requirements of RUs, and EUs should get a fair service back from RUs. To administrate EUs WPT and ensure the fair service policy, this proposes a novel beamforming technique named Pay-As-You-Go beamforming. This adapts data rates proportional to the amount of energy received from each EUs while optimizing the energy per bit cost of the overall system. Then formulated as an non convex optimization problem and solved with the semi-definite programming relaxation techniques.

Zheng Chang

Papers

Security and Privacy in Wireless IoT

Resource Allocation for Edge Computing-Based Blockchain: A Game Theoretic Approach

A Hybrid NOMA-PLNC Wireless Relay Scheme

Radio resource allocation for cooperative relay-assisted OFDMA wireless networks

Pay-As-You-Go: A Wireless Power Transfer-Enabled Beamforming for Cooperative Communication Systems