Inflammation is a complex physiological and pathological process. Although many types of inflammation are well characterized, their physiological functions are largely unknown. tRNA aspartic acid methyltransferase 1 (TRDMT1) has been implicated as a stress‐related protein, but its intrinsic biological role is unclear.

TRDMT1 exhibited protective effects against LPS‐induced inflammation in rats through TLR4‐NF‐κB/MAPK‐TNF‐α pathway

Zataria multiflora and carvacrol showed various pharmacological properties including anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. However, up to now no studies have explored its potential benefits in ameliorating sepsis-induced aortic and cardiac injury. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of Z. multiflora and carvacrol on nitric oxide (NO) and oxidative stress indicators in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced aortic and cardiac injury.Adult male Wistar rats were assigned to: Control, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)), and Z. multiflora hydro-ethanolic extract (ZME, 50-200 mg/kg, oral)- and carvacrol (25-100 mg/kg, oral)-treated groups. LPS was injected daily for 14 days. Treatment with ZME and carvacrol started 3 days before LPS administration and treatment continued during LPS administration. At the end of the study, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), NO, thiols, and antioxidant enzymes were evaluated.Our findings showed a significant reduction in the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and thiols in the LPS group, which were restored by ZME and carvacrol. Furthermore, ZME and carvacrol decreased MDA and NO in cardiac and aortic tissues of LPS-injected rats.The results suggest protective effects of ZME and carvacrol on LPS-induced cardiovascular injury via improved redox hemostasis and attenuated NO production. However, additional studies are needed to elucidate the effects of ZME and its constituents on inflammatory responses mediated by LPS. 

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ame2.12323

<i>Zataria multiflora</i> and its constituent, carvacrol, counteract sepsis‐induced aortic and cardiac toxicity in rat: Involvement of nitric oxide and oxidative stress

Lactobacillus acidophilus belongs to the genus Lactobacillus, Gram-positive bacteria, which mainly colonize the small intestine of animals, can secrete anti-biotin substances, inhibit the growth and reproduction of some intestinal pathogenic bacteria, thereby regulating Intestinal flora, strengthen the absorption and utilization of feed nutrients, improve resistance, and promote animal growth, so it is widely used in livestock and poultry production. This article summarizes the latest research progress and application of Lactobacillus acidophilus, and looks forward to the future development direction in order to provide a theoretical basis for its future research. 

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The Latest Research Progress on Application of <i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i>

In this study, we demonstrated that the fermentation of Armillaria luteo-virens with Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus has a protective effect on human skin fibroblasts (HSFs) irradiated by UVA. We studied the fermentation broth of Armillaria luteo-virens (FBA) at the structural, cellular and genetic levels, and found that the content of polysaccharides in FBA increased, and the molecular weight of polysaccharides decreased by fermentation. After FBA pretreatment, we irradiated the cells with UVA, and found that the antioxidant capacity of the cells was significantly enhanced, and the activity of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway induced by UVA was weakened. The secretion of tissue inhibitory metalloproteinases (TIMPs) was inhibited, which decreased the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and increased the content of type I collagen (COL-I). Experiments have proved that FBA can enhance the antioxidant capacity and reduce the oxidative stress caused by UVA irradiation, giving it prevention potential against the photoaging process. 

Attenuating UVA-induced oxidative stress of human skin fibroblasts by enhancing bioactive components of Armillaria luteo-virens by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus fermentation

Mucosal vaccines offer several advantages over injectable conventional vaccines, such as the induction of adaptive immunity, with secretory IgA production at the entry site of most pathogens, and needle-less vaccinations. Despite their potential, only a few mucosal vaccines are currently used. Developing new effective mucosal vaccines strongly relies on identifying innovative antigens, efficient adjuvants, and delivery systems. Several approaches based on phages, bacteria, or nanoparticles have been proposed to deliver antigens to mucosal surfaces. Bacterial spores have also been considered antigen vehicles, and various antigens have been successfully exposed on their surface. Due to their peculiar structure, spores conjugate the advantages of live microorganisms with synthetic nanoparticles. When mucosally administered, spores expressing antigens have been shown to induce antigen-specific, protective immune responses. This review accounts for recent progress in the formulation of spore-based mucosal vaccines, describing a spore’s structure, specifically the spore surface, and the diverse approaches developed to improve its efficiency as a vehicle for heterologous antigen presentation.

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Bacterial Spore-Based Delivery System: 20 Years of a Versatile Approach for Innovative Vaccines

Enteric diseases caused by Salmonella are prevalent in poultry farming. With the forbiddance of antibiotics in feedstuff industry, Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) preparation as antibiotic alternatives against Salmonella infection has gained increasing attention recently. However, the protection modes of B. subtilis against Salmonella infection in broilers are strain-specific. In this study, probiotic B. subtilis LF11 significantly reduced diarrhea and mortality of broilers caused by Salmonella braenderup (S. braenderup) in spite of no inhibition effect on it in vitro. Here, the intestinal epithelial cells NCM460 were incubated to explore the protection of B. subtilis LF11 on intestinal epithelium against Salmonella. The results revealed that B. subtilis LF11 showed obvious exclusion activity with the decrease of adhesion and invasion of S. braenderup to NCM460 cells, accordingly with the increase of NCM460 cell survival compared with S. braenderup challenge alone. Meanwhile, RT-PCR and Western blot proved that the gene transcription and expression levels of four tight junction proteins in NCM 460 cells were upregulated, which was further confirmed by immunofluorescence observation. Besides, B. subtilis LF11 downregulated the gene transcription levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α induced by S. braenderup H9812. ELISA analysis also verified that B. subtilis LF11 reduced the IL-8 production significantly. In general, B. subtilis LF11 has the ability to protect the intestinal epithelium against Salmonella infection by reducing the Salmonella adhesion and invasion, enhancing the intestinal barrier and attenuating the enterocyte inflammatory responses, and has the potential as probiotics to prevent enteric diseases in broilers.

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Zhengguang Li

Papers

Probiotic Bacillus subtilis LF11 Protects Intestinal Epithelium Against Salmonella Infection

TRDMT1 exhibited protective effects against LPS‐induced inflammation in rats through TLR4‐NF‐κB/MAPK‐TNF‐α pathway

Characterization of the antioxidant activities of the exopolysaccharides produced by Streptococcus thermophilus CGMCC 7.179

NF‐κB correlates with epithelial‐mesenchymal transition and metastatic ability in oral squamous cell carcinoma