Summary Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease characterised by insulin deficiency and resultant hyperglycaemia. Knowledge of type 1 diabetes has rapidly increased over the past 25 years, resulting in a broad understanding about many aspects of the disease, including its genetics, epidemiology, immune and β-cell phenotypes, and disease burden. Interventions to preserve β cells have been tested, and several methods to improve clinical disease management have been assessed. However, wide gaps still exist in our understanding of type 1 diabetes and our ability to standardise clinical care and decrease disease-associated complications and burden. This Seminar gives an overview of the current understanding of the disease and potential future directions for research and care.

Type 1 diabetes

Review on titanium and titanium based alloys as biomaterials for orthopaedic applications.

Corrosion and surface modification on biocompatible metals: A review.

Recent progress made in biomaterials and their clinical applications is well known. In the last five decades, great advances have been made in the field of biomaterials, including ceramics, glasses, polymers, composites, glass-ceramics and metal alloys. A variety of bioimplants are currently used in either one of the aforesaid forms. Some of these materials are designed to degrade or to be resorbed inside the body rather than removing the implant after its function is served. Many properties such as mechanical properties, non-toxicity, surface modification, degradation rate, biocompatibility, and corrosion rate and scaffold design are taken into consideration. The current review focuses on state-of-the-art biodegradable bioceramics, polymers, metal alloys and a few implants that employ bioresorbable/biodegradable materials. The essential functions, properties and their critical factors are discussed in detail, in addition to their challenges to be overcome.

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/8/4/44/pdf

Biodegradable Materials and Metallic Implants-A Review.

Antibacterial metals and alloys for potential biomedical implants.

Effect of Heat Treatment on Cu Distribution, Antibacterial Performance and Cytotoxicity of Ti-6Al-4V-5Cu Alloy

Thermal oxidation process under water vapor environment was performed on biomedical titanium alloys for 4 h at different treatment temperature changing from 600 °C to 800 °C to improve the surface properties for the application of artificial joints. In order to ascertain the suitability of thermal oxidized sample as a bio-implant, the morphological features, structural characteristics, microhardness and tribological behavior in dry friction were evaluated. Alumina and rutile as the new phases appeared for the thermal oxidized samples with the hardness increasing. The mechanism of oxidation involved nucleation of a thin layer of oxide followed by its agglomeration and growth to completely cover the surface. The representative coating thickness values for samples oxidized at 600 °C, 700 °C and 800 °C were 1.2, 7.5 and 34.9 μm, respectively. The coefficient of friction for oxidized Ti6Al4V alloy was lower than the untreated with the maximum reduction of 62% when oxidized at 700 °C. The wear volume results indicated that thermal oxidization effectively improved the tribological behavior with a reduction of 80% at most. In this investigation, the results proved that thermal oxidation temperature could effectively influence the microstructural and tribological behavior of Ti6Al4V alloy and the optimal oxidation temperature was 700 °C.

Zhenhua Liao

Papers

Effect of Heat Treatment on Cu Distribution, Antibacterial Performance and Cytotoxicity of Ti-6Al-4V-5Cu Alloy

Influence of thermal oxidation temperature on the microstructural and tribological behavior of Ti6Al4V alloy

Study on improved tribological properties by alloying copper to CP-Ti and Ti–6Al–4V alloy

The improvement of wettability, biotribological behavior and corrosion resistance of titanium alloy pretreated by thermal oxidation

Influence of thermal oxidation duration on the microstructure and fretting wear behavior of Ti6Al4V alloy