Lignocellulosic feedstock materials are the most abundant renewable bioresource material available on earth. It is primarily composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, which are strongly associated with each other. Pretreatment processes are mainly involved in effective separation of these complex interlinked fractions and increase the accessibility of each individual component, thereby becoming an essential step in a broad range of applications particularly for biomass valorization. However, a major hurdle is the removal of sturdy and rugged lignin component which is highly resistant to solubilization and is also a major inhibitor for hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose. Moreover, other factors such as lignin content, crystalline, and rigid nature of cellulose, production of post-pretreatment inhibitory products and size of feed stock particle limit the digestibility of lignocellulosic biomass. This has led to extensive research in the development of various pretreatment processes. The major pretreatment methods include physical, chemical, and biological approaches. The selection of pretreatment process depends exclusively on the application. As compared to the conventional single pretreatment process, integrated processes combining two or more pretreatment techniques is beneficial in reducing the number of process operational steps besides minimizing the production of undesirable inhibitors. However, an extensive research is still required for the development of new and more efficient pretreatment processes for lignocellulosic feedstocks yielding promising results.

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Recent updates on different methods of pretreatment of lignocellulosic feedstocks: a review

Biological pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass--An overview.

The role of pretreatment in improving the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials.

Fifty complete Bacillus genome sequences and associated plasmids were compared using the “feature frequency profile” (FFP) method. The resulting whole-genome phylogeny supports the placement of three Bacillus species (B. thuringiensis, B. anthracis and B. cereus) as a single clade. The monophyletic status of B. anthracis was strongly supported by the analysis. FFP proved to be more effective in inferring the phylogeny of Bacillus than methods based on single gene sequences [16s rRNA gene, GryB (gyrase subunit B) and AroE (shikimate-5-dehydrogenase)] analyses. The findings of FFP analysis were verified using kSNP v2 (alignment-free sequence analysis method) and Harvest suite (core genome sequence alignment method).

/pdf/whole-genome-phylogeny-of-bacillus-by-feature-frequency-2pfjm8w3nq.pdf

Whole Genome Phylogeny of Bacillus by Feature Frequency Profiles (FFP)

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a Gram positive, spore-forming bacterium that synthesizes parasporal crystalline inclusions containing Cry and Cyt proteins, some of which are toxic against a wide range of insect orders, nematodes and human-cancer cells. These toxins have been successfully used as bioinsecticides against caterpillars, beetles, and flies, including mosquitoes and blackflies. Bt also synthesizes insecticidal proteins during the vegetative growth phase, which are subsequently secreted into the growth medium. These proteins are commonly known as vegetative insecticidal proteins (Vips) and hold insecticidal activity against lepidopteran, coleopteran and some homopteran pests. A less well characterized secretory protein with no amino acid similarity to Vip proteins has shown insecticidal activity against coleopteran pests and is termed Sip (secreted insecticidal protein). Bin-like and ETX_MTX2-family proteins (Pfam PF03318), which share amino acid similarities with mosquitocidal binary (Bin) and Mtx2 toxins, respectively, from Lysinibacillus sphaericus, are also produced by some Bt strains. In addition, vast numbers of Bt isolates naturally present in the soil and the phylloplane also synthesize crystal proteins whose biological activity is still unknown. In this review, we provide an updated overview of the known active Bt toxins to date and discuss their activities.

/pdf/bacillus-thuringiensis-toxins-an-overview-of-their-biocidal-4w5p5cjrcn.pdf

Bacillus thuringiensis toxins: an overview of their biocidal activity

Combinations of mild physical or chemical pretreatment with biological pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis of rice hull.

Co-producing lipopeptides and poly-γ-glutamic acid by solid-state fermentation of Bacillus subtilis using soybean and sweet potato residues and its biocontrol and fertilizer synergistic effects

Current methods for mass-rearing black soldier flies, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), in the laboratory are dependent on sunlight. Quartz-iodine lamps and rare earth lamps were examined as artificial light sources for stimulating H. illucens to mate and lay eggs. Sunlight was used as the control. Adults in the quartz-iodine lamp treatment had a mating rate of 61% of those in the sunlight control. No mating occurred when the rare earth lamp was used as a substitute. Egg hatch for the quartz-iodine lamp and sunlight treatments occurred in approximately 4 days, and the hatch rate was similar between these two treatments. Larval and pupal development under these treatments required approximately 18 and 15 days at 28°C, respectively. Development of methods for mass rearing of H. illucens using artificial light will enable production of this fly throughout the year without investing in greenhouse space or requiring sunlight.

https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-insect-science/volume-10/issue-202/031.010.20201/An-Artificial-Light-Source-Influences-Mating-and-Oviposition-of-Black/10.1673/031.010.20201.pdf

An Artificial Light Source Influences Mating and Oviposition of Black Soldier Flies, Hermetia illucens

A novel bioflocculant HBF-3 produced by deep-sea bacterium mutant Halomonas sp. V3a’ was investigated with regard to its flocculating characteristics and mechanism. 4.0 m g l−1 HBF-3 showed the maximum flocculating activity of 96.9% in 5.0 g l−1 Kaolin suspension containing 11.25 mM CaCl2, and that its flocculating activity was more than 90% within 5–40°C and over 80% in a wide pH range (3.0–11.0). Chemical analyses indicated that the biopolymer HBF-3 was mainly a polysaccharide, including neutral sugar residues (20.6%), uronic acid residues (7.6%), amino sugar residues (1.6%) and sulfate groups (5.3%). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum showed the presence of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups in HBF-3 molecular. The average molecular mass of HBF-3, as determined by gel filtration chromatography (GFC), was approximately 590 kDa. Flocculation of Kaolin suspension with HBF-3 acted as a model to explore the flocculating mechanism in which bridging mediated by Ca2+ was proposed as the primary action based upon the experimental observations.

Characteristics and flocculating mechanism of a novel bioflocculant HBF-3 produced by deep-sea bacterium mutant Halomonas sp. V3a’

Bacillus thuringiensis has been widely used as a biopesticide for a long time. Here we report the finished and annotated genome sequence of B. thuringiensis mutant strain BMB171, an acrystalliferous mutant strain with a high transformation frequency obtained and stocked in our laboratory.

https://journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/JB.00562-10

Ziduo Liu

Papers

Combinations of mild physical or chemical pretreatment with biological pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis of rice hull.

Co-producing lipopeptides and poly-γ-glutamic acid by solid-state fermentation of Bacillus subtilis using soybean and sweet potato residues and its biocontrol and fertilizer synergistic effects

An Artificial Light Source Influences Mating and Oviposition of Black Soldier Flies, Hermetia illucens

Characteristics and flocculating mechanism of a novel bioflocculant HBF-3 produced by deep-sea bacterium mutant Halomonas sp. V3a’

Complete Genome Sequence of Bacillus thuringiensis Mutant Strain BMB171