To date, the phenomenon of entrepreneurship has lacked a conceptual framework. In this note we draw upon previous research conducted in the different social science disciplines and applied fields of business to create a conceptual framework for the field. With this framework we explain a set of empirical phenomena and predict a set of outcomes not explained or predicted by conceptual frameworks already in existence in other fields.

The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research

计量经济分析 = Econometric analysis

This survey reviews the growing use of patent data in economic analysis. After describing some of the main characteristics of patents and patent data, it focuses on the use of patents as an indicator of technological change. Cross-sectional and time-series studies of the relationship of patents to R&D expenditures are reviewed, as well as scattered estimates of the distribution of patent values and the value of patent rights, the latter being based on recent analyses of European patent renewal data. Time-series trends of patents granted in the U.S. are examined and their decline in the 1970s is found to be an artifact of the budget stringencies at the Patent Office. The longer run downward trend in patents per R&D dollar is interpreted not as an indication of diminishing returns but rather as a reflection of the changing meaning of such data over time. The conclusion is reached that, in spite of many difficulties and reservations, patent data remain a unique resource for the study of technical change.

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Patent Statistics as Economic Indicators: A Survey

To assess the effects of a firm's network of relations on innovation, this paper elaborates a theoretical framework that relates three aspects of a firm's ego network—direct ties, indirect ties, an...

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Collaboration Networks, Structural Holes, and Innovation: A Longitudinal Study:

Offering a unifying theoretical perspective not readily available in any other text, this innovative guide to econometrics uses simple geometrical arguments to develop students' intuitive understanding of basic and advanced topics, emphasizing throughout the practical applications of modern theory and nonlinear techniques of estimation. One theme of the text is the use of artificial regressions for estimation, reference, and specification testing of nonlinear models, including diagnostic tests for parameter constancy, serial correlation, heteroscedasticity, and other types of mis-specification. Explaining how estimates can be obtained and tests can be carried out, the authors go beyond a mere algebraic description to one that can be easily translated into the commands of a standard econometric software package. Covering an unprecedented range of problems with a consistent emphasis on those that arise in applied work, this accessible and coherent guide to the most vital topics in econometrics today is indispensable for advanced students of econometrics and students of statistics interested in regression and related topics. It will also suit practising econometricians who want to update their skills. Flexibly designed to accommodate a variety of course levels, it offers both complete coverage of the basic material and separate chapters on areas of specialized interest.

Estimation and Inference in Econometrics

A significant gap exists in the conceptualization of entrepreneurship in the digital age. This paper introduces a conceptual framework for studying entrepreneurship in the digital age by integrating two well established concepts: the digital ecosystem and the entrepreneurial ecosystem. The integration of these two ecosystems helps us better understand the interactions of agents and users that incorporate insights of consumers’ individual and social behavior. The Digital Entrepreneurial Ecosystem framework consists of four concepts: digital infrastructure governance, digital user citizenship, digital entrepreneurship, and digital marketplace. The paper develops propositions for each of the four concepts and provides a theoretical framework of multisided platforms to better understanding the digital entrepreneurial ecosystem. Finally, it outlines a new research agenda to fill the gap in our understanding of entrepreneurship in the digital age.

The Digital Entrepreneurial Ecosystem

The modern temple of the entrepreneurial ecosystem is like many temples of the ancient world: both are held up by pillars. Like the pillars of ancient temples—made of sand and limestone held together by cement—the pillars of the economic ecosystem are made of individuals and institutions that are held together by the “cement” of incentives created by institutions that influence the behavior of people. The entrepreneurial ecosystem rests on these pillars of development, which hold up three large building blocks consisting of attitudes toward entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial abilities, and entrepreneurial aspirations. The pillars must be of similar height and strength for a fully developed economy to flourish, and they need constant attention, continuous improvement, and careful maintenance.

The Global Entrepreneurship Index

Introduction and overview: 1. The linkages between entrepreneurship, SMEs and the macroeconomy Zoltan J. Acs, Bo Carlsson and Charlie Karlsson Part I. Entrepreneurship, Industrial Dynamics and the Macroeconomy: 2. Entrepreneurship and the theory of the firm Mark Casson 3. Entrepreneurship, and economic restructuring: an evolutionary view David Audretsch 4. Business volatility: source or symptom of economic growth? Paul D. Reynolds 5. Industry structure, entrepreneurship, and the macroeconomy: a comparison of Ohio and Sweden, 1975-1995 Pontus Braunerhjelm and Bo Carlsson Part II. Financing Entrepreneurship and SMEs: 6. Small business cessation: failure to learn by doing? Robert Cressey 7. Capital structure at inception and the short-run performance of micro firms Gavin C. Reid 8. Resource allocation, incentives, and control: the importance of venture capital in financing entrepreneurial firms Paul A. Gompers Part III. Job Creation and Destruction: 9. Job creation and destruction by employer size and age: cyclical dynamics John Haltiwanger 10. SMEs and job creation during a recession Per Davidsson, Leif Lindmark and Christer Oloffson 11. Job flows of firms in traditional services Luuk Klop and Roy Thurik Part IV. Innovation, Productivity and Growth: 12. Innovation in UK SMEs: causes and consequences for firm failure and acquisition Andy Cosh, Alan Hughes and Eric Wood 13. Productivity growth and firm size distribution Zoltan J. Acs, Randal Morck and Bernard Yeung.

Entrepreneurship, small and medium-sized enterprises and the macroeconomy

1. Small Firms in the 1990s.- A. Small-Firm Growth.- 2. Transactional Calculus and Small Business Strategy.- 3. Firm Performance and Size.- 4. The Relationship Between Firm Growth and Labor Demand.- 5. Small Business in German Manufacturing.- B. Issues in Entrepreneurship.- 6. Some Empirical Aspects of Entrepreneurship.- 7. Creative Destruction Among Industrial Firms in the United States.- 8. Investment and Capital Diversity in the Small Enterprise.- C. Technology, Strategy, and Flexibility.- 9. Flexibility, Plant Size and Industrial Restructuring.- 10. Technology Strategy in Small and Medium-Sized Firms.- 11. Small-Scale Industry at a Crossroads: U.S. Machine Tools in Global Perspective.- D. Small Firms, New Entry and Employment.- 12. The Size of the Small-Firm Sector in Hungary.- List of Contributors.

The economics of small firms : a European challenge

This paper constructs a Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEINDEX) that captures the contextual feature of entrepreneurship across countries. We find the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic development to be mildly S-shaped not U-shaped or L-shaped. Our findings suggest moving away from simple measures of entrepreneurship across countries illustrating a U-shaped or L-shaped relationship to more complex measures, which are positively related to economic development. Implications for public policy suggest that institutions need to be strengthened before entrepreneurial resource can be deployed to drive innovation.

https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/31778/1/597771685.PDF

Zoltan J. Acs

Papers

The Digital Entrepreneurial Ecosystem

The Global Entrepreneurship Index

Entrepreneurship, small and medium-sized enterprises and the macroeconomy

The economics of small firms : a European challenge

The global entrepreneurship index (GEINDEX)