To date, the phenomenon of entrepreneurship has lacked a conceptual framework. In this note we draw upon previous research conducted in the different social science disciplines and applied fields of business to create a conceptual framework for the field. With this framework we explain a set of empirical phenomena and predict a set of outcomes not explained or predicted by conceptual frameworks already in existence in other fields.

The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research

计量经济分析 = Econometric analysis

This survey reviews the growing use of patent data in economic analysis. After describing some of the main characteristics of patents and patent data, it focuses on the use of patents as an indicator of technological change. Cross-sectional and time-series studies of the relationship of patents to R&D expenditures are reviewed, as well as scattered estimates of the distribution of patent values and the value of patent rights, the latter being based on recent analyses of European patent renewal data. Time-series trends of patents granted in the U.S. are examined and their decline in the 1970s is found to be an artifact of the budget stringencies at the Patent Office. The longer run downward trend in patents per R&D dollar is interpreted not as an indication of diminishing returns but rather as a reflection of the changing meaning of such data over time. The conclusion is reached that, in spite of many difficulties and reservations, patent data remain a unique resource for the study of technical change.

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Patent Statistics as Economic Indicators: A Survey

To assess the effects of a firm's network of relations on innovation, this paper elaborates a theoretical framework that relates three aspects of a firm's ego network—direct ties, indirect ties, an...

/pdf/collaboration-networks-structural-holes-and-innovation-a-43oz2jtxxk.pdf

Collaboration Networks, Structural Holes, and Innovation: A Longitudinal Study:

Offering a unifying theoretical perspective not readily available in any other text, this innovative guide to econometrics uses simple geometrical arguments to develop students' intuitive understanding of basic and advanced topics, emphasizing throughout the practical applications of modern theory and nonlinear techniques of estimation. One theme of the text is the use of artificial regressions for estimation, reference, and specification testing of nonlinear models, including diagnostic tests for parameter constancy, serial correlation, heteroscedasticity, and other types of mis-specification. Explaining how estimates can be obtained and tests can be carried out, the authors go beyond a mere algebraic description to one that can be easily translated into the commands of a standard econometric software package. Covering an unprecedented range of problems with a consistent emphasis on those that arise in applied work, this accessible and coherent guide to the most vital topics in econometrics today is indispensable for advanced students of econometrics and students of statistics interested in regression and related topics. It will also suit practising econometricians who want to update their skills. Flexibly designed to accommodate a variety of course levels, it offers both complete coverage of the basic material and separate chapters on areas of specialized interest.

Estimation and Inference in Econometrics

This paper compares two datasets designed to measure entrepreneurship. The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor dataset captures early-stage entrepreneurial activity; the World Bank Group Entrepreneurship Survey dataset captures formal business registration. There are a number of important differences when the data are compared. First, GEM data tend to report significantly greater levels of early-stage entrepreneurship in developing economies than do the World Bank data. The World Bank data tend to be greater than GEM data for developed countries. Second, the magnitude of the difference between the datasets across countries is related to the local institutional and environmental conditions for entrepreneurs, after controlling for levels of economic development. A possible explanation for this is that the World Bank data measure rates of entry in the formal economy, whereas GEM data are reflective of entrepreneurial intent and capture informality of entrepreneurship. This is particularly true for developing countries. Therefore, this discrepancy can be interpreted as the spread between individuals who could potentially operate businesses in the formal sector - and those that actually do so: In other words, GEM data may represent the potential supply of entrepreneurs, whereas the World Bank data may represent the actual rate of entrepreneurship. The findings suggest that entrepreneurs in developed countries have greater ease and incentives to incorporate, both for the benefits of greater access to formal financing and labor contracts, as well as for tax and other purposes not directly related to business activities.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/4667.pdf?abstractid=1233043&mirid=3

What Does 'Entrepreneurship' Data Really Show? A Comparison of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and World Bank Group Datasets

Introduction to the Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research

Applying real options logic, we build and test a multi-level model that explicates the influence of a country’s intellectual property protection regime on the effect of human and financial capital on growth aspirations. The results suggest that the strength of the intellectual property regime moderates negatively the relationship between an individual's education and entrepreneurial growth aspirations; and it moderates positively the relationship between an individual’s household income and growth aspirations. Intellectual property protection thereby encourages specialization amongst differently qualified entrepreneurs. Our findings support claims that strategic entrepreneurial behaviors cannot be fully understood without giving attention to the context in which those behaviors are observed.

Intellectual Property Protection and the Formation of Entrepreneurial Growth Aspirations

List of figures List of tables List of contributors Acknowledgements 1. Introduction Zoltan J. Acs and David B. Audretsch 2. Industrial concentration and small firms in the United Kingdom: the 1980s in historical perspective Alan Hughes 3. The role of small firms in West Germany Michael Fritsch 4. Has the role of small firms changed in the United States? Zoltan J. Acs and David B. Audretsch 5. Recent developments in the firm-size distribution and economics of scale in Dutch manufacturing Roy Thurik 6. Small firms in Portuguese manufacturing industries Jose Mata 7. Small firms and the Italian economy: structural changes and evidence of turbulence B. Invernizzi and Riccardo Revelli 8. The role of small firms in Czechoslovak manufacturing Gerald A. McDermott and Michal Mejstrik 9. The evolution of small business in East Germany Hans-Gerd Bannasch 10. The implications of the Polish economic reform for small business: evidence from Gdansk Simon Johnson and Gary Loveman 11. The development experience and government policies: lessons for Eastern Europe? Hans-Peter Brunner 12. Conclusion Zoltan J. Acs and David B. Audretsch Index.

Small firms and entrepreneurship : an East-West perspective

A model is presented hypothesizing that the level of small-firm presence in any given industry emanates from the exogenous stock of entrepreneurial talent, a stochastic element of managerial and entrepreneurial talent, entry deterrence, and the entrepreneurial strategy deployed by small firms. Using data newly released by the U.S. Small Business Administration, the hypothesis is tested for a sample of 247 four-digit standard industrial classification industries, spanning the entire spectrum of firm sizes. We find that, consistently for all the measures of small-firm size and for all of the time periods used, the existence of entry deterrence and reliance upon innovative strategy explains a significant proportion of the variation in the presence of small firms.

Zoltan J. Acs

Papers

What Does 'Entrepreneurship' Data Really Show? A Comparison of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and World Bank Group Datasets

Introduction to the Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research

Intellectual Property Protection and the Formation of Entrepreneurial Growth Aspirations

Small firms and entrepreneurship : an East-West perspective

Entrepreneurial strategy and the presence of small firms