There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

Grey Wolf Optimizer

Algorithms are important tools for solving problems computationally. All computation involves algorithms, and the efficiency of an algorithm largely determines its usefulness. This chapter provides an overview of the fundamentals of algorithms and their links to self-organization, exploration, and exploitation. A brief history of recent nature-inspired algorithms for optimization is outlined in this chapter.

Introduction to Algorithms

The Whale Optimization Algorithm

Metaheuristic algorithms such as particle swarm optimization, firefly algorithm and harmony search are now becoming powerful methods for solving many tough optimization problems. In this paper, we propose a new metaheuristic method, the Bat Algorithm, based on the echolocation behaviour of bats. We also intend to combine the advantages of existing algorithms into the new bat algorithm. After a detailed formulation and explanation of its implementation, we will then compare the proposed algorithm with other existing algorithms, including genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization. Simulations show that the proposed algorithm seems much superior to other algorithms, and further studies are also discussed.

A New Metaheuristic Bat-Inspired Algorithm

COVID-19 is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The COVID-19 virus spreads when a person comes into contact with an affected individual. This is mainly through drops of saliva or nasal discharge. Most of the affected people have mild symptoms while some people develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which damages organs like the lungs and heart. Chest X-rays (CXRs) have been widely used to identify abnormalities that help in detecting the COVID-19 virus. They have also been used as an initial screening procedure for individuals highly suspected of being infected. However, the availability of radiographic CXRs is still scarce. This can limit the performance of deep learning (DL) based approaches for COVID-19 detection. To overcome these limitations, in this work, we developed an Auxiliary Classifier Generative Adversarial Network (ACGAN), to generate CXRs. Each generated X-ray belongs to one of the two classes COVID-19 positive or normal. To ensure the goodness of the synthetic images, we performed some experimentation on the obtained images using the latest Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to detect COVID-19 in the CXRs. We fine-tuned the models and achieved more than 98% accuracy. After that, we also performed feature selection using the Harmony Search (HS) algorithm, which reduces the number of features while retaining classification accuracy. We further release a GAN-generated dataset consisting of 500 COVID-19 radiographic images.

https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/11/5/895/pdf

Generation of Synthetic Chest X-ray Images and Detection of COVID-19: A Deep Learning Based Approach

Harmony Search (HS), a meta-heuristic algorithm, conceptualizes a musical process of searching for a perfect state of harmony (optimal solution). It allows a random search without initial values and removes the necessity for information of derivatives. Since the HS algorithm was first developed and published in 2001, it has been applied to various research areas and the world wide attention on it has rapidly increased. In this paper, applications of HS algorithm in Civil Engineering (CE) are to be overviewed. Articles in CE areas including water resources, structural, geotechnical, environmental, and traffic engineering are to be reviewed thoroughly. As a results, variety of application results show that HS can be effectively used as a tool for optimization problems in CE.

Overview of Harmony Search algorithm and its applications in Civil Engineering

The harmony search (HS) is a music-inspired evolutionary algorithm, mimicking the improvisation process of music players (Geem et al., 2001). The HS is simple in concept, few in parameters, and easy in implementation, with theoretical background of stochastic derivative (Geem, 2007a). The algorithm was originally developed for discrete optimization and later expanded for continuous optimization (Lee & Geem, 2005). The following pseudo code describes how the HS algorithm works: procedure HS // initialize initiate parameters initialize the harmony memory //main loop while (not_termination) for I = 1 to number of decision variables (N) do R1 = uniform random number between 0 and 1 if (R1 < P

/pdf/recent-advances-in-harmony-search-2g2nd1tjf1.pdf

Recent Advances in Harmony Search

An analysis of selection methods in memory consideration for harmony search

In recent years, both sustainability and optimization concepts have become inseparable developing topics with diverse concepts, elements, and aspects. The principal goal of optimization is to improve the overall sustainability including the environmental sustainability, social sustainability, economic sustainability, and energy resources sustainability through satisfying the objective functions. Therefore, applying optimization algorithms and methods to achieve the sustainable development have significant importance. This paper represents a considerable review on the employed optimization methodologies to sustainability and the sustainable development including sustainable energy, sustainable buildings, and sustainable environment. Since energy optimization is one of the major necessities of sustainability, sustainable development is investigated from the energy perspective. In addition, the concept, definitions, and elements of the sustainability and optimization have been presented, and the review of the optimization metaheuristic algorithms used in recent published articles related to sustainability and sustainable development was carried out. Thus, it is believed that this paper can be appropriate, beneficial, and practical for students, academic researchers, engineers, and other professionals.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/5/2027/pdf

Zong Woo Geem

Papers

Generation of Synthetic Chest X-ray Images and Detection of COVID-19: A Deep Learning Based Approach

Overview of Harmony Search algorithm and its applications in Civil Engineering

Recent Advances in Harmony Search

An analysis of selection methods in memory consideration for harmony search

Sustainability and Optimization: From Conceptual Fundamentals to Applications