Swarm intelligence (SI) is briefly defined as the collective behaviour of decentralized and self-organized swarms. The well known examples for these swarms are bird flocks, fish schools and the colony of social insects such as termites, ants and bees. In 1990s, especially two approaches based on ant colony and on fish schooling/bird flocking introduced have highly attracted the interest of researchers. Although the self-organization features are required by SI are strongly and clearly seen in honey bee colonies, unfortunately the researchers have recently started to be interested in the behaviour of these swarm systems to describe new intelligent approaches, especially from the beginning of 2000s. During a decade, several algorithms have been developed depending on different intelligent behaviours of honey bee swarms. Among those, artificial bee colony (ABC) is the one which has been most widely studied on and applied to solve the real world problems, so far. Day by day the number of researchers being interested in ABC algorithm increases rapidly. This work presents a comprehensive survey of the advances with ABC and its applications. It is hoped that this survey would be very beneficial for the researchers studying on SI, particularly ABC algorithm.

A comprehensive survey: artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm and applications

Wireless-sensor networks (WSNs) are networks of autonomous nodes used for monitoring an environment. Developers of WSNs face challenges that arise from communication link failures, memory and computational constraints, and limited energy. Many issues in WSNs are formulated as multidimensional optimization problems, and approached through bioinspired techniques. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a simple, effective, and computationally efficient optimization algorithm. It has been applied to address WSN issues such as optimal deployment, node localization, clustering, and data aggregation. This paper outlines issues in WSNs, introduces PSO, and discusses its suitability for WSN applications. It also presents a brief survey of how PSO is tailored to address these issues.

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Particle Swarm Optimization in Wireless-Sensor Networks: A Brief Survey

The power of any kind of network approach lies in the ability to simplify a complex system so that one can better understand its function as a whole. Sometimes it is beneficial, however, to include more information than in a simple graph of only nodes and links. Adding information about times of interactions can make predictions and mechanistic understanding more accurate. The drawback, however, is that there are not so many methods available, partly because temporal networks is a relatively young field, partly because it more difficult to develop such methods compared to for static networks. In this colloquium, we review the methods to analyze and model temporal networks and processes taking place on them, focusing mainly on the last three years. This includes the spreading of infectious disease, opinions, rumors, in social networks; information packets in computer networks; various types of signaling in biology, and more. We also discuss future directions.

Modern temporal network theory: A colloquium

Several enabling technologies are being explored for the fifth-generation (5G) mobile system era. The aim is to evolve a cellular network that remarkably pushes forward the limits of legacy mobile systems across all dimensions of performance metrics. One dominant technology that consistently features in the list of the 5G enablers is the millimeter-wave (mmWave) massive multiple-input-multiple-output (massive MIMO) system. It shows potentials to significantly raise user throughput, enhance spectral and energy efficiencies and increase the capacity of mobile networks using the joint capabilities of the huge available bandwidth in the mmWave frequency bands and high multiplexing gains achievable with massive antenna arrays. In this survey, we present the preliminary outcomes of extensive research on mmWave massive MIMO (as research on this subject is still in the exploratory phase) and highlight emerging trends together with their respective benefits, challenges, and proposed solutions. The survey spans broad areas in the field of wireless communications, and the objective is to point out current trends, evolving research issues and future directions on mmWave massive MIMO as a technology that will open up new frontiers of services and applications for next-generation cellular networks.

Millimeter-Wave Massive MIMO Communication for Future Wireless Systems: A Survey

Good news first: the international journal Computer Standards and Interfaces has a new editor-inchief, Dr. Bhavani Thuraisingham, professor of Computer Science at the University of Texas at Dallas. She is also a director of the bCyber Security Research Center Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer ScienceQ. Dr. Thuraisingham was a member of the CS&I Editorial Board for long years and helped much to improve the journal’s reputation. She knows well the idea behind this unique journal, and she has the capacity and resources to lead and develop it. This is more than I expected when I decided to resign as editor-in-chief. The journal will be in good hands. At this occasion it should be allowed to have a look back. It was 1975 when I visited in the United States the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), later renamed in National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). With some interest could I see there lots of flyers and posters stating bGo metricQ. It was not that I didn’t know the bUS inchesQ. But I knew the bUnits ActQ of 1960 which was issued by the 11th General Conference of Weights and Measurement (CGPM) to introduce worldwide a unique International System of Units (SI) on a metrical basis. It was developed to put an end to more than a hundred years of disarray, with a great number of units and unit systems — and the metre was defined to be the unit of length representing 100 cm or 1000 mm. . . I was at that time a young scientist at the German national institute of metrology (PTB, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt) involved in the development of a calibration system for magnetic storage media like tapes, cassettes, flexible disks, disk packs etc. We did this in cooperation with the magnetic media lab of the

Next generation

Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI)

Proceedings of the 12th WSEAS international conference on Computers

From the Book:
Preface
The past years have seen an explosion in the use of digital media. Industry is making significant investments to deliver digital audio, image and video information to consumers and customers. A new infrastructure of digital audio, image and video recorders and players; online services and electronic commerce is rapidly being deployed. At the same time, major corporations are converting their audio, image and video archives to an electronic form. Digital media offer several distinct advantages over analog media. The quality of digital audio, image and video signals is higher than that of their analog counterparts. Editing is easy because one can access the exact discrete locations that need to be changed. Copying is simple with no loss of fidelity. A copy of digital media is identical to the original. Digital audio, image and video are easily transmitted across networked information systems. These advantages have opened up many new possibilities.

Multimedia consists of Multimedia data + Set of interactions. Multimedia data is informally considered as the collection of three Ms: multisource, multitype and multiformat data. The interactions among the multimedia components consist of complex relationships without which multimedia would be a simple set of visual, audio and other data.

Multimedia and multimedia communication can be globally viewed as a hierarchical system. The multimedia software and applications provide a direct interactive environment for users. When a computer requires information from remote computers or servers, multimedia information must travel through computer networks. Because the amount of information involved inthe transmission of video and audio can be substantial, the multimedia information must be compressed before it can be sent through the network in order to reduce the communication delay. Constraints, such as limited delay and jitter, are used to ensure a reasonable video and audio effect at the receiving end. Therefore, communication networks are undergoing constant improvements in order to provide for multimedia communication capabilities. LANs are used to connect local computers and other equipment, and Wide Area Networks (WANs) and the Internet connect the LANs together. Better standards are constantly being developed, in order to provide a global information superhighway across which multimedia information will travel.
Organization of the Book
The book is organized into six chapters:

Chapter 1 describes the concept of multimedia communication modeling. It presents a brief description of elements for multimedia systems. After that, we discuss user and network requirements together with the packet transfer concept. An overview of multimedia terminals is also given.

Chapter 2 explains that multimedia communication is more than simply putting together text, audio, images and video. It reviews a recent trend in multimedia research to exploit the audio-visual interaction and to build the link between audio and video processing. The emphasis is on lip reading, synchronization and tracing audio-to-visual mapping as well as the bimodal person verification.

Chapter 3 is devoted to multimedia processing in communication. We present and analyze digital media and signal processing elements. Next, we describe a general framework for image copyright protection through digital watermarking. We then review the key attributes of neural processing essential to intelligent multimedia processing. Finally, this chapter concludes with recent large-scale-integration programmable processors designed for multimedia processing such as real-time compression and decompression of audio and video as well as the next generation of computer graphics.

Chapter 4 deals with the issues concerning distributed multimedia systems. We give an overview: main features, resource management, networking and multimedia operating systems. Next, we identify the applications like interactive television, telecooperation and hypermedia, and we survey the important enabling technologies.

Chapter 5 focuses on multimedia communication standards. We discuss Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG)-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, MPEG-4 Visual Texture Coding (VTC), Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG)-2000, MPEG-7, MPEG-21, International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Sector (ITU-T) and Internet standards. We discuss the ITU-T standardization process in multimedia communications from the video and speech coding, as well as from multimedia, multiplex and synchronization points of view (H.320, H.321, H.322, H.323, H.262, H.263, H.26L, H.221, H.222, H.223 and H.225).

Chapter 6 concentrates on multimedia communication across networks. After an introduction about packet audio-video in the network environment, we discuss the concept of video transport across generic networks. Multimedia transport over ATM networks is described, too. We then move to multimedia across IP networks, including video transmission, traffic specification for MPEG video transmission on the Internet and bandwidth allocation mechanism. We present and illustrate the concepts of Internet access networks. In addition, we discuss special issues relating to multimedia across wireless networks such as wireless broadband communication for multimedia audiovisual solutions, mobile and broadcasting networks and digital TV infrastructure for interactive multimedia services.
Appendix/Web Site
Appendix A contains useful information available on the Internet: standardization organizations, associations, alliances, fora and consortia; documents, software and hardware reference, and a products and services list. No software is provided. The appendix can be downloaded at the following Web site: www.phptr.com/rao
References
The references are grouped according to the various chapters. Special efforts have been taken to make this list as up to date and exhaustive as possible.

A number of forces are driving communications, such as the following: 

The evolution of communications and data networks in today's modern Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) network and packet (including the Internet) networks, with major forces driving these networks into an integrated structure
The increasing availability of almost unlimited bandwidth demand in the office, the home and eventually on the road, based on high-speed data modems, cable modems, hybrid fiber-mix systems, and, recently, a number of fixed wireless access systems
The availability of ubiquitous access to the network through Local Area Networks (LANs), wireline and wireless networks providing the promise of anywhere, anytime access
The ever-increasing amount of memory and computation brought to bear on virtually any communications or computing system
The terminals, including sophisticated screen phones; digital telephones; multimedia personal computers (PCs) that handle a wide range of text, image, audio and video signals; network computers and other low-cost Internet-access terminals and Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) of all types that can access and interact with the network using wired and wireless connections
The digitalization of virtually all devices, including cameras, video capture devices, video playback devices, handwriting terminals, sound capture devices and so forth


Multimedia Communication Systems provides a comprehensive coverage of various surveys of the current issues relating to multimedia communications. This book addresses the fundamentals of the major topics of the multimedia communication systems: audio-visual integration, multimedia processing in communications, distributed multimedia systems, multimedia communication standards and multimedia communications across networks.

We have focused our attention on these topics with the hope that the level of discussion provided will enable an engineer or a scientist to design multimedia communication systems or to conduct research on advanced and newly emerging topics. The objective of this book is not only to familiarize the reader with multimedia communication systems, but also to provide the underlying theory, concepts and principles related to these disciplines, including the power and the practical utility of the topics.

A major challenge during the preparation of this book was the rapid pace of development, both in software and hardware related to multimedia communication systems. We have tried to keep pace by including many of the latest developments. In this way, it is hoped that the book is timely and appeals to a wide audience in the engineering, scientific and technical communities. In addition, we have included more than 270 figures and more than 800 references. Although this book is primarily for graduate students, it can be also very useful for academia, researchers, scientists and engineers dealing with multimedia communication systems.

Multimedia Communication Systems: Techniques, Standards, and Networks

In recent years extensive research has opened challenging issues for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) deployment. Among numerous challenges faced while designing architectures and protocols, maintaining connectivity and maximizing the network lifetime stand out as critical considerations. WSNs are formed by a large number of resource-constrained and inexpensive nodes, which has an impact on protocol design and network scalability. Sensor networks have enabled a range of applications where the objective is to observe an environment and collect information about the observed phenomena or events. This has lead to the emergence of a new generation sensor networks called sensor actuator networks. Approaches developed to query sensor-actuator networks (SANETs) are either application-specific or generic. Application-specific SANETs provide limited reusability, are net cost effective and may require extensive programming efforts to make the network able to serve new applications. A WSNs should be able to operate for long time with little or no external management. The sensor nodes must be able to configurate themselves in the presence of adverse situations. In this work, dealing with challenges for WSNs deployment, we start with mobility-based communication in WSNs. Then, we introduce service-oriented SANETs (SOSANETs) as an approach to build customizable SANETs. In the second part, we describe localization systems and analyze self configurability, situation awareness and intrusion detection system. In the third part, we present wireless distributed detection as well as a model for WSN simulation. Finally, conclusions and proposals for future research are given.

Zoran Bojkovic

Papers

Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI)

Proceedings of the 12th WSEAS international conference on Computers

Multimedia Communication Systems: Techniques, Standards, and Networks

A survey on wireless sensor networks deployment

Proceedings of the 13th WSEAS international conference on Systems