Showing papers by "Aalto University published in 1990"
TL;DR: It is implied that methods and tools have to be adequate in all phases of the development life-cycle to guarantee success and that situational approaches could contribute to the proper choice of system development methods and Tools.
76 citations
TL;DR: Choice behavior in an interactive multiple-criteria decision making environment is examined experimentally, and an unexpectedly rapid degree of convergence of the reference direction approach on a preferred solution is revealed.
Abstract: Choice behavior in an interactive multiple-criteria decision making environment is examined experimentally. A “free search” discrete visual interactive reference direction approach was used on a microcomputer by management students to solve two realistic and relevant multiple-criteria decision problems. The results revealed persistent patterns of intransitive choice behavior, and an unexpectedly rapid degree of convergence of the reference direction approach on a preferred solution. The results can be explained using Tversky' [20] additive utility difference model and Kahneman-Tversky's [5] prospect theory. The implications of the results for the design of interactive multiple-criteria decision procedures are discussed.
72 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors consider the problem of incorporating qualitative data in multiple objective linear programming, and they show how the weight assessment technique in the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) can be utilized in MOLP, when only qualitative data is available.
57 citations
01 Aug 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, the principles of VIG (Visual Interactive Goal Programming), a Multiple Criteria Decision Support System, recently developed by Korhonen, are described and PARETO RACE is a cornerstone of the system, which is designed to support both the modelling and solving of a multiple objective linear programming problem.
Abstract: In this paper we describe the principles of VIG (Visual Interactive Goal Programming), a Multiple Criteria Decision Support System, recently developed by Korhonen. PARETO RACE is a corner-stone of the system, which is designed to support both the modelling and solving of a multiple objective linear programming problem. A menu, spreadsheets, and interactive computer graphics play a key role.
46 citations
TL;DR: This paper shows how a visual, interactive, dynamic multiple objective linear programming decision support system can effectively be used for analyzing input-output models and studying the quantitative effects of economic or political crises to the Finnish economy.
Abstract: This paper shows how a visual, interactive, dynamic multiple objective linear programming decision support system can effectively be used for analyzing input-output models. We have applied our approach to studying the quantitative effects of economic or political crises to the Finnish economy. Examples of such crises are nuclear power plant accidents, trade embargoes, and international conflicts. An input-output model of the Finnish economy with 17 industries sectors is employed. Our system has been implemented on a microcomputer and is being used by the National Board of Economic Defense. Several typical case situations are discussed.
44 citations
37 citations
TL;DR: Omeprazole and sucralfate regimens tied in the direct C/E comparison and were clearly superior to ranitidine regimens, yet problems with patient compliance and faster relief from pain/symptoms with omeprazoles may contribute to breaking the tie.
33 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the development over time of poverty in Finland and Sweden are compared using poverty lines representing the fixed basket of goods and services, and they suggest that cross-national variations in poverty rates are partly explained by the size of the welfare state.
Abstract: Using poverty lines representing the fixed basket of goods and services, the development over time of poverty in Finland and Sweden are compared. In both countries, poverty decreased rapidly between the mid-1960s and the mid-1970s, after which changes have been less dramatic. During the first part of the 1980s poverty continued to decrease in Finland, but increased in Sweden. Comparisons for age-groups showed large reductions in poverty rates among the aged in both countries. Poverty has shifted from the permanent old age poverty towards a more temporary poverty in young adulthood.
International comparisons show that in the early 1980s both Finland and Sweden had poverty rates below the average of the affluent Western nations. Furthermore, these comparisons suggest that cross-national variations in poverty rates are partly explained by the size of the welfare state. Also, time series analysis shows that income transfers have taken an increasing number of people out of poverty in both countries.
30 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, cause mapping is suggested as an option for describing and comparing management cognitions that possesses some advantages over the conventional text alternative and potential applications for pragmatic and research uses are suggested.
27 citations
TL;DR: This paper forms the problem as a multiple criteria/multiple decision-maker model and uses this model to find a compromise solution for the resource pooling problem within the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance.
Abstract: Pooling of different resources is typical among the member countries of the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance participating in joint large-scale construction projects The problem faced by the members of the Council is to decide, how much of various resources each country should contribute to a construction project In this paper we present a general approach to supporting individuals involved in such negotiations We formulate the problem as a multiple criteria/multiple decision-maker model and use our approach to finding a compromise solution for the resource pooling problem within the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance The approach is implemented on a computer, tested and illustrated using a prototypical example
11 citations
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: This work considers a Multiple Criteria Decision Support System- VIG (Visual Interactive Goal Programming) developed by Korhonen, designed to support both modelling and solving multiple objective linear programming problems.
Abstract: We will consider a Multiple Criteria Decision Support System- VIG (Visual Interactive Goal Programming) developed by Korhonen. VIG is designed to support both modelling and solving multiple objective linear programming problems. The interface is based on one main menu, spreadsheets, and interactive use of computer graphics. The corner point VIG is PARETO RACE, which enables the decision maker to freely search nondominated solutions in a dynamic way. VIG provides the decision-maker with the possibility to approach his/her decision problem in an evolutionary way. This means that the decision-maker does not have to specify the model precisely prior to solving the problem. In fact, the model evolves progressively. We also discuss applications of VIG to practical problems.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, a renewal of the methods used for areal and commune-specific tourist surveys in Finland has taken place since 1980, largely in response to advances in methodologies for determining the effects of tourism on incomes and employment.
Abstract: A renewal of the methods used for areal and commune-specific tourist surveys in Finland has taken place since 1980, largely in response to advances in methodologies for determining the effects of tourism on incomes and employment. These ideas are expressed in concrete form in the jointly developed Nordic Model, based on the expenditure and receipts methods employed from the 1950's onwards, the first of which sets out from the tourists themselves and the latter from the businesses that receive income from tourists. The model contains both specific instructions for the execution of such a survey at different levels of detail and also a new means for defining ripple effects as one part of a tourist business survey. The appropriateness of the Nordic Model and the problems associated with its use are evaluated with particular reference to the structure of the model as such and research carried out to date based on it, including the authors' own empirical application to tourism in Lohja. Critical points are discussed and proposals made for improving applicability and the quality of the results obtained. Extensions of its scope to allow greater diversity in the results and a more comprehensive treatment of the local impact of tourism are contemplated by defining the dimension of local tourist surveys and the methodology required for the definition of these. Consideration is also given to recent proposals for new tourist multipliers in relation to the alternative offered by the Nordic Model. Normal 0 21 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
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TL;DR: A preference-order recursion algorithm for obtaining a relevant subset of pure, admissible decision functions which converges towards an optimal solution in statistical decision problems is proposed and is applicable to both linear and nonlinear utility functions.
Abstract: A preference-order recursion algorithm for obtaining a relevant subset of pure, admissible (non-dominated, efficient) decision functions which converges towards an optimal solution in statistical decision problems is proposed. The procedure permits a decision maker to interactively express strong binary preferences for partial decision functions at each stage of the recursion, from which an imprecise probability and/or utility function is imputed and used as one of several pruning mechanisms to obtain a reduced relevant subset of admissible decision functions or to converge on an optimal one. The computational and measurement burden is thereby mitigated significantly, for example, by not requiring explicit or full probability and utility information from the decision maker. The algorithm is applicable to both linear and nonlinear utility functions. The results of behavioral and computational experimentation show that the approach is viable, efficient, and robust.
TL;DR: In this paper, the conditional weak law of large numbers was used to derive convergence results for empirical means, empirical distributions, and microcanonical distributions for a closed system with a fixed number of particles as well as for an open particle system in the space.
Abstract: LetX1,X2,... be i.i.d. random elements (the states of the particles 1,2,...). Letf be an ℝd-valued, measurable function (an observable) and letB ⊂Rdbe a convex Borel set. DenoteSn=f(X1)+f(X2)+...+f(Xn). Using large-deviation theory, it may be shown that, under certain regularity conditions, there exists a point υB (the dominating point of B) so that, givenSn/ne B, actually Sn/n→υ B in probability as n→∞. Having this conditional weak law of large numbers as our starting point, we consider physical systems of independent particles, especially the ideal gas. Given an observed energy level, we derive convergence results for empirical means, empirical distributions, and microcanonical distributions. Results are obtained for a closed system with a fixed number of particles as well as for an open particle system in the space (a Poisson random field). Our approach is elementary in the sense that we need not refer to the abstract “level II” theory of large deviations. However, the treatment is not restricted to the so-called discrete ideal gas, but we consider the continuous ideal gas.
01 Oct 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, a theory that variations in economic development in the USSR depend on regional economic structure, economic policy, cultural factors, and the center-periphery dichotomy is tested via simple regression analysis, using retail sales per capita as the indicator of economic level.
Abstract: A theory that areal variations in economic development in the USSR (analyzed at the oblast level for most republics) depend on regional economic structure, economic policy, cultural factors, and the center-periphery dichotomy is tested via simple regression analysis, using retail sales per capita as the indicator of economic level. The independent variables are: share of urban population (for economic structure), investments (for economic policy), percentage of Moslem population (for the cultural factor), and distance from Moscow (for the periphery effect). All of these variables except distance were significant in explaining the real variation in retail sales per capita.
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of Western European novel forest damage on the Finnish forest sector were investigated and the main result was that impacts in the forest sector as a whole are slow and the market mechanism efficiently smoothens the impact of changes in timber supply caused by forest damage.
Abstract: This chapter reports on the effects of Western European novel forest damage on the Finnish forest sector. A model revised from the global forest sector model developed at IIASA (International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis) is used in the analysis. Five different air pollution scenarios are compared to a base case scenario with no forest damage. The main result of the analysis is that impacts in the forest sector as a whole are slow and the market mechanism efficiently smoothens the impact of changes in timber supply caused by forest damage. Except in the case of really catastrophic and widespread forest dieback, harvests and forest industry production in Finland are affected only to a minor extent. Indirect linkages of international forest product markets may, however, cause unexpected long-term impacts.