Showing papers by "Academia Sinica published in 1973"

The Reconstruction of Three-Dimensional Objects from Two Orthogonal Projections and its Application to Cardiac Cineangiography

Abstract: A method is developed for the reconstruction of a two-dimensional convex symmetric object from two orthogonal projections. To reconstruct a three-dimensional object, the object is divided into thin slices and the slices are individually reconstructed. An experimental result of the reconstruction of a clay model from its X-ray pictures is described. Applicability of this technique to cardiac cineangiography is discussed.

A new genus of giant rhinoceros from oligocene of dzungaria,sinkiang

Abstract: In 1964,a field party of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleo- anthropology,Academia Sinica,discovered at two localities in one and the same bed at southern boarder of Dzungaria Basin of Sinkiang a fragment of Lophiomeryx lower jaw and fossils of some giant rhinoceros.The Lophiomeryx had been described and published soon after(Vertebrata PalAsiatica,v.9,n,4;1965),the remainders including an enormous skull of a giant rhinoceros with lower jaw,which is the most perfectly preserved indricotherid skull yet discovered so far,and some foot-bones are described here as a new genus and species,Dzungariotherium orgosensis. Detailed description and measurements are given in the foregoing Chinese text. Dzungariotherium may be briefly defined as an aberrant paracerathere with some indricothere affinities.The characters of the skull and lower jaw of the new genus resemble Paraceratherium in the followings:1)The height of the occipital condyles is only about 1/3 of that of occiput;2)sagittal crest expands into a small flattened plate;3)paroccipital,posttympanic and postglenoid processes extend much lower than occipital condyles;4)postglenoid process is located in the inner-posterior side of the glenoid cavity;5)maxillar and premaxillar bones bend upwards markedly;6) nasal notch deep;7)upper incisors reduced to very small ones,P~1 absent,P~2 trian- gular;8)diastema nearly absent,etc. On the other hand Dzungariotherium shows some peculiar features.These are: 1)it is probably larger than all known species,except some teeth from Hami of the same region;2)the space between paroccipital-posttympanic process and postglenoid process is small;3)zygomatic arches expand posteriorly,just before the glenoid;4) symphysis strongly constricted and bends upwards instead of being downwards;5) lower incisors much reduced;6)upper premolars much broadened transversely. Associated foot-bones,except being more robust and broadened,show mixing cha- racters of both paracerathere and indricothere. Considering the above cited contradictory features of Dzungariotherium and the evident progressiveness of the formerly described species of Lophiomeryx,it seems reasonable to determine the fossil-bearing bed as of late Oligocene age or even a little later.

A new species of dicynodon from sinkiang

Abstract: A second Permian dicynodont was recognized in the recently prepared material of Yuan's collection from Sinkiang.It is a skull preserved in a greyish green concretion,but unfortunately its locality and horizon are not clear.The skull is quite different from the first one described by Young as Dicynodon sinkianensis. It represents a new species of this genus,named as Dicynodon tienshanensis. The new species is a dicynodont of rather small size.The skull is characterized by its ellipsoid dorsal outline,large anteriorly located orbits and comparatively broad snout.Maxillary process is moderately developed but with no tusk.The width of the intertemporal region is equal to that of the interorbital,and with a low parietal ridge formed by the contacted postorbitals.Postfrontals are present and rather large. Preparietal is also large with a rough surface. The ventral side of the skull is distinguished by the large interpterygoid fossa and the long and narrow interpterygoid foramen.The palatine forms a nodule at the an- terior end which projects inside and narrows the anterior end of the internal nares. A small boss projects at the inner posterior side of the maxillary process.This boss together with the palatinal nodule undertakes the function as the pressure surface of the outer and inner“dental ridges”of the lower jaw(Fig.3). The side wall of the braincase is incomplete,with large gaps existing between prootic and epipterygoid,and between the latter and the upward process of paras- phenoid.Parietals are not deepened,but infering from the two sections of the epip- terygoid,perhaps the upper one represents the downward process of the parietal. The occipital plate is comparatively flattened,with large foramen magnum and round posttemporal fenestra.Large notochordal pit exists on the center of the occi- pital condyle.No articular surface of proatlas is observed. The“dental ridges”and grooves on the dorsal side of the lower jaw are very prominent.Between the two inner ridges,a deep and wide groove receives the op- posite median ridge on the upper palate.The dentary occupies a greater portion on the whole lower jaw.The mandibular foramen is situated rather downwards and posteriorly. The primitive characters on this skull are evident:the developed ectopterygoid, the maxillary separation of palate and premaxillary,no infraorbital foramen,large interpterygoid fossa and long interpterygoid foramen,the absence of parietal deepening, and incomplete braincase.All these features point out that this skull may represent a typical member of the genus Dicynodon.But it could be distinguished from all other species in possessing a combination of the following characters:the skull is long and narrow with a proportion of width to length about 63 percent only;temporal openings are a little larger than the orbits;intertemporal width is equal to that of interorbital;and parietals are largely covered by postorbitals and restricted behind the pineal opening.From the outline of the skull,its nearest species is Dicynodon venteri,however,our species is more narrow in the skull breadth and the parietals are not stretched anterior of the pineal opening.From the ventral side of the skull, the structure resembles closely to that of Dicynodon grimbeeki in having a large ectopterygoid and a narrowed anterior end of choana.But in our specimen,the nar- rowing is due to the squeezing of palate instead of by the maxillary in the latter species.Besides,the interpterygoid foramen is much longer in our species. The diagnosis of this species may be summarized as follows: Dicynodont of moderate size,the width of interorbital same to that of intertem- poral;parietal crest low,parietals almost covered by postorbitals,preparietal large; postfrontal present,anterior end of internal nares narrowed by the inside projection of palatal nodule,narrow participation of premaxillary and maxillary to the margin of choana,median ridge of vomer short;interpterygoid foramen long,inner“dental ridge”developed.

A primary study on the vertical vegetation belt of mt.jolmo-lungma (everest) region and its relationship with horizontal zone

Abstract: Mt Jolmo-Lungma (Everest) is the highest peak on the earth The subdivision of vertical vegetation belt there has been reported previously But between scientists opinions about its relationship with horizontal vegetation zone are still debatable This paper deal primary with the observations of the vertical vegetational belt of Mt Jolmo-Lungma and discussed its nature as compared with the horizontal vegetation zone The climate of Mt Jolmo-Lungma region characterized by its intensive solar-radia- tion, rich sunlight, great diurnal but small annual variation of temperature, and higher precipition in the summer

Cytological studies on the androgenesis of triticale

Abstract: This article deals with a study of the method in inducing pollen plants from cultured anthers and cytological observations on the in vitro androgenesis of Triticale The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1 Cell divisions of the uninucleate pollen grains and development of the am- phihaploid plants of Triticale can be readily obtained from anthers cultured on a basic mediam (slightly modified MS medium) supplemented with an appropriate amount of coconut milk and auxins (2,4--D, NAA) 2 The capacity of callus production varied greatly in different Triticale strains The pollens in the anthers of non-callus producing strains is potentially ca- pable in producing embryoids, but the embryoids produced by them degenerate in an early stage of development 3 A higher proportion of the planted anthers producing shoots can be ob- tained, if the anthers containing embryoids had been transfered at a suitable time into the medium for differentiation before the embryoidal cells developed into callus 4 The two nuclei formed by the first division of the uninucleate microspore are similar in appearance, they, however, generally differ in physiological functions One of the nuclei having the nature of generative nucleus may divide and produce free nuclei which are eventually excluded in the course of embryoid development; the other having the nature of vegetative nucleus undergoes normal mitoses and therefore plays an essential role in the embryoid formation 5 In the differentiating or meristematic cells the starch accumulation is generally rare, while in the cells surrounding them there are numerous starch grains

Two new species of agaricales

Abstract: During the course of studying the poisonousmushrooms in China, we have discovered twospecies which are quite different from thosealready described and are here reported as newspecies. They are named Amanita kwangsiensisand Inocybe flarobrunea. Poisoning tests inmice were made by peritoneal injection withwater solution of methyl alcohol extract of drymushrooms and controls with physiological salineor water solution of methyl alcohol extract ofedible winter mushroom (Collybia relutipes). Amanita kwangsiensis is morphologicallyrelated to A. pantherina, but can be distinguishedreadily by its globular and smaller spores (7.5-8.8×6.2-7.5 vs 10-12×7-8), by the pyra-midal warts on the pileus and indistinct frag-ments of volve around the base of the stem,whereas the upper part of the volve in A. panthe-rina usually becomes torn off and forms ringsand the lower part being volvate. Mice perkilogram of weight were injected with watersolution of methyl alcohol extract of 20 gramsof dry specimen. All six mice tested with thismiushroom were seriously affected 15 minutesafter injection with paralysis which lasted 12hours, 5 recovered afterwards but one died. Amanita kwangsiensis also resembles A.echinocephala, but differs, besides other charac-teristics, by the non-amyloid spores. Regarding Inocybe flavobrunnea, we failedto find its affinity to any other recorded speciesof this genus up to present. Nevertheless, it maybe related to Inocybe pyriodora or In. brunnea,but the color of its context remains unchangedwhen cut and the hymenophore is larger, es-pecially much larger than the latter species.Poisoning tests were made as in the formerspecies, except that the extract used for injectionwas of 25 grams of dry mushroom instead of 20grams. Percentage of infected mice was 100%and 83.3% died. Type specimens of both species are depositedin the herbarium of the Institute of Microbio-logy, Academia Sinica, Peking.

Five new species of pythium

Abstract: In 1961 the writer began to study thegenus Pythium on account of its highsignificance in parasitism, evolution andphylogeny. A great number of isolatesof the group have been secured fromvarious kinds of soil as well as infectedplant tissues throughout this countryother than Taiwan province. In studyingthe taxonomy of the genus Pythium,among forty species identified, five ofthem are found to be morphologically andphysiologically different from all thosehitherto described and are reported hereas new to mycological science. The fivespecies are named as Pythium acrogynumsp. nov., P. amasculinum sp. nov., P.connatum sp. nov., P. kunmingense sp.nov. and P. sinense sp. nov. Pythium acrogynum Yu exhibitssimilarities to P. rostratum Butler fromwhich it may be distinguished by thecharacter of the antheridia, the predo-minance of acrogynous oogonia and itsstrictly hypogynous antheridia. It differsfrom P. hypogynum Middleton not only inits larger sporangia, but also in possessing1--2 papillate protuberances of theoogonium. The antheridial character mayserve to separate the species from P. hy-pogynum as well. The size of the anthe-ridia of P. hypogynum (6.6×5.4μ) issmaller than that of P. acrogynum(11.5×8.9μ). The antheridium of P.hypogynum is supplied with a slenderfertilization tube, while the fertilizationtube of the present species is rather shortand stout. The contiguous sporangia of Pythiumamasculinum Yu are very characteristicand readily separate it from other echinu-late oogonial types such as P. acanthicumDrechsler and P. oligandrum Drechsler.In spite of the fact that the oogonia ofP. amasculinum and P. acanthicum arevery similar in possessing conical andacute spines, the spines of the former are1.7--7.7 (av. 4.64) μ in length and1.7--4.3 (av. 2.41) μ in basal diameter,whereas the spines of the latter 1.5--5.5(av. 2.7) μ in length and averaging 1.9 μ in basal diameter. The sizes of thesporangia, oogonia and oospores of P.amasculinum are smaller than those of P.oligandrum [sporangia 25--45 μ, oogonia17--35 (av. 26.4) μ, oospores 15--30(av. 23.1) μ]. The antheridial character of Pythiumconnatum Yu is most distinctive, itreadily distinguishes the species from itscongeners P. hypogynum, P. iwayamaiand P. rostratum. Related more closelyto P. rostratum than any other species, P.connatum yet differs from this species notonly in the position, shape and size of theantheridia but also in the size of thesporangia. The size of the sporangia ofP. connatum is smaller (13--26, av.18 μ) than that of P. rostratum (23--34,av. 28 μ). The oogonial protuberances are quitedifferent between the two related speciesP. kunmingense Yu and P. spinosumSawada. They are conical, acute, rareand about 2.5 μ long in P. kunmingense,while in P. spinosum they are digitate,obtuse, numerous and about 7 μ long.However, long spines reaching 14 μ in P.kunmingense have been observed by thewriter occasionally. The two species mayalso be distinguished by their differencesin the shape, size and mode of the anthe-ridial cell. Pythium sinense Yu has several out-standing features, notably in its asexualstage. The sporangia are mostly sessileor nearly so and very frequently lateralor pleurogenous, whereas in all otherspecies possessing spiny oogonia areusually asessile, terminal or intercalary.The stalked antheridia also serve tosegregate this species from P. echinulatumMatthews which is typically hypogynal. Type specimens of the above fivespecies are deposited in the Institute ofMicrobiology, Academia Sinica, Peking,China.

Studies on the screening of glucoamylase producing strains of monascus and their fermentation conditions

Abstract: Two strains of Monascus AS 3.976(M. Serorubecens) and AS 3.978 havebeen selected for the production of largeamount of glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.3) bythe submerged fermentation technigue.The adequate cultural media and fermen-tation conditions have been established.After growing these organisms in shakingflasks containing 3% corn flour and 1.5%soybean cake meal (pH 4.5--5.0) at 30-35℃ for 72 hrs., the potency of the cul-tural filtrate was 260 units/ml. Theoptimum temperature for enzymic actionis 50℃ and the optimum pH is 4.5. Saccharification of liquified starchsolution (32% w/w) by this enzyme(with a ratio of 0.5 ml. filtrat to onegram starch) was kept at 50℃ for 40hrs. The resulting mixture gave a DEof above 99.

The Computation of Window Operations on a Parallel Organized Computer—A Case Study

Abstract: The computation of window operations and arbitrary local operations on a parallel organized computer is studied. It is shown that for the window operations, the computation time can be minimized, subject to the restriction of memory accessibility. It is also shown that the computation time increases as the degree of disorderliness of a local operation increases.

New materials of bothriolepis shaokuanensis and the age of the fish bearing beds

Abstract: During the field season of 1963—64,some piscine fossils were collected from the lower part of the Guitou Group in Huangkangling,Shaokuan and Fankou,Renhua, KwangtungMost of the fossils are referable to the species BshaokuanensisThey are well preserved and a complementary description is given in the present noteThe age of the fish bearing beds is discussed and considered to be of middle devonian

A new species of stegodon from upper pliocene of yuanmou,yunnan

Abstract: A new species of Stegodon,named as Stegodon primitium,is described in the present paper.The materials including two lower third molars,one left and one right, were found in the Banguo Basin,Yuanmou,Yunnan in 1972. Stegodon Falconer et Cautley,1857 Stegodon primitium sp.nov. Type A third left lower molar of an adult individual,preserved nearly com- plete.(V.4317) Paratype An incomplete right third lower molar,with only pretalonid and anterior four and half ridges preserved.(V.4318) Horizon and Locality Upper Pliocene,Northern Da Banguo,Yuanmou, Yunnan. Diagnosis A Stegodon of large size with molars primitive in structure.Molars narrow and long,crown relatively high;enamel thick and with fewer ridges,M_3 with six transverse plates plus a very small pre-talonid and a talonid,with longitudinal median cleft in all ridges;mammillae few in number(4—5),accessory columns deve- loped;anterior ridges showing“trilobed”form with moderate wear,cement nonexistent. Measurements(mm): V.4317 ridges 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Length 295 Breadth 104 108 113 114 108 95 Height 50 V.4318 Length 201 (from anterior point to 5th ridge) Breadth 90 99 99 Remarks The fossils of Stegodon are widely distributed in China,Japan and many other countries in southern Asia and northern Africa from lower Pliocene to upper Pleistocene.More than ten species of Stegodon are known.They are all dif- ferent from S.primitium in size,numbers of ridges and mammillae or in other progressive or primitive characters. Eight species are known so far in China,four in northern and four in southern. Northern China species: S.licenti:Yushe,Shansi;Early Pliocene; S.zdanskyi:Middle and lower reaches of Huangho,common in Shansi;Early (?)and Middle Pliocene. S.yushensis:Yushe,Shansi,distributed in middle and lower reaches of Huangho too;Early and Middle(?)Pliocene. S.chiai:Kehe,Shansi;Middle Pleistocene. Southern China species: S.preorientalis:Guangsi,Yunnan and other provinces;Early Pleistocene. S.orientalis:Common in southwestern China,also found in northern,north- western China;Middle and Late Pleistocene. S.zhaotongensis:Zhaotong and Yuanmou,Yunnan;Early Pleistocene. S.yuanmouensis:Yuanmou,Yunnan;Pleistocene. The S.licenti is known as a primitive species of the group,but it differs ob- viously from S.primitium in having small size,fully developed posterior ridges and in that the sides are high and much steep-sloped.The other three species of northern China are larger in size,but they differ from the here described species in having more ridges and mammillae. S.yuanmouensis may be the smallest one of the group,and is similar in many characters to S.licenti,but more progressive than the latter by having numerous mammillae and with cement in valley between ridges.S.preorientalis and S.orien- talis obviously differ from S.primitium in having more ridges and mammillae and other characters. S.zhaotongensis is very similar to the here described species,but the two species differ in the following characters: S.primitium S.zhaotongensis Large in size, Rather large Each ridge crest consists of 4—5 6—8 mammillae, Accessory columns developed, Less developed Inner and outer pairs of cones of Not obviously all the crests separated, Median cleft in all ridges, Only ia anterior ridges Transverse valley between plates Narrower and shallower broader and deeper, Cement nonexistent, Almost nonexistent. The differences listed above show that the S.primitium is more primitive than S. zhaotongensis;besides,the former is earlier in age than the latter.

Some new species of chaetomium and septoria

Abstract: In this paper, Chaetomium thiela-vioideum Chen, Chaetomium sinense Chenand Septoria atractylodis Y. S. Yu etK. T. Chen are reported as three newspecies, and their descriptions, given. Chaetomium thielavioideum exhibitssome similarities to Thielavia setosa Dade,but is a true Chaetomium according toits possession of the following characters:the fasciculated and club-shaped asci, theperithecial ostiole, as well as the extru-sion of the ascospores in ball-masses.Furthermore, the size of the ascosporesof the former (13--15×6--7.5 μ) ismuch smaller than that of the latter(20--25×13--15 μ). Chaetomium thie-lavioideum is also sufficiently differentfrom any other reported species in thegenus Chaetomium. Chaetomium sinense is closely relatedto Chaetomium succineum Ames whichmay be distinguished from the former inhaving larger perithecia (220--340×200--230 μ), smaller ascospores (12--15×7--8.5 μ) and different color of theperithecia (amber or yellowish-brown ins-tead of ochro-brown as in Chaetomiumsinense). No species of Septoria has heretoforebeen described among the genus Atrac-tylodes. Hence Septoria atractylodis isreported as a new species here. Type cultures and specimens of theabove three species are deposited in theInstitute of Microbiology, AcademiaSinica, Peking, China.

THE GROWTN MECHANISM OF THE POLAR CRYSTAL α -LilO 3

Abstract: The α-lithium iodate is a polar crystal the structure of which belongs to the C 6 6 space group. The sites of atoms in a unit cell have already been determined. Recently, much attention has been given to this crystal on account of its use in the simple harmonic generation of laser beams and also on account of the possiblity of growing large fine crystals from aqueous solution. We have already published an article on the work of growing the α -LiIO 3 .

A new l-glutamic acid-producing species of corynebacterium

Abstract: A Gram-positive non-sporulating rod of L-glutamic acid-producing bacteria, A S 1.299,was isolated from waste liquor of food mamu-facture in Peking. Under the optimum condi-tions, this strain accumulates aerobically a largeammount of L-glutamic acid in a medium con-taining glucose and urea or ammonium salts. Thisglutamic acid-producing bacteria A S 1.299 isidentified as a species of the genus Corynebac-terium, but differs from all known L-glutamicacid-producing bacteria of that genus. The strainexamined, therefore, is considered to a newspecies of genus Corynebacterium, and wasnamed as Corynebacterium pekinense, n. sp. A S1.299. Its taxonomic description is as follows: 1. Cell morphology: Vegetative cells usually short rods withround ends, sometimes club-shaped and slightlycurved rods, 0.7--0.9×1.0--2.5 microns. Occurringin pairs, showing "V" shaped, and also as single,unbranched, elogated cells, with metachromaticgranules, and septa are frequently observed, whenstained with cell wall stain. Gram-positive. Non-motile. Non-sporulating. Not acid fast. 2. Cultural characteristics: On nutrient agar slant the organism givesmoderate growth, filiform, smooth, slightly glis-tening and pale white to slightly yellow. Colonieson nutient agar plate are circular, smooth,slightly glistening, flat to raised, slightly yellowand no pigment penetrated to the medium.Unshaken nutrient broth becomes turbid withringed growth on surface and flocculents sedi-ments. No growth on potato plug is observed.This strain grows abundantly on nutrient agarplate containing 2.6 per cent of urea and 7.5per cent of sodium chloride, respectively. 3. Physiological characteristics: The strain A S 1.299 is facultative anaero-bie. Optimum temperature for growth is 26°-37℃, faint growth at 41℃. The pH for growthrange, from 5 to 10, the optimum pH for growthis about 6--7.5. Nitrite is produced from nitrate.Gelatin is not liquefied. Litmus milk does notchange or slightly alkaline. Casein is not dis-similated. Indole is not produced. N-Paraffinis not utilized as the sole source of carbon. Starchand fat are not hydrolysed. Cellulose is notdecomposed. Hydrogen sulfide is produced.Voges-Proskauer reaction is negative. Methylred test is positive. When Koser's mediumcontaining biotin, citrate is utilized. Positivereaction for catalase and urease are observed.Methylene blue, 2,6-Dibromophenol-inodophenolsodium and diazine green are reduced. Acid butno gas is formed from glucose, fructose, man-nose, maltose, sucrose, trehalose, and inositol;slight acid from dextrin, xylose and galactose.Neither acid nor gas is formed from arabinose,lactose, cellobiose, erythritol, raffinose, sorbose,rhammose, melibiose, melezitose, inulin, glycogen,starch, mannitol, sorbitol, dulcitol, adonitol, gly-cerol, asculin, salicin and 2-methyl-glycoside.Biotin is required as an essential growth factor,and at the same time, thiamine and certainamino acids are found as growth promotingsubstances.

A Study on the Pollen Morphology of Thalictrum L.

Abstract: The pollen morphology of 45 species of Chinese Thalictrum has been studied According ta the data from literature and our own material, we may draw the fol- lowing conclusion: the pollen grains of Thalictrum are quite homogeneous in mor- phological charaeters The pollen grains are spharoidal, pantoporate, with the dia- meter from 13 to 28_μ The pores usually 6--18 in number, are more or less different in size, number, and arrangement as well as the granular number on membrane Exine in 17--31_μin thickness, 2-layered The whole surface is covered with minute spines, loosely spaced and it is granulate in texture The outline of the pollen grains is almost circular in optical section There is a close resemblance between the pollen grains of Thalictrum and those of Altingia, Liquidambar, and Chenopodiaceae All of them are spharoidal and pan- torate But the pores of the pollen grains in Thalictrum L are inconspicuous, de- finition usually indistinct, margin irregular, while the reverse is the case with pollen grains of Altingia and Liquidambar The difference between the pollen grains of Thalictrum L and those of Chenopodiaceae is more marked In the former the pores are greater in size and fewer in number, in the latter they are small and more nume- rous (30--90) The present study reveals the uniformity in the pollen type of Thalictrum This genus had been divided into several genera by some taxonomists but W T Wang and others reduced it into one genus-Thalictrum The palynological study supports Wang's conclusion On the basis of the number and shape of chromosome, Thalictrum resembles Aquilegia and Isopyrum In the external morphology of plants there is a close resemblance between Thalictrum and Enemion While in the morphological characters of the pollen grains, Thalictrum is related to Asteropyrum

Tudies on the structure-function relationships of insulin ii. preparation and activity of the analogs of deshexapeptide insulin

Abstract: By using desoctapeptide insulin as starting material, a number of deshexapeptide insulin analogs have been synthesized. The deshexapeptide analogs obtained by replacement of B23 glycine by L-amino acid residues containing hydrophobic side chains, i. e., alanine, valine and phenylalanine were inactive. Analogs obtained by replacement with L-asparagine or L-serine showed slight activity, those with D-alanine or D-valine 5 to 10% activity, with D-phenylalanine about 5% activity and with D-serine 2% activity (the crude products were used in all activity determinations).Deshexapeptide analogs in which B24 phenylalanine was replaced by arginine, glutamic acid or serine were all inactive, those in which B24 was replaced by tyrosine or benzylamine showed 2% activity. Desoctapeptide insulin-Gly·Gly·Phe exhibited 2% activity, while desoctapeptide insulin-Gly·Gly·D-Phe was inactive. The rcsults indicate that an aromatic nucleus in B24 or B25 is essential for insulin activity.The factors that may bring about the phenomena described have been discussed in relation to crystallographic studies on insulin structure.

Motor neuron map of tropical cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Canastrini) (Acarina : Ixodidae)☆

Abstract: The neurons in the brain are classified into 2 groups: the ganglionic neuron and the motor neuron A total of 153 motor neurons around the oesophagus in the center of the tick's brain was mapped Among these, cells 26, 27, 28, 29, 34, 35, 67, 68, 85, 86, 95, 96, 98, 102, 104, 106, 108, 124, 130, 92 and 109 are correlated with the movement of right fore leg, and cells 43, 42, 54, 53, 39, 40, 70, 48, 82, 84, 88, 107, 94, 105, 99, 103, 112, 125, 123 with the movement of left fore leg The first 19 neurons among the former group are symmetrical with their counterparts of the latter group except cells 92 and 109 which have no counterparts