Showing papers by "Academy of Finland published in 1987"
TL;DR: A critical review of methods for evaluating R and D concludes that at the level considered evaluations have come to stay, but she can find no accepted rationale guiding the choice of method for a particular purpose or circumstance, and Caution is therefore needed in selecting methods.
Abstract: The author has conducted a critical review of methods for evaluating R and D, focussing on levels above the individual project or researcher. Methods are classified as peer review, interview and questionnaire, qualitative methods, and case studies. The author reviews their methodological strengths and weaknesses, the types of criteria applied (eg internal or external) in judging their values, and the uses to which the results of the evaluations are put, especially in policy-making.
She concludes that at the level considered evaluations have come to stay, but she can find no accepted rationale guiding the choice of method for a particular purpose or circumstance. Caution is therefore needed in selecting methods. She points out the need for empirical study of the effects of such evaluations.
49 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the damping constant of QCD plasma oscillations is computed in the physical Coulomb and temporal axial gauges in the framework of a consistent linear response analysis, and it is pointed out that higher-order corrections will modify the result and an example showing how they may do this by turning the gluons effectively massive.
49 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors scrutinized other factors having an effect on women's opportunities for university careers, including career and family role incompatibility and mechanisms of invisible discrimination, and concluded that family role has many facets for the woman.
Abstract: In Finland the proportion of women in university posts has ceased to grow during the 1980s whereas their numbers as doctorate recipients still show an increasing trend. University career opportunities for women are affected by the decreased growth rates of university institutions occasioning harder competition for the few positions that become vacant. Other factors having an effect on women's opportunities for university careers, including career and family role incompatibility and mechanisms of invisible discrimination, are also scrutinized in the paper Family role has many facets for the woman The family is a liability, but also a resource for the woman The higher productivity rates of married researchers, both women and men, and data on time-use indicate that, as such, family responsibilities are not incompatible with a research and university career The notion of incompatibility draws attention away from other factors that impede women's careers in science and scholarly work These include discriminato...
11 citations
1 citations