Showing papers by "Bethlehem Steel published in 1972"

Significance of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Within BOF Refractories

Abstract: At steelmaking temperatures, carbon and oxide constituents of BOF refractories react via the vapor phase. The mechanism of these reactions involves the production of metal or suboxide vapor in a region of low O2 pressure and may include reoxidation and condensation in a region of high pO2. The faster wear rate of pitch-bonded brick in high-wear areas of the BOF, as compared to burned impregnated brick, is attributed to the pronounced porous region created near the hot face when internal oxidation-reduction reactions consume the carbon bond.

The melting and dissolution of low-carbon steels in iron-carbon melts

Abstract: Direct experimental proof is presented in the paper for the role played by the mass transfer of carbon in accelerating or facilitating the melting and dissolution of pure iron specimens in iron-carbon melts. It is shown that pure iron may readily melt in iron-carbon melts even under conditions where the temperature of the molten phase is considerably below the melting point of the pure iron or low-carbon specimen. A mathematical interpretation is developed for these experimental results that includes the mass transfer of carbon and the unsteady state heat transfer within a moving boundary system. The results of the analysis were found to agree with the experimental data thus providing a basis for further calculations aimed at predicting the melting of scrap in the basic oxygen furnace. These calculations show that scrap melting, facilitated by carbon diffusion from the melt to the scrap surface, begins very early during the process and that melting is retarded and even terminated during the blow when the bath has insufficient superheat to provide the necessary sensible and latent heat required for melting. It follows therefore that the rate of scrap melting in steelmaking processes is accelerated if the removal of carbon in the bath is retarded or if the temperature of the bath is increased rapidly in order to maintain a high level of superheat during the refining process.

Sealed wire rope and strand and method of making

Abstract: A wire rope or strand is impregnated with a plastic foam type internal sealant to cushion the wires and strands and provide corrosion protection by (a) initially impregnating the strand with a foamable plastic composition, (b) heating the strand under "free-blowing" conditions to foam the plastic composition uniformly about the wires or strands, and (c) preferably finally collapsing the foam material upon the surface of the strand by means of a cold die to form a dense outer plastic jacket. The foamable plastic composition before foaming serves as a lubricant within the stranding die so that no additional stranding lubricant is required. The resulting plastic impregnated wire rope or strand has uniform low interwire foam filler densities. Alternative constructions of impregnated rope or strand can be made.

Corrosion resistant aluminum-zinc coating and method of making

Abstract: ALUMINUM-ZINC COATED FERROUS PRODUCTS WHICH ARE PARTICULARLY RESISTANT TO CORROSIVE FLAKING SUCH AS MAY OCCUR IN EXTREMELY CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENTS ARE PROVIDED BY ACCELERATED COOLING OF THE COATING ON THE PRODUCT AS IT EMERGES FROM A COATING BATH CONTAINING MOLTEM ZINC AND ALUMINUM. THE COOLING IS ACCOMPLISHED AT A MINIMUM RATE OF COOLING WHICH WILL PREVENT LATER CORROSION FLAKING OF THE COATING.

Pipe insulation system

Abstract: A prefabricated deformable laminated insulation panel for use in fluid conduit construction and/or an insulated pipeline system. The laminated panel comprises an outer skin, truncated prisms of insulating material having one base adhered to the outer skin and a relatively lighter inner skin adhered to the sides and the other base of the truncated prisms and to the outer skin, and means for spacing the insulation panel from and supporting the panel on the insulated pipe. The insulation panels are deformable about various shapes and sizes of pipe to provide an efficient insulation structure.

Corrosion resistant wire rope and strand

Abstract: A wire rope or strand is provided with a plastic foam type internal sealant and corrosion resistant outer strands or wires to provide superior corrosion resistance at low cost for wire strands and ropes requiring a bare metal surface.

Production and utilization of synthesis gas

Abstract: In a method for producing high pressure synthesis gas from an industrial gas containing carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide is first removed from the gas stream and the stream is partially liquefied in a cryogenic recovery plant. Hydrogen and at least part of the nitrogen are separated from the liquefied gas by distillation, and the remaining liquid carbon monoxide is liquid pumped to from 500 to about 10,000 psia. Following pressurization, the liquid carbon monoxide is heated to above its boiling point, while controlling the pressure to produce a vaporized high pressure gaseous feed, also at from about 50010,000 psia. Thereafter, the high pressure vaporized carbon monoxide is reacted with steam at high pressure in a conventional carbon monoxide shift reaction. The resulting high pressure hydrogen can be utilized in a process for the synthesis of methanol, ammonia, and the like.

Destruction resistant tag

Abstract: A weather and damage resistant tag is made from a lamination of thin soft metal sheet and cross woven fiberglass securely bonded together with an adhesive. Reinforcing patches composed of a lamination of thin sheet metal and a woven cloth backing are preferably secured to the tag with the metal portion of the patch uppermost surrounding any attachment orifices extending through the tag body.

Molding polyurethane foam in a mold having a cyclically flexing cover

Abstract: A POLYURETHANE FOAM CORE WALL PANEL IS PRODUCED BY PLACING A QUANTITY OF FOAM IN A MOLD COMPRISING A BOTTOM PANEL, A BORDER AND A TOP PANEL, AND, WHILE THE EXPANDING FOAM IS IN CONTACT WITH THE TOP PANEL CYCLICALLY FLEXING THE TOP PANEL UNTIL THE FOAM HAS COMPLETELY FILLED THE MOLD.

Movable descaler spray header

Abstract: Apparatus for applying a high pressure fluid spray to descale a workpiece in a rolling mill in which the supply of fluid is controlled by the movement of various elements of the rolling mill.

Method of making plastic composite with wire reinforcements

Abstract: A wire fiber reinforced plastic composite is formed by coating thin ferrous wires and sacrificial metal wires such as zinc wires in the form of steel and zinc wool or the like with a film of fused acrylonitrile-butadiene-sytrene subsequent to thorough cleaning of the wires. The ferrous and zinc wires are then combined together into a metallic fiber, extrusion coated with a styrene base plastic resin such as polystyrene or acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and then chopped into uniform pellets for use as a feed material for a plastic composite hot forming operation preferably heated by induction heating of the component ferrous wires in the plastic. Alternatively the ferrous and zinc fibers can be extrusion coated separately and then blended together as pellets or even used separately for making a plastic composite.

Heavy medium beneficiating process

Abstract: A process for heavy medium beneficiating of coal, including particles in the 28 x 150 mesh range. As-mined or crushed coal is washed and screened to prepare a feed material whose average coarseness is greater than about 150 mesh. This feed is combined with a heavy medium, such as water and magnetite, and cycloned. Cyclone overflow is screened, drained and rinsed to separate returnable heavy medium, fines (both heavy medium and ore) from coarse product. Fines are processed through a magnetic separator to separate the heavy medium from a non-magnetic fines ore-water fraction. The ore-water fraction is screened to separate a fine product and recirculatable water. Cyclone underflow is similarly screened to separate returnable medium, fines (medium, gangue and ore particles) from coarse gangue. The fines are concentrated in a densifier and then magnetically separated into a magnetic and non-magnetic fraction. The magnetic fraction is reused as heavy medium and the non-magnetic fraction is screened to recover recirculatable water and a particle fraction which requires further processing.

Helical steel spring and method

Abstract: This invention relates to a quenched and tempered ferrous alloy suitable for helical springs, such as used in automotive suspension systems. More particularly, it is directed to a hot-formed, oil-quenched and tempered helical spring formed of a ferrous alloy consisting essentially of, by weight, about 0.51 to 0.91 percent carbon, about 0.75 to 1.00 percent manganese, about 0.70 to 1.10 percent silicon, about 0.25 to 0.40 percent chromium, the remainder substantially iron and incidental impurities. In the formed and heat-treated condition, said springs are characterized by good resistance to load loss, good resilience, resistance to atmospheric corrosion, and good surface qualilty.

Powder metal mix containing carbonaceous binder and green compacts made therefrom

Abstract: Iron and/or copper powder metal mixes to which about 0.5 percent to about 12 percent coal tar pitch is added can be cold-pressed into green compacts having improved green strength. The green compacts can be sintered and repressed into iron and/or copper powder metal compacts which can contain residual carbon. Iron and/or copper powder metal compacts which contain uncombined carbon and/or combined carbon can be used as wear members and friction lining material in braking devices. The amount of residual carbon in the iron and/or copper powder metal compacts can be increased by substituting graphite or carbon black for a portion of the coal tar pitch added to the iron and/or copper powder metal mixes.

Method of manufacturing metal sheet and foil

Abstract: An aqueous slurry of superconcentrated iron ore powder and a binder is continuously deposited on a supporting carrier, dried, and the resultant coating heated in a reducing atmosphere to about 1,500 DEG to 2,100 DEG F. for several minutes to partially reduce the oxygen content of the ore. The coating is then stripped from the carrier and rolled to provide a strip of increased density. The strip is open coiled and heat treated to completely reduce the oxygen content of the ore, as well as to sinter the strip, and rolled to final gauge. The strip is then annealed, which both softens and further sinters the strip, and finish rolled.

Wide-range radiation gage for determining deviation of a material property with a controlled-gain detector in an interruptable self-balancing measuring loop

Abstract: Deviation of a gaged material property, such as material thickness, density, or weight-per-unit area, from a nominal value in a wide range of values is determined by a single-range, penetrative-beam type of radiation gage having an interruptable self-balancing measuring loop that includes a controlled-gain detector, thereby providing the radiation gage with a continuously variable gain characteristic Any nominal value of material gaging property may be pre-established in a wide range of values by inserting digital material standards from a built-in magazine into the radiation beam, thereby causing the selfbalancing loop to balance at a corresponding point in the variable sensitivity range The presence of material to be gaged is detected before entering the radiation beam and interrupts and holds the self-balancing loop at the preset nominal value, while also removing the standards from the radiation beam Subsequent measuring signals, together with a nominal value signal, are processed in a deviation gain adjusting circuit, whereby a linear deviation signal throughout the entire variable gain range is produced and fed to a deviation indicator

Composite article comprising three dissimilar metals

Abstract: A METHOD FOR PRODUCING A COMPOSITE ARTICLE HAVING A FERROUS SUBSTRATE AND AT LEAST ONE NON-FERROUS METAL, FOR EXAMPLE, COPPER OR ALUMINUM, CLAD THERETO ON ONE SURFACE OR ON BOTH SURFACES. THE METHOD INCLUDES COLD ROLLING THE SUBSTRATE AND CLADDING TO EFFECT A REDUCTION OF ABOUT 5%, HEATING THE COMPOSITE THUS FORMED TO A TEMPERATURE IN THE RANGE OF A MINIMUM OF 600*F. AND A MAXIMUM WHICH IS ABOUT 100*F. BELOW THE TEMPERATURE AT WHICH THE CLAD METAL WILL MELT, AND ROLLING THE COMOSITE WITHIN THIS TEMPERATURE RANGE OF EFFECT A REDUCTION OF ABOUT 20% TO ABOUT 50%. THE COMPOSITE MAY BER FURTHER REDUCED TO OBTAIN FINAL GAGE. THE PRODUCT PRODUCED BY CLADDING COPPER AND ALUMINUM ON THE SURFACES OF A FERROUS SUBSTRATE IS ALSO DESCRIBED AND CLAIMED.

Process for separating carbon from iron-bearing fines in blast furnace flue dusts

Abstract: Carbon particles can be separated from iron oxide particles and other gangue particles contained in blast furnace flue dust. The blast furnace flue dust is mixed with water to form a slurry containing 50 percent to 70 percent solids. A flotation agent and a forthing agent are added to the slurry. The slurry is vigorously agitated to thoroughly coat the carbon particles with the flotation agent. The slurry is diluted and passed to flotation cells. The carbon particles float on the surface of the slurry and the iron oxide particles and other gangue particles do not float atop the slurry. The carbon particles are collected as a float product while the iron oxide particles and other gangue particles are collected as a sink product.

Rolling mill force measuring apparatus

Abstract: A means for making a simple and economical roll force measurement on rolling mill stands. A strain gage consisting of a half-bridge of vertical and horizontal semiconductor strain elements is cemented to opposing strain sites on a given post of both side frames of a rolling mill stand. These half-bridges are wired into a full-bridge strain gage circuit for each post which is responsive to post strain as a function of roll force, but is not responsive to bending moments in the post. Thermal variations affecting strain gage sensitivity are compensated for by energizing each full-bridge circuit with a separate constant current source. Thermal and mechanical drift affecting strain gage zero are compensated for by automatically nulling amplified strain gage output signals by electronic means during the absence of a workpiece in the rolling mill stand. Roll force signals from individual posts, or their sum, are selectively fed to a utilization device such as a roll force indicator or controller.

Tensile strength of rock by the double-punch method

Abstract: This paper presents an experimental study of the newly developed double-punch test method for determination of the tensile strength of rocks. The method for preparation of test specimens and test procedure is reported and discussed. Comparisons of tensile strength determined from double-punch and split-cylinder tests are also presented.

Calculator for controlling basic oxygen steelmaking

Abstract: A calculator designed for use by steelmakers in connection with the basic oxygen process and capable of quickly calculating the amount of oxygen and/or coolant that must be added to the basic oxygen furnace in order to produce a steel of a predetermined carbon and temperature level.

Signal conditioner apparatus for compensating an electronic material gaging signal

Abstract: Signal conditioner apparatus multiplies electronic material gaging signal by one or more predetermined variable scaling factors to compensate for variations in other material properties which affect the gaged property. For example, material thickness gaging signal variations caused by material temperature variations are compensated for by simultaneously feeding the thickness signals through two adjustable-gain amplifiers preset at separate values which establish an adjustable range of temperature compensation. Amplifier outputs are proportioned in response to a material temperature measurement made during material gaging, thereby providing a single temperature compensated material thickness signal at an output. Material composition compensation is provided in combination with temperature compensation by first feeding the thickness signal through a single presettable-gain amplifier. All amplifier gains are preset or controlled from a data source which correlates compensation requirements with temperature and composition effects on material thickness gaging.

Device for measuring elongated material

Abstract: Apparatus for measuring the length of elongated material wherein a pair of endless belts in frictional contact with said material and operatively connected to a differential measures the length and records the measurement on a readout device.

Apparatus for shrinking collars on a shaft

Abstract: Method and apparatus for shrinking a metallic collar onto a shaft, with means provided for applying a coolant to the circumference of the collar while maintaining pressure thereon.

Resistance of High Strength Structural Steel to Environmental Stress Corrosion Cracking

Abstract: HIGH STRENGTH STRUCTURAL STEEL, ASTM A 514/517, TYPE J, WAS EVALUATED FOR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS CORROSION CRACKING. PRECRACKED CANTILEVER BEAM SPECIMENS, PREPARED FROM 1-IN. PLATE AND LOADED UP TO 90 PERCENT OF THE AIR DETERMINED CRITICAL STRESS INTENSITY, WITHSTOOD 1000 H EXPOSURE TO 3.5 W/O NACL WITHOUT FAILURE. AT LOADS GREATER THAN 90 PERCENT OF THE LOAD REQUIRED TO CAUSE FAILURE IN AIR, FRACTURE OCCURS WITHOUT EVIDENCE OF STRESS CORROSION CRACKING. ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS PREPARED FROM BUTT-WELDED PLATE AND SUBJECTED TO SUSTAINED LOADS BEYOND YIELDING IN 4 POINT BENDING WERE ALTERNATELY IMMERSED IN 3.5 W/O NACL SOLUTION AND DRIED IN AIR FOR 10000 H WITHOUT CRACKING. THESE RESULTS INDICATE VIRTUAL IMMUNITY TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS CORROSION CRACKING FOR BOTH BASE PLATE AND WELDMENTS OF THIS QUENCHED AND TEMPERED STEEL.

Apparatus for inserting an expendable sensor into a basic oxygen furnace

Abstract: Improved apparatus for positioning a temperature sensor, such as an expendable immersion thermocouple and a liquidus arrest carbon device in a lance. The apparatus includes a sensor housing and a downwardly extending sensor lance connected to and communicating with the housing. The housing contains a rotatable sensor storage means, a variable-stroke sensor feeder means, and electrical means to power the variable stroke feeder means and limit its upper and lower movement. The electrical means is connected to external control circuitry which is responsive to the presence or absence of thermocouple wiring connections between the sensor and lance tip to automatically feed and position the sensor in the lance tip. A recorder is connected to the thermocouple and liquidus arrest carbon device in the lowermost sensor by means of sensor contacts wiping stationary contacts in the lance tip. A sensor positioned in the lance tip can be inserted into a ferrous bath in a refining furnace, such as a basic oxygen furnace, to determine the temperature and/or carbon content thereof.