Showing papers by "Hampshire College published in 1988"
TL;DR: Stress, a concept addressing the consequences of disruptive events on individuals and populations, can be a useful integrative idea as discussed by the authors, where adaptation focuses on "adaptive" or positive consequences, stress redresses an imbalance by focusing on the costs and limits of adaptation.
Abstract: Stress, a concept addressing the consequences of disruptive events on individuals and populations, can be a useful integrative idea. The stress process has much in common with its sister concept of adaptation. However, where adaptation focuses on “adaptive” or positive consequences, stress redresses an imbalance by focusing on the costs and limits of adaptation.
In this paper we first review the interdisciplinary roots of the stress concept. While most stress research derives from research in environmental physiology, Selyean concepts of stress (involving increased catecholamine and corticosteroid output) have forced an expansion toward greater concern for perceptual and psychosocial stressors. What is largely missing from all traditions, however, is concern for sociopolitical processes which are not easily adapted to and consequently are persistent and pervasive causes of stress.
Studies of stress in prehistoric, historical, and contemporary populations by biological anthropologists vary, in a complementary way, as to ability to delineate aspects of the stress process. Whereas the paleopathological methods of the prehistorian provide a suite of skeletal indicators of stress response, and the demographic measures of the historian provide a detailed analysis of consequence, a wide variety of techniques for examining all levels of the stress process are potentially available to those studying contemporary populations. In order to better utilize information from different levels of analysis one needs to focus on measures of stress, such as infant mortality, which are accessible at all levels. Biological anthropologists are in a unique position to elucidate the human condition if, via concepts such as stress, attention is paid to both human adaptive and political economic processes.
296 citations
TL;DR: Lead and Lead Poisoning in Early America: Lead Compounds and Health and Disease at a South Carolina Plantation: 1840-1870 is published.
Abstract: 1954 Lead and Lead Poisoning in Early America: Lead Compounds. Industrial Medicine and Surgery 23:75-80. Rabinowitz, M., G. Wetherill, and J. Kopple 1975 Absorption, Storage and Excretion of Lead by Normal Humans. In Trace Substances in Environmental Health, Vol. 9. D. D. Hemphill, ed. Pp. 361-368. Columbia: University of Missouri. Rathbun, T. A. 1987 Health and Disease at a South Carolina Plantation: 1840-1870. American
127 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that UNICEF's GOBI should either be abandoned or integrated into comprehensive primary health care programs that put parents and local workers in control and that emphasize continuing political struggle for health rights.
78 citations
TL;DR: This article showed that starting at about 4 years of age children take into account alternative possibilities in reasoning about the location of a hidden object and that 4-and 6-year-old children appropriately adjusted the number of locations they chose as the possibilities varied, indicating that they could determine how many possibilities were compatible with information they had.
38 citations
35 citations
Book•
01 Apr 198823 citations
13 citations
TL;DR: It is found that a conservation law connects the strength of the mixing of locally interacting states and the periodicity of the large-scale structures which develop during the evolution of quantum cellular automata.
10 citations
TL;DR: The purpose of this paper is to examine the neo-Lamarckian context in which experimental work evolved in Germany in the early twentieth century and to argue that the experimental program devised by Hans Spemann combined an increasingly highly prized technical virtuosity with a neo- lamarckist view of nature.
Abstract: Adherents of neo-Lamarckism in the early twentieth century are often viewed as a curiosity. Holding on to an outmoded philosophy, they seem less than fully scientific given the new experimental impulses in early twentieth-century biology.' However, it is often forgotten how widespread neo-Lamarckism was around 1900, and that neo-Lamarckians were by no means the underdogs in the battle with Weismannism at that time. The purpose of this paper is to examine the neo-Lamarckian context in which experimental work evolved in Germany in the early twentieth century.2 I will argue that the experimental program devised by Hans Spemann combined an increasingly highly prized technical virtuosity with a neo-Lamarckian view of nature. By examining the experimental program that Speman carried out and comparing it with the suggestions for such a program outlined by Spemann's friend and mentor, August Pauly, I shall try to display the assumptions that shaped Spemann's work.
8 citations
TL;DR: In recent years, legal arms sales have flagged in recent years as mentioned in this paper, but illegal and semilegal traffic has kept weapons flowing steadily to world trouble spots, especially in the Middle East.
Abstract: Legal arms sales have flagged in recent years, but illegal and semilegal traffic has kept weapons flowing steadily to world trouble spots.
7 citations
TL;DR: The data indicate that feeding can influence both brain biochemistry and behavior, and that the behavioral changes may be influenced by social and psychological factors as well as changes in brainBiochemistry.
Abstract: Two groups of vervet monkeys were fed, on alternate days, either before or after a morning a morning observation period. This enabled us to determine changes in behavior when the animals were fed a nutritionally balanced breakfast of monkey chow. Feeding did not alter the proportion of behaviors that were social or non-social, but had a marked effect on individual behaviors. Feeding increased active behaviors among the adult animals except for the vervets who were lowest in the social hierarchy in each cage. For some of the individual behaviors that were altered by feeding, the changes were most marked early on in the observation period, when the animals were still feeding. Other behavioral changes were seen only later in the observation period, a time course consistent with a food-mediated change in brain biochemistry. A parallel biochemical experiment showed that feeding decreased the levels of tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the CSF. Our data indicate that feeding can influence both brain biochemistry and behavior. The behavioral changes may be influenced by social and psychological factors as well as changes in brain biochemistry.