Showing papers by "Health Science University published in 1979"
TL;DR: The results indicate that the concentration of iron in breast milk is lower than is generally stated or is unusually low in Finnish mothers, and some infants may require iron supplementation during prolonged breast feeding.
Abstract: . Siimes, M. A., Vuori E. and Kuiunen P. (Children's Hospital and Department of Public Health Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland). Breast milk iron—a declining concentration during the course of lactation. Acta Paediatr Scand, 68: 29, 1979.—The present investigation is the first longitudinal study of the concentration of iron in breast milk and is based on 229 milk samples obtained from 27 mothers during their period of lactation up to 9 months. The samples were collected at the beginning and at the end of each feed during a 24-h period to reflect as accurately as possible the actual concentration of iron. The median value declined during the course of lactation from 0.6 to 0.3 mg/l with a large range of values. The results indicate that the concentration is lower than is generally stated or is unusually low in Finnish mothers. As a consequence some infants may require iron supplementation during prolonged breast feeding although in general, the high bioavailability of breast milk iron prevents the development of iron deficiency.
116 citations
TL;DR: The intakes of trace elements by breast-fed infants seemed to be below the recommended dietary allowances (Food and Nutrition Board, 1973; WHO Expert Committee on Trace Elements in Human Nutrition, 1973); there seems to be no information on trace element concentrations of breast milk related to the energy content.
Abstract: 1. The calculated median daily trace element intakes /kg of exclusively-breast-fed infants at 1, 2 and 3 months of age respectively were: copper 0.075, 0.051 and 0.043 mg; iron 0.075, 0.055 and 0.048 mg; manganese 0.9, 0.6 and 0.5 microgram; zinc 0.420, 0.215 and 0.150 mg. The latter values for Cu, Fe, and Zn intakes were in good agreement with earlier results, whereas the intake of Mn was lower. The intakes of trace elements by breast-fed infants seemed to be below the recommended dietary allowances (Food and Nutrition Board, 1973; WHO Expert Committee on Trace Elements in Human Nutrition, 1973). 2. There seems to be no information on trace element concentrations of breast milk related to the energy content. Such values are therefore included for breast milk from Finnish women for the 1st 6 months of lactation.
54 citations
TL;DR: It remains an open question whether the manganese concentration is exceptionally low in Finnish human milk or whether the great difference from most earlier studies may reflect problems of contamination or technical difficulties when less sensitive analytical methods have been used.
Abstract: Flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry has been applied to the analysis of manganese in human milk samples. Twenty-seven breast-feeding mothers donated 229 individual milk samples between the 2nd week and the 9th month of lactation. The milk samples were representative of every feed in a period of 24 hours, foremilk and hind-milk in equal proportions. The median concentration of manganese declined from the initial value of 5.9 microgram/l to about 4 microgram/l before the 2nd month of lactation, remained at this level up to the 5th--6th month of lactation and showed a tendency to rise thereafter. The values presented here are noticeably lower than most of those reported earlier. It remains an open question whether the manganese concentration is exceptionally low in Finnish human milk or whether the great difference from most earlier studies may reflect problems of contamination or technical difficulties when less sensitive analytical methods have been used.
30 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the cause-specific mortality by marital status and social class in Finland during 1969-1971 was studied and it was concluded that both selective forces and environmental factors influence these mortality differences, but further clarification should be based on prospective studies of life changes, environmental factors and morbidity.
21 citations
TL;DR: Clear contamination was found in yellow Eppendorf pipettes, which varied according to the consignment, which meant that trace metal contamination should be avoided.
11 citations
TL;DR: The high participation percentage shows that the prerequisite of screening, namely, a positive attitude on the part of the population, was as well fulfilled in the present project, and shows the possibilities for providing the necessary treatment and follow-up at the health centre level.
Abstract: The Sakyla-Koylio Project concerned the investigation and evaluation of different screening programmes and the possibilities for providing the necessary treatment and follow-up at the health centre level. The variables studied consisted of anaemia, bacteriuria, high blood pressure, and mental health problems; an epidemiologic screening for sight and hearing defects and diseases of the musculoskeletal system was carried out as well. The use of health services, together with the relationships between objectively and subjectively determined morbidity, was also studied. A total of 2268 inhabitants of the municipalities of Sakyla and Koylio, i.e. 93.2% of the 40- to 64-year-old female population and 93.4% of the males in the same age range, participated in the screening programme conducted by the Sakyla-Koylio Project between 9 September 1973 and 11 January 1974. Only one-fifth (1.9%) of the non-respondents to the first invitation (8.6%) participated in the screening programme after they received a second invitation. This result demonstrates that those who do not participate for some reason cannot, to any great extent, be influenced by a renewed invitation. Since the non-participation rate was insignificant, the material examined may, from the epidemiologic point of view, be considered as representative of the middle-aged population of the two municipalities, which together form a health centre district in Southwest Finland. The high participation percentage also shows that the prerequisite of screening, namely, a positive attitude on the part of the population, was as well fulfilled in the present project.
8 citations
TL;DR: Both dementia and nursing dependence were found to increase with age, and there was a highly significant correlation between nursing dependence and age.
Abstract: The aim of this investigation was to construct three parameters and assess their value as admission criteria for long-term institutional care of the aged, viz. medical dependence, nursing dependence, and dementia. The material consisted of 200 applicants, of whom 150 were admitted to institutions. The need for personal care was measured by means of a test method developed at the Wasa Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden, and the dementia test comprised five subtests, each of which measures a distinct field of mental function. Both dementia and nursing dependence were found to increase with age, and there was a highly significant correlation between nursing dependence and age. There was also a highly significant correlation between nursing dependence and degree of dementia. The changes in nursing dependence 3 and 6 months after admission showed a significant correlation with the test scores for dementia. The nursing dependence of the moderately or severely demented persons had increased in 6 months after admission by approximately 100%. The test results of dementia were used as the sole, decisive criterion in 24% of admissions; medical dependence alone decided the choice of institution in 22% and nursing dependence in 15%. Two or three parameters were used in 39% of admissions--all indicating the same type of institutional care. The simultaneous use of the three assessment criteria provides an extensive body of information as to the general need of care, and by means of this information the appropriate placement of the old will be made possible.
7 citations
TL;DR: The dependency of probabilities of phenotypic concordance of gene frequencies in three-allele genetic systems is presented and a graphical display enables the rapid comparison of the relative effectiveness of different systems, taking into account dominance relationships within each genetic system.
Abstract: The dependency of probabilities of phenotypic concordance of gene frequencies in three-allele genetic systems is presented. A graphical display enables the rapid comparison of the relative effectiveness of different systems, taking into account dominance relationships within each genetic system. Four or more allele systems can also be approximated, while two-allele systems are considered to be special cases of three-allele ones.
4 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the average ozone-forming potential (the average of values just before, during, and just after a particular time period) and the maximum hourly ozone concentrations 3 days and 4 days later were compared for the same frontal system.
Abstract: Air pollution and meteorological data were collected in Chicago during August and early September for 54 and 39 consecutive days in 1976 and 1977, respectively. Regular measurements were also made during these periods of the ozone-forming potential of ambient air. Rise in ozone levels was related to passage of a weather front. Minimum and maximum values of maximum hourly ozone concentrations 1-2 days and 3-5 days, respectively, after frontal passage. All O\d3 concentrations ≥\N0.08 ppm occurred when the center of a high pressure system was over or east of the Chicago region and only on the second or subsequent day after frontal passage. A rough association appeared to exist between the average ozone-forming potential (the average of values just before, during, and just after a particular time period) and the maximum hourly ozone concentrations 3 days and 4 days later, when these variables were compared for the same frontal system.
3 citations
TL;DR: D diagnosis is an abstract model of concrete morbid processes manifesting themselves as symptoms in living beings that facilitates the deduction of a patient's prognosis from abstract, general medical knowledge concerning disease processes.
1 citations