Showing papers by "John Carroll University published in 2001"
TL;DR: This is the first report of ITS regions from a single cyanobacterial isolate not only different in configuration, but also, within one configuration, different in sequence.
Abstract: We amplified, TA-cloned, and sequenced the 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions from single isolates of several cyanobacterial species, Calothrix parietina, Scytonema hyalinum, Coelodesmium wrangelii, Tolypothrix distorta, and a putative new genus (isolates SRS6 and SRS70), to investigate the potential of this DNA sequence for phylogenetic and population genetic studies. All isolates carried ITS regions containing the sequences coding for two tRNA molecules (tRNA and tRNA). We retrieved additional sequences without tRNA features from both C. parietina and S. hyalinum. Furthermore, in S. hyalinum, we found two of these non-tRNA-encoding regions to be identical in length but different in sequence. This is the first report of ITS regions from a single cyanobacterial isolate not only different in configuration, but also, within one configuration, different in sequence. The potential of the ITS region as a tool for studying molecular systematics and population genetics is significant, but the presence of multiple nonidentical rRNA operons poses problems. Multiple nonidentical rRNA operons may impact both studies that depend on comparisons of phylogenetically homologous sequences and those that employ restriction enzyme digests of PCR products. We review current knowledge of the numbers and kinds of 16S-23S ITS regions present across bacterial groups and plastids, and we discuss broad patterns congruent with higher-level systematics of prokaryotes.
292 citations
TL;DR: This paper conducted a critical analysis of 20 recent investigations of the play-literacy interface and concluded that play can serve literacy by: (a) providing settings that promote literacy activity, skills, and strategies; (b) serving as a language experience that can build connections between oral and written modes of expression; and (c) providing opportunities to teach and learn literacy.
Abstract: The idea that a seemingly frivolous activity such as play can promote children's literacy development is very intriguing and has prompted a large amount of research activity over the past several decades. In order to assess the status of this line of inquiry, and to provide guidance for future research, we undertook a critical analysis of 20 recent investigations of the play-literacy interface. We first attempted to understand the 'story' that each study told - how the problem was framed, the solution path, the claims that were made, and the evidence that supported these claims. We then engaged in critical analysis of the studies, challenging both what was said (i.e. the claims) and what was not said nor addressed. We agreed with the major claims of 12 of the 20 studies, judging the research to be sound and complete.These studies supplied strong evidence that play can serve literacy by: (a) providing settings that promote literacy activity, skills, and strategies; (b) serving as a language experience that can build connections between oral and written modes of expression; and (c) providing opportunities to teach and learn literacy. However, our critical analysis of these studies also revealed a number of limitations and unresolved issues, including concerns about definitions, theories, methodology, lack of progress in establishing causal connections with development, and dominance of the 'play as progress' rhetoric.
142 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a recent empirical study of US-based international freight forwarders (IFFs) found that the IFF industry is still dominated by small companies and that IFFs continue to diversify their revenue bases.
Abstract: Provides results from a recent empirical study of US‐based international freight forwarders (IFFs). Compares IFF demographics with those from previous empirical research and finds that the IFF industry is still dominated by small companies and that IFFs continue to diversify their revenue bases. Presents information concerning contemporary issues affecting the forwarding industry and finds that IFFs generally view the Internet as a complement to, rather than a substitute for, EDI.
82 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the importance of reflection as an essential attribute of effective literacy teaching, however, much remains muddled and confused as to its purpose, development, and application.
Abstract: Much has been hoped for and said about reflection as an essential attribute of effective literacy teaching. Equally as much remains muddled and confused, however, as to its purpose, development, an...
80 citations
TL;DR: This article examined and documented mental strategies used by prospective teachers to guide reflections on course content and teaching experiences and found that prospective teachers relied primarily on directing their attention to personal experiences and values to guide their reflective work and indicated the value of their own perspective to help them remember information and make sense of course content.
Abstract: This study examined and documented mental strategies used by prospective teachers to guide reflections on course content and teaching experiences. The 30 prospective teachers were enrolled in a literacy methods course and accompanying practicum at three university sites. Double‐entry journals and oral interviews were analyzed using open coding procedures, analytic induction, and cross‐subject pattern analysis. Across sites, prospective teachers relied primarily on directing their attention to personal experiences and values to guide their reflective work and they indicated the value of their own perspective to help them remember information and make sense of course content. Implications for instruction are drawn from an analysis of the power of personal experiences, the developmental nature of reflection, and noted tendencies to adopt new strategies as the semester progressed.
55 citations
TL;DR: The findings suggest the existence of offsetting behavior by drivers of motor vehicles, and need to recognize the probability of such compensatory behavior and direct efforts at ways of ameliorating the adverse effects.
Abstract: Objective. This article assesses the effectiveness of mandated seat belt usage. The theory of offsetting behavior asserts that when drivers feel safer, they compensate by driving less cautiously. As a consequence, any lifesaving effects from mandated safety devices such as seat belts could be significantly diminished or entirely offset. Methods. This article uses regression analysis and two years (1988 and 1997) of state-level data to test for the presence of offsetting behavior by estimating models explaining total and nonoccupant motor vehicle deaths. In addition to accounting for several factors generally acknowledged as being determinants of highway deaths, the models control for the impact of primary and secondary seat belt laws. Results. The findings suggest the existence of offsetting behavior by drivers of motor vehicles. Conclusions. We need to recognize the probability of such compensatory behavior and direct our efforts at ways of ameliorating the adverse effects.
45 citations
TL;DR: The environment surrounding Palmerton, Pennsylvania is contaminated with Pb arising from primary Zn smelting and a process involving Zn recovery from electric arc steel furnace dusts.
39 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the results from a survey of U.S. companies that have recently employed or demonstrated a desire to employ logistics interns are presented, along with a demographic profile of these companies, their perspectives on select internship issues, and analysis of possible relationships between the perspectives and select demographic attributes.
Abstract: There appears to be an increasing acceptance of the relevance and importance of logistics internship programs for companies that employ logistics interns, the students who seek these opportunities, and the academic institutions that strive to facilitate the success of these programs. In this article, we provide the results of one of the first empirical studies of logistics internships. The results from a survey of U.S. companies that have recently employed or demonstrated a desire to employ logistics interns are presented. The article provides a demographic profile of these companies, their perspectives on select internship issues, and analysis of possible relationships between the perspectives and select demographic attributes. It is hoped that the results of this research will aid various logistics constituencies in focusing their efforts to improve these valuable experiences as well as identify needs for additional investigation.
31 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an economist and a moral theologian who identify with one or the other of the two traditions, seek to start a dialogue between two traditions that historically have interpreted the economy in opposing ways: the individualism of classic economic liberalism represented by Adam Smith and Milton Friedman, and the communitarianism of Catholic social teaching (CST), interpreted primarily through the teachings of popes and secondarily the U.S. Catholic bishops.
Abstract: This essay seeks to start a dialogue between two traditions that historically have interpreted the economy in opposing ways: the individualism of classic economic liberalism (CEL), represented by Adam Smith and Milton Friedman, and the communitarianism of Catholic social teaching (CST), interpreted primarily through the teachings of popes and secondarily the U.S. Catholic bishops. The present authors, an economist and a moral theologian who identify with one or the other of the two traditions, strive to clarify objectively their similarities and differences with the opposing perspective. Section one focuses on each position's perspective of love of self and love of others. We find both CEL and CST saying that self-love, rightly understood, constitutes a moral good and that the love of others serves as an important principle in the political economy. We find less agreement in section two regarding justice and rights, but even here, we discover a few surprises. Both traditions uphold justice (giving to each party what is due) as essential to the political economy, and recognize some similarity in that type of justice called commutative. We note, however, substantial differences regarding a second type of justice that we call "public justice." First, they differ over the extent to which government should be involved. Here the meaning of rights, especially that of individual freedom, arises. Secondly, the traditions diverge over whether benevolence as a motivator ought to serve as a partner for public justice. Thirdly, CEL in general opposes CST's emphasis on social justice that calls upon institutions to be proactive in helping citizens and groups to become active participants in the economy. We conclude our essay by summarizing our discoveries and by suggesting areas for further dialogue.
30 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A survey of more than 200 logistics service providers regarding their World Wide Web-related practices in order to find out the Web's potential for cutting logistics costs and improving customer service is presented in this article.
Abstract: This article reports on a survey of more than 200 logistics service providers (LSPs) regarding their World Wide Web-related practices in order to find out the Web's potential for cutting logistics costs and improving customer service. Nearly all of the providers had Web sites, and the most important function was communicating better with customers.
28 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine whether differences in the corporate environments of Japanese and U.S. companies are associated with the extent to which Japanese managers engage in corporate myopic behavior.
TL;DR: The question of whether shareholders have obligations to stakeholders has been the principal theme in much of recent business ethics literature as discussed by the authors, however, the question has not been addressed sufficiently, and it is highly questionable whether most shareholders have any obligation to stakeholders.
Abstract: The question of whether, and to what extent, business managers have obligations to stakeholders has been the principal theme in much of recent business ethics literature. The question of whether shareholders have obligations to stakeholders, however, has not been addressed sufficiently. I provide some needed attention to this matter by examining the positions of shareholders in the contemporary world of investing. Their positions are considerably different than that often envisioned by business ethicists and economists where shareholders determine the directions of corporate activities through their voting decisions. Typical contemporary investors rarely control corporate activities. If they own corporate securities directly, generally they own too small an interest to exercise control. And, in most cases, they do not even own corporate securities directly, but, rather, own shares in funds. Because of the positions of shareholders today, it is highly questionable whether most have obligations to stakeholders. This has a significant implication for business managers. Whether or not shareholders have obligations to stakeholders, business managers have a greater obligation to educate shareholders about how corporate activities affect stakeholders. I provide a justification for that obligation and comment on how business managers might begin to fulfill it.
04 Dec 2001
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed an efficient hybrid optimization algorithm to address the problem of task assignment among agents for terminal targets in a multi-agent optimal control problem for spacecraft formation reconfiguration.
Abstract: Generation of fuel optimal maneuvers for spacecraft formation reconfiguration is modeled and analyzed as a multi-agent optimal control problem. Multi-agent optimal control is quite different from the traditional optimal control for single agent. Specifically, in addition to fuel optimization for a single agent, multi-agent optimal control necessitates consideration of task assignment among agents for terminal targets in the optimization process. We develop an efficient hybrid optimization algorithm to address such a problem. Simulation results illustrate the efficacy of the proposed algorithm.
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: In this article, a generalization of the Eilenberg-Moore spectral sequence was constructed, which in some interesting cases turns out to be a form of the Adams spectral sequence.
Abstract: In this paper we will construct a generalization of the Eilenberg-Moore spectral sequence, which in some interesting cases turns out to be a form of the Adams spectral sequence. We recall the construction of both of these in general terms.
TL;DR: The archives of the General Mining Association (GMA), a London-based enterprise with substantial holdings in the Nova Scotiaian coal mining industry during the 19th century, are investigated in this article.
Abstract: The archives of the General Mining Association (GMA), a London-based enterprise with substantial holdings in the Nova Scotian coal-mining industry during the 19th century, are investigated in this paper. The historical record was examined with particular reference to the degree to which industrial costing techniques were transplanted via engineers/managers within the British Empire. The findings support the hypothesis that linkages to Newcastle were evident in Canadian coal mining, but that the accounting emphases differed somewhat between the two locales. In Nova Scotia, there was a great attention to day-to-day expense control. A similar concern was apparent also in the North-East of England, but here there appeared the additional sophistications of costing capital improvement projects and estimating the profitability of new workings. With regard to labor, the managers of the GMA's Canadian operations, like their counterparts in the North-East Coalfield, seemed disinterested in tracking the efficiency a...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore how senior managers build and sustain employee commitment to strategic vision, and how they could improve their ability to retain employees' long-term commitment to the vision.
Abstract: Vision is a key part of both the concept and practice of leadership. Many managers successfully create it and present it to employees. However, they are often less good at retaining employees’ long-term commitment to the vision, which results in lost opportunities. This article explores how effectively senior managers build and sustain employee commitment to strategic vision, and how they could improve.
TL;DR: This article used the violence of "The Road Runner" cartoon series as a starting point for a mythico-rhetorical analysis of the message system contained in the cartoon and explored how the animated short re-enacted the myth of Sisyphus in the context of the post-World War II technological boom in the United States.
Abstract: –Recent studies have suggested the need to broaden our approaches to violence in children's programming. This paper uses the violence of “The Road Runner” cartoon series as a starting point for a mythico-rhetorical analysis of the message system contained in the cartoon. It explores how the animated short re-enacts the myth of Sisyphus in the context of the post-World War II technological boom in the United States. Technology is the source of most of the violence in the cartoon, and the violence is created by failures of technology. The use of a “children's” medium to critique our reliance on technology offers substantial freedom to the animator, and, in turn, to the viewer and the critic. Examination of “The Road Runner” yields insights into the meanings of cartoon violence, into how media reproduce mythic structures, and into the potentially rich message systems of children's media.
TL;DR: In this paper, a model for creating competency-based learning at small and medium-size schools of business is described, where a leadership and managerial skills program is developed within an MBA curriculum.
Abstract: A model for creating competency-based learning at small and medium-size schools of business is described. Within an MBA curriculum, a leadership and managerial skills program was developed. Students participate in an assessment center evaluation and take a series of personality and self-assessment measures. This is followed by a course that focuses on leadership and managerial skills, an experiential learning day, and developing a career plan. Students plan their MBA coursework to enhance professional skills, meet with a career coach, and select elective courses that enhance particular skills while focusing on career and life goals. An extensive list of leadership and managerial skills is included.
TL;DR: In this paper, experimental data for single, double and triple ionization of argon by 750 eV positrons are presented for a forward cone of angles between 0° and 17° and up to 85% of the initial energy.
Abstract: Experimental data, as a function of projectile energy loss, are presented for single, double and triple ionization of argon by 750 eV positrons. These differential ionization yields are for positrons scattered into a forward cone of angles between 0° and 17° and for energy losses up to 85% of the initial energy. The single ionization data are shown to be in good agreement with distorted wave Born calculations. For the angular range investigated the percentage of double ionization is found to increase rapidly for the first 80 eV of energy loss. The ratio then slowly approaches a constant value that is in good agreement with the ratios of total cross sections for photoionization of the M shell. The present energy-loss data also demonstrate the importance of outer versus inner-shell ionization in the double and triple ionization channels.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the pedagogic features of self-assessment in developing teachers' awareness of their instructional talk and the strengths of the ITAT as a learning resource.
Abstract: Earlier studies of an instructional talk analysis tool (ITAT) showed its value as a tool in teachers' self-assessment of their talk strategies in teaching reading. This study continues examination of the pedagogic features of self-assessment in developing teachers' awareness of their instructional talk and the strengths of the ITAT as a learning resource. Fifteen participants in a 5-week intensive reading practicum course were randomly assigned to three different self-assessment conditions: (a) ITAT + Debriefing, (b) ITAT Only, and (c) Alternative Tool Only. Discourse analyses and written reflections from each group were analyzed to determine the nature of the teachers' discourse and the learning potential of each condition. Results showed that teachers in the ITAT + Debriefing condition provided more accurate assessments of their talk performance and were more reflective. Those in the ITAT Only condition outperformed those in the Alternative Tool Only condition. Features that appear to enhance s...
TL;DR: Evidence supports the conclusion that formation of the thyroid pit is mediated by changes in the cytoskeleton that cause constriction of cell apices, and the formation of a series of shelf‐like extensions within the cavity, representing successive generations of cell rings moving inside.
Abstract: The thyroid forms as an outpouching of the ventral pharynx. Evidence supports the conclusion that formation of the thyroid pit is mediated by changes in the cytoskeleton that cause constriction of cell apices. However, it seems unlikely that a relatively flat epithelial sheet can be converted into a pit without either distortions of the surface or considerable rearrangement of cells to reduce surface area. Possible cellular rearrangements were investigated by tracing the movements of individual cells by using time-lapse video microscopy. Changes in shape of the primordium were investigated by marking with carbon and DiI and by scanning electron microscopy. Cell movements occurred only over short distances, mostly shifts relative to a neighbor, especially at the edge of the pit. Instead, cells rearranged into clusters that piled up at the edge of the pit and then tilted inside. Adjacent rings of pharyngeal cells were annexed by the growing thyroid, undergoing rearrangement into clusters, piling up at the edge, and moving inside the pit. The consequence was the formation of a series of shelf-like extensions within the cavity, representing successive generations of cell rings moving inside. These results have implications for the formation of other organs by evagination.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of the introduction of the euro on capital markets is discussed, and the implications of capital m arket unification for investment allocation are discussed, with an increasing emphasis on sector analysis as national stock indices coverage.
Abstract: Assesses the effect of the introduction of the euro on capital markets, noting “explosive growth” in the corporate bond market and a rising demand for junk bonds. Believes that equities are funamentally strong, although foreign investors have suffered from falling euro values, and sees some signs that investors within the eurozone are diversifying away from their home markets. Gives statistics on the growth in derivatives trading, splitting it by types of contract; and considers why the consolidation of stock and futures exchanges has been slower than expected. Discusses the implications of capital m arket unification for investment allocation and expects an increasing emphasis on sector analysis as national stock indices coverage; but points out that country factors, e.g. fiscal reforms, still remain.
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: The SITE 2002 Conference on Partnerships Across Organizations (SITE 2002 Section) as mentioned in this paper has published the following papers on partnerships across organizations from the SITE (Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education) 2002 conference: (1) "Modeling Instruction with Modern Information and Communications Technology: The MIMIC Project" (Ronale J. Abate; Jim Meinke; Mary Jo Cherry; Pam Cook; Jennifer Merritt); (2) "Problem Based Learning with Young Children: Designing and Implementing Action Research Projects in an Urban Classroom" (
Abstract: This document contains the following papers on partnerships across organizations from the SITE (Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education) 2002 conference: (1) "Modeling Instruction with Modern Information and Communications Technology: The MIMIC Project" (Ronale J. Abate; Jim Meinke; Mary Jo Cherry; Pam Cook; Jennifer Merritt); (2) "Problem Based Learning with Young Children: Designing and Implementing Action Research Projects in an Urban Classroom" (Comfort Akwaji); (3) "Mestrado Band: Developing a New Model for Teacher Professional Development in Brazil" (Cristiana Mattos Assumpcao); (4) "Strategies for Integrating Technology into Field-Based Teacher Training Programs: Perspectives from Educational Technology and Teacher Education Faculty" (Thomas Brush, Kathleen Rutowski, Krista Glazewski, Jean Sutton, Cory Hansen, Doreen Bardsley); (5) "Telementoring: A Partnership of Learners" (Donna R. Everett and Glenda A. Gunter); (6) "Riverlink: A Collaborative Technology-Based Project for Improving Science Teaching and Learning" (Cheryl Claxton, Dennis M. Holt, Scharyle Nottke); (7) "Collaborative Teaming on Technology Enhanced ProblemBased Learning Curriculum Units" (Judith Howard, Ann Cunningham, Jackie Ennis, Deborah Long, Barbara Mize); (8) "A Connected Lifelong Learning Community" (Kenneth Janz and Susan M. Powers); (9) "Technology for Participation" (Terrie Shannon, Louis Abrahamson, Lyle Shannon, and Karen Keenan); (10) "TOPS and STAT: Two PT3 Bridges for the Digital Divide" (Jennifer Kidd, David Kidd); (11) "Web Portal Strengthens Partnerships for Enhanced Teacher Preparation" (John A. Kinslow, Ellen Newcombe, Marlene Goss, Lesley Ann Welsh, Rose Marsh); (12) "Preparing Preservice Teachers to Use Technology: Program Experiences and the Research" (Denise Schmidt, Clyciane Michelini, Deb Versteeg); (13) "The NC Catalyst/SAS inSchool Partnership: Universities, Public Schools, and Business Working Together to Help Faculty and Cooperating Teachers Integrate Technology in Teacher Education" (Carolyn Sneeden, Marjorie DeWert) (14) "Never Bowling Alone: Building Social Capital and Professional Knowledge through Educational Technology" (John J. Sweeder and Maryanne R. Bednar); (15) "Collaborating Across Boundaries to Form Technology-infused Learning Communities" (Kathe Taylor); (16) "Building Successful School and University Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the on final document. Partnerships: 'Finding the Fit'" (Nancy Todd, Linda Kieffer, Patti Dean); and (17) "PT3: Connecting Educational Technology Integrated Curriculum in Higher Education with K-12 Schools" (Robert Z. Zheng). Several titles are brief summaries of conference presentations. Most papers contain references. (MES) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. Partnerships Across Organizations (SITE 2002 Section) PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY
TL;DR: This article traced the origin and development of the notion of Christian martyrdom from the New Testament to the present day and showed how Thomas Aquinas, the Second Vatican Council, Karl Rahner, and Pope John Paul II have contributed to the enlargement of the concept of the Christian martyr that fittingly describes the Salvadoran witnesses.
Abstract: Who are today's martyrs? Many Salvadorans call Archbishop Romero and the Jesuits and the two women killed at Central American University martyrs. Should they be numbered among the martyrs of the church? The author contends that it would be fitting for the Catholic Church to do so, based on the contemporary church teaching on martyrdom. Tracing the origin and development of the notion of Christian martyrdom from the New Testament to the present day, the author shows how Thomas Aquinas, the Second Vatican Council, Karl Rahner, and Pope John Paul II have contributed to the enlargement of the concept of the Christian martyr that fittingly describes the Salvadoran witnesses. Moved by love of God and neighbor, the martyr courageously endures death for bearing witness to the Christian faith that includes speaking the truth and doing justice.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss how the stockholder-bondholder conflict can be analyzed using the binomial option pricing model and take explicit account of financial distress of the firm in analyzing the underinvestment and asset substitution problems.
Abstract: This paper discusses how the stockholder-bondholder conflict can be analyzed using the binomial option pricing model. Although the potential conflicts between stockholders and bondholders are recognized and discussed in most intermediate corporate finance textbooks, these textbooks, generally do not illustrate the valuation of the relevant options involved in those situations; this article fills that void. Further, it takes explicit account of financial distress of the firm - which is usually the cause of the conflict - in analyzing the underinvestment and asset substitution problems.
TL;DR: The concept of "invented tradition" was introduced by Hobsbawm as mentioned in this paper, who defined it as a set of practices, normally governed by overtly or tacitly accepted rules and of a ritual or symbolic nature, which seek to inculcate certain values and norms of behavior by repetition, which automatically implies continuity with the past.
Abstract: Immigrants to the United States have used many strategies in order to survive and flourish, emotionally as well as materially, in the new environment surrounding them. The attempt to preserve traditions has been one such strategy. Festivals, food, songs, folktales, and performances have long served as a means of affirming identity and preserving some semblance of continuity while adapting to tremendous cultural change. However, this strategy cannot stem the tide entirely: some traditions die out because they are no longer relevant, some traditions are adapted to new surroundings, and some "traditions" are in reality invented to preserve group identity, especially when the group feels threatened by religious and political differences within itself. In his introduction to The Invention of Tradition, Eric Hobsbawm defines invented traditions in this way: "Invented Tradition" is taken to mean a set of practices, normally governed by overtly or tacitly accepted rules and of a ritual or symbolic nature, which seek to inculcate certain values and norms of behavior by repetition, which automatically implies continuity with the past.... In short, they are responses to novel situations which take the form of reference to old situations, or which establish their own past by quasi-obligatory repetition. It is the contrast between the constant change and innovation of the modern world and the attempt to structure at least some parts of social life within it as unchanging and invariant, that makes the "invention of tradition". so interesting for historians of the past two centuries. (1-2) Hobsbawm argues that this construct can establish membership to a group, it can reinforce the authority of the institutions within that group, or it can reinforce models of behavior or value systems (9). Examination of an invented performance tradition thus can reveal ideals held by a group, what the group perceives as a problem and what has changed about the group, for as Hobsbawm notes, these invented traditions can serve as "evidence" (12). The invented tradition of a Slovene-language St. Nicholas operetta performed yearly in Cleveland, Ohio, and its roots in an earlier traditional village procession, will be examined here. The operetta serves as an example of how a performance was constructed in order to educate children about appropriate behavior within Slovene culture. While the operetta was originally invented to educate and entertain homeless boys while controlling their behavior, the operetta performance became for immigrants after World War II an annually performed model of orderly ethnic and religious cohesion. The Slovene immigrants after 1945, many of them middle-class, educated, politically conservative and devoutly Roman Catholic, found a deeply split Slovene-- American community waiting for them in Cleveland. One faction was active in Roman Catholic Slovene organizations. The other supported Josip Broz Tito's Partisans during World War II and was only nominally Catholic. This second faction had their own set of "progressive" Slovene cultural organizations and tended to be anticlerical and nonreligious (Susel, in Thernstrom, 934). Miklavz Prihaja ("St. Nicholas is Coming!") promotes the values espoused by the post-World War II, Roman Catholic wave of Slovene immigrants as central to their identity, both explicitly within its text and implicitly by its staging. Furthermore, it criticizes differences within the group, by presenting an ideal picture of a hierarchical, harmonious world. The operetta offers sharply contrasted gender roles in the casting of characters, with female characters more tightly prescribed in their behavior than male characters. The contrast between what the St. Nicholas procession is remembered to have been, and the operetta which has replaced it-particularly in terms of onstage gender roles and offstage audience roles-reveals how that community sees itself and how it defines outsiders. …
TL;DR: This paper put the decline of the euro's value following its introduction down to rapid US economic growth and the expansionary policies of the European Central Bank and suggested that the five stated conditions for entry have almost been met.
Abstract: Puts the decline of the euro’s value following its introduction down to rapid US economic growth and the expansionary policies of the European Central Bank. Contrasts popular UK opposition to joining the euro with business pressure to do so, and suggests that the five stated conditions for entry have almost been met. Looks at economic conditions in other European countries and compares growth rates, unemployment, inflation and capital movements in the UK, USA and the eurozone. Outlines some views on the likely future of the euro and its effects on other currencies; and concludes that the macroeconomy of the eurozone “will bear continued watching”.