Showing papers by "Kagawa University published in 1979"

Microbial degradation of dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol, a lignin substructure model

Abstract: Bacteria, yeasts, and molds which grew in a medium containing a synthetic lignin — a dehydrogenation polymer (DHP) of coniferyl alcohol — as a sole carbon source, were isolated from soil. One fungus, Fusarium solani M-13-1, was found to degrade the DHP most vigorously among the isolated organisms. It was shake-cultured in a medium containing dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (DHCA) (I), an important lignin model compound, and the following six metabolic products were isolated and identified: 1) Phenylcoumaran-γ′-aldehydic (II) and γ′-carboxylic compounds, 2) phenylcoumaran-α′-aldehydic compound (IV), formed by release of a 2-carbon fragment from the phenylcoumaran-γ′-carboxylic compound, 3) 5-acetylvanillyl alcohol (V), formed by cleavage of the coumaran ring and reduction of the α′-aldehyde group, 4) 5-carboxyvanillyl alcohol (VI), formed by subsequent oxidation of the acetyl group, and 5) the γ′-ether of DHCA (VII), considered to be a by-product. A degradation pathway for DHCA was proposed on the basis of these metabolic products.

On the Toxigenic Fusaria Invading Barley and Wheat in the Southern Japan

Abstract: Reperesentative fungi were isolated from preharvested and freshly harvested barley and wheat grains of eleven prefectures located in the Southern Japan, and studied on ability to produce several Fusaria-toxins in culture media and rice grains. Predominant types of 106 isolates belonged to the species Fusarium graminearum. Incidences of fungal isolates revealing lethal toxicity for mouse and skin necrotization for rats were 22.6% and 34.9%, respectively. The occurrence of Fusaria-toxin producing strains was 39.6% for 12, 13-epoxytrichothecenes, 34.9% for butenolide (4-acetamido-4-hydroxy-2-butenic acid γ-lactone) and 16.3% for zearalenone [6- (10-hydroxy-6-oxo-trans-1-undecenyl) -β-resorcylic acid-lactone], respectively. About half of these toxigenic strains showed the ability to produce two or more mycotoxins simultaneously. The majority of 12, 13-epoxytrichothecene-producing strains of F. graminearum metabolized either deoxynivalenols or nivalenols. These data provide conclusive evidence for the infection of field barley and wheat of the Southern Japan by different strains of F. graminearum which produced either deoxynivalenols or nivalenols.

Effect of Lactobacilli in the Diet on the Concentration of Nitrogenous Compounds and Minerals in Blood of Chickens

Abstract: The concentrations of nitrogenous compounds and minerals in blood of 90-to-100-day-old Single Comb White Leghorn cockerels were investigated by feeding on a diet (31.3% crude protein) with Bacillus coagulans or Lactobacillus casei at 105, 107, 108 or 109 level, respectively, for 13 days. The results obtained are summarized as follows:1. Feeding of the diet added either of both bacteria at 107 or more levels resulted in the increase of total nitrogen and decrease of non-protein nitrogen at significant level. The concentrations of uric acid, ammonia and urea were tended to decrease after feeding of the diet added bacteria.2. The concentration of sodium was decreased by feeding of the diet added Lactobacillus casei, but not Bacillus coagulans. The concentration of potassium was decreased and that of calcium and magnesium was increased by feeding of the diet added either of both bacteria, but that of phosphorus was unchanged.

Studies on Thermal Conditions of Curd Formation and Development in Cauliflower and Broccoli

Abstract: Effects of diurnal variation of temperature on the curd formation of′Nozaki-wase′ cauliflower and′Wase-midori′broccoli were investigated in temperature-controlled conditions, using platns with the 7th or 8th unfolded leaf.1. The plants were grown for 35 days at various temperatures in the 1st period of a day (8 hours from 9:00a.m. to 5:00p.m. ) and at 10°C in the 2nd period of a day (16 hours from 5:00p.m. to 9:00a.m.). Curds of cauliflower were formed when the plants were grown at 15° and 20°C in the 1st period, but not when grown at 10°, 25° and 30°C. The number of nodes to the curd was larger at 20°C than at 15°C. Flower heads of broccoli were formed when the plants were grown at 15°, 20°, 25° and 30°C in the 1st period, and the number of nodes to the flower head was larger as the temperature increased.2. Curds were formed on cauliflower plants, when the plants were grown for 45 days at 10° and 15°C in the 2nd period (15 hours from 5:30p.m. to 8:30a.m.) in combination with the temperatures of 15° and 20°C in the 1st period, but not when grown in combination with the temperatures of 25° and 30°C in the 1st period. Flower heads were formed on broccoli plants, when the plants were grown for 45 days at 20°C in the 2nd period in combination with the temperatures of 15° and 20°C in the 1st period, but not when grown in combination with the temperatures of 25° and 30°C in the 1st period.3. Curds were not formed on cauliflower plants when they were grown for 6 weeks at 25°C in the 1st period (12 hours from 7:00a.m. to 7:00p.m.) in combination with the temperatures of 15° and 25°C in the 2nd period. The plants of cauliflower grown at 15°C in the 2nd period for 6 weeks formed curds earlier than those grown at 25°C in the 2nd period when they were exposed to natural outdoor temperatures.4. The plants of cauliflower were kept for 10 weeks at 25°C in the 1st period (12 hours from 7:00a.m. to 7:00p.m. ) and at 15° and 25°C in the 2nd period. Both the plants grown at 15° and 25°C in the 2nd period did not form curds by the 7th week. Plants grown at 15°C in the 2nd period eventually formed curds in the 10th week.5. From these results, it is deduced that the stimulus of low temperature given in a certain period of a day is reduced but not nullified by subsequent high temperature in a day under the condition with diurnal temperature variations. And the plants form curds when the stimulus of low temperature is accumulated day by day and reaches a certain level.

An Economic Analysis of Interregional Commodity Flows

Abstract: This paper analyzes interregional commodity flows in order to clarify the characteristics of trade structures for the regional economy in Japan. Two types of analytical model are indicated accordin...

Isolation of facultative methanol-utilizing bacteria which produce electrophoretically different methanol dehydrogenase.

Abstract: Bacterial strains capable of assimilating methanol as the sole source of carbon and energy have been isolated. These bacteria produced phenazine methosulfate-dependent methanol dehydrogenase (primary alcohol dehydrogenase, EC 1.1.99.8). The eilzyme activity was detected in electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels by activity staining technique. The dehydrogenase can be grouped to at least three types based on their mobility in electrophoresis: (1) enzyme which migrates toward the anode slowly, (2) enzyme which remains at the top of the gel at pH 9.3 and (3) enzyme which migrates to the anode at faster mobility. The three bacteria were selected as producers of the respective three types of dehydrogenase. They were facultative methanol-utilizing bacteria and two of them were identified, one as Pseudomonas sp. No. 2941 and the other as Pseudomonas sp. S25. Most isolated bacteria produced the first type of enzyme and several strains produced the second type of enzyme. Strain S50 was the only strain which produc...

Interactive theorem proving on hierarchically and modularly structured set of very many axioms

Abstract: A large number of axioms are often involved in the proof of a single theorem in many realistic applications of mechanical theorem proving such as formal verification of programs whose program domains are determined by user-defined axioms. There, fully automatic proofs are unrealistic due to the obvious constraints though a powerful machine support is highly desired. It is suggested that some meaningful structuring of theories can ease the difficulties. Several strategies are proposed to enhance efficient interactive non-resolution proofs on hierarchically and modularly structured theories with many axioms. Use of such strategies is illustrated in their application to verification of hierarchical programs with abstraction mechanisms.

A New Bioassay for Detection of the Substances to Inhibit Infection Establishment of Powdery Mildew of Barley

Abstract: It has been known that the difference in fungal development between compatible and incompatible combinations in powdery mildew of barley was recognized at the stage of penetration and haustorial formation, but not of germination1,2). Therefore, one has to consider this fact for the study of involvement of antifungal substances to explain the expression of resistance in this disease system. Oku et al.3) have used pea leaf tissues removing the abaxial epidermis in order to supply an antifungal substance to the adaxial surface through the revealed mesophyll tissues and observed the effect of the compound on the infection establishment of Erysiphe pisi in the epidermal cells. Using the inner coleoptile epidermis of barley, we developed a more sensitive bioassay method to detect the antifungal substance against the fungal penetration or haustorial formation. In this report, we compared the effects of traditional or ordinary bioassay techniques for antifungal substance against the infection establishment of powdery mildew of barley. A commercial fungicide, benomyl •kmethyl-1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole-carbamate•l was used with the range of 0.01 to 100ƒÊg/ml as an antifungal substance. The materials for bioassay systems were as follows: 1. the inner coleoptile epidermis separated from the outer epidermis of barley, Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Goseshikoku, infection type 4 to Erysiphe graminis hordei race I (Fig. 1, new bioassay system); 2. the stripped abaxial epidermis; 3. primary barley leaf tissues stripped of the abaxial epidermis; 4. agarose block (0.75%). The prepared leaf tissues were immediately laid on 100ƒÊl of the solution containing various amounts of benomyl which was poured in the well of a depression glass slide and about a half hour later inoculated with the conidia. The glass slide was then kept in a moist plastic case at 20 C (Fig. 1). In the case of agarose block, the solution was infiltrated into the block by immersing overnight. Germination and haustorial formation were observed 40 hr after inoculation under light microscope. A conidium whose germ tube was more than 10ƒÊm length was counted as successful germination. The primary leaves stripped of their abaxial epidermises were cleared and stained with alcoholic lactophenol containing aniline blue for observation as reported previously1). The inhibition rate of germination was the highest in the agarose block method where the fungicide can contact directly to the conidia; whereas the other assays using leaf tissues were not almost effective on inhibition of germination though the

Effects of the Temperature in Post-harvest Ripening and Storage on Quantitative Changes of Antocyanin and Polyphenol in White Peaches

Abstract: モモ果実のAn(1976年度,1977年度)とPP(1977年度)の消長に及ぼす追熟温度と貯蔵温度の影響について調べた。供試品種は1976年度は砂子早生と大久保,1977年度は砂子早生,大久保および高陽白桃である。(1) Anの発現は追熟温度が高くなるほど増大し,いずれの品種においても35℃区が最高の値を示した。しかし40℃では発現が抑えられ,大久保では追熟3日目以降に赤味がむしろ減少した。赤色の発現は品種によってかなり異なり,その強さは大久保,高陽白桃,砂子早生の順位であった。(2) 低温貯蔵中にAnの変動がいくらか認められたが,貯蔵温度とAnの生成量との間で一定の関係は認められなかった。(3) PP含有量は追熟や貯蔵中にかなり変動するが,AnとPPの間での量的な関係は認められなかった。(4) 加工用モモ果実を追熟するには,40℃の高温では着色は起こらないが,香味,肉質が著しく劣り,また35℃では着色が顕著に現われるため,30℃以下の冷涼な場所を選んで行なうのが望ましい。

Effect of adrenalectomy on liver lipid content of fasted rats.

Abstract: The interrelationship between thyroid and adrenal hormones in the regulation of lipid accumulation of the liver during fasting was examined with the use of intact, sham operated and adrenalectomized (ADX) rats previously fed a high carbohydrate diet. Adrenalectomy depressed the lipid accumulation of the liver induced by fasting. This was restored by cortisone administration, but not by epinephrine injection. Lipid content of the liver during fasting tended to be decreased in rats made hyperthyroid by intraperitoneal injection of thyroxine compared to euthyroid-fasted rats. In rats made hypothyroid by oral administration of propylthiouracil, liver lipid content during fasting was significantly higher than that of euthyroid-fasted rats. These responses of liver lipid to thyroid activity were minimized in ADX rats. Cortisone tended to restore completely the liver response to thyroid activity. The maximal response of liver lipid to cortisone was obtained in hypothyroid-ADX rats. The injection of epinephrine alone did not cause any significant change in liver lipid content of ADX rats regardless of the thyroid status. These findings suggest that glucocorticoid must be present for thyroid function to exert its effect on the lipid accumulation of the liver induced by fasting.

Further Properties of the New Type of Exopolygalacturonate Lyase from Streptomyces nitrosporeus

Abstract: The new type of exopolygalacturonate lyase from Streptomyces nitrosporeus had a molecular weight between 32,400 to 39,000 in three different determination methods, a S020, w value of 3.4 S and an isoelectric point of pH 4.05. The purified enzyme contained a relatively large amount of aspartic acid, glycine and about 13% carbohydrate. The enzyme had higher affinity on 10~30% esterified polygalacturonate than on de-esterified polygalacturonate, but the degradation limit of the substrates by the enzyme was diminished by an increase in methyl ester groups of the substrates.

Oxygen-alkali pulping of bagasse

Abstract: Bagasse (cf. Table 1) was pulped by the oxygen-alkali pulp (OAP) and the ordinary soda pulp (AP) methods under the various conditions (cf. Table 2 and 3) by using a rotating autoclave, and the relations between the results (cf. Table 4 and 6) and the cooking conditions were analyzed by the stepwise regression procedure (cf. Table 5, 7, and 8 and Fig. 1_??_6). The increase in the amount of O2 applied in the OAP method resulted in the higher holocellulose yield and the lower COD of waste liquor.These two methods were compared in respect of yield, properties of pulp and pH and COD of waste liquor (cf. Fig. 7_??_9 and Table 9 and 10). The yield of OAP was higher than that of AP on the same Kappa number level. COD of the waste liquor of OAP was less than that of the AP waste liquor. Bleached pulp of brightness over 80% was easily obtained by the 2 stage bleaching of a H-D sequence from OAP as well as from AP. The PC number of OAP was smaller than that of AP. OAP method gave pulp of practically the same strength as AP.

Asymmetric decomposition of the slow-release fertilizer CDU by soil bacteria

Abstract: The ability ofArthrobacter sp. andCorynebacterium sp. isolated from soil to decompose differential isomers of CDU (2-oxo-4-methyl-6-ureidohexahydropyrimidine) was determined. It is suggested that the asymmetric decomposition of CDU by the combination of the two species of bacteria may be a factor in the prolonged releasing time.

On the Micrometeorology of the Cultivated Pot

Abstract: There have been only a few reports which demonstrated the micrometeorology of the cultivated pot. The objective of this study is to elucidate the effect of albedo of the pot wall on soil environment in pot. For this purpose, four different wall conditions were prepared using Wagner pots (1/2000a). The outer surface of pots were coated with black lacquer, covered with aluminum film by vaporization, respectively, while one pot was buried almost in a level with the ground. On May 13, 1977, the seedlings of carrot (cultivar ‘MS yonsun’) were planted at the center and at four positions off the center towards east, west, south and north in each pot. Observations terminated on July 16. The features of the distribution of direct solar radiation on the pot wall, of soil temperature, soil moisture and the growth of carrot in the pot were investigated.The diurnal course of direct solar radiation on the pot wall varied according to directions of the pot wall. The daily amount was greatest at the east and west walls, and 52 percent as much as that on a horizontal surface. At the north and south walls the ratios were calculated to be 19 and 10 percent, respectively. The directional distribution of solar radiation affected greatly the soil temperature in the pot.Soil temperature and soil moisture in each pot were affected by albedo of the pot wall, and its effect was more remarkable in the black pot. The range of variation of the soil heat quantity at the center of the black pot was 1.37 times as large as those of the control and the aluminum-covered pots, and was about 5.5 times that of the buried one on June 9. Soil moisture was lowermost in the black pot, in which the moisture decreased markedly in the daytime and recovered only slightly at night.Dry matter weights of carrot roots at the south position and east position of the control pot and at the center of the black pot were relatively larger than those in the other conditions. Differences in the dry matter weight of root were recognized as significant only in the black pot, in which the accumulated soil temperature (May 13-July 16) was negatively correlated with top and root dry matter weights, it almost of the same experimental results in other reports.