Showing papers by "Swedish Institute published in 1993"
TL;DR: The microstructure of the network as well as the strands of particulate β-lactoglobulin gels formed at pH 53 have been characterized by microscopy as discussed by the authors.
153 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a pilot plant process simulation of dry and wet hydrothermic treatment of oats was performed in order to study the effect of different process steps on lipase activity and the storage stability of the fat phase.
66 citations
TL;DR: Patients with mild hemophilia A, von Willebrand's disease, or platelet disorders who had used the spray at home to treat bleeding symptoms experienced decreased blood loss and shortened duration of epistaxis, menorrhagia, tissue bleeding, and bleeding in connection with minor surgery or tooth extraction.
Abstract: Desmopressin (1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin), an established hemostatic agent for the treatment of bleeding in mild hemophilia A, von Willebrand's disease, or platelet disorders, has mostly been given parenterally as intravenous or subcutaneous injections. Intranasal administration by spray has been shown to yield significant and highly reproducible increases in the plasma concentrations of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor and platelet adhesiveness, and to be suitable for self-administration at home, as it is easy to handle and does not involve the use of needles. This paper presents data from a questionnaire answered by 78 patients with mild hemophilia A, von Willebrand's disease, or platelet disorders, who had used the spray at home to treat bleeding symptoms. The patients experienced decreased blood loss and shortened duration of epistaxis, menorrhagia, tissue bleeding, and bleeding in connection with minor surgery or tooth extraction. The use of factor VIII concentrates was diminished, as were the number of visits to outpatient care and absence from school or work.
62 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a basic understanding of transfer mechanisms is proposed, not only for specific applications, but also for a general understanding of friction and wear in many sliding systems, and the initiation of galling is primarily due to tool surface defects.
62 citations
TL;DR: In this article, mixed gels of the K, Na and Ca-forms of?-carrageenan and locust bean gum at a total polysaccharide concentration of 1% (w/w) were studied by dynamic viscoelastic measurements.
49 citations
TL;DR: There was a distinct difference between fresh fish and fish iced even for only 1 day, which gave increased leakage of marker enzymes, when the ice-stored samples were subject to a freezing-thawing cycle they showed a marked increase in enzyme activity in the press juice.
Abstract: In order to study the biochemical changes in fish muscle during ice storage and freezing-thawing processes, the activities of certain marker enzymes in the cell interstitial fluid from muscle tissue of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were measured. The enzymes analysed were: lysosomal α-glucosidase (E.C. 3.2.1.20), β-N-glucosaminidase (E.C. 3.2.1.30) and acid phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.2). The activity in centrifuged tissue fluid (CTF) was compared with the activity in total homogenate. When ice storage was varied between 3 and 14 days, it did not affect enzyme leakage into the CTF significantly. However, there was a distinct difference between fresh fish and fish iced even for only 1 day, which gave increased leakage of marker enzymes. When the ice-stored samples were subject to a freezing-thawing cycle they showed a marked increase in enzyme activity in the press juice. When the freezing process was varied so as to achieve different freezing rates, the slowest freezing rate caused the highest enzyme leakage.
44 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the feasibility of using anisotropically conductive adhesives to join surface-mount devices as solder replacement, based on industrial demands, and two anisotropic conductive adhesive joints were chosen for the experimental work.
Abstract: The purpose of the work is to investigate the feasibility of using anisotropically conductive adhesives to join surface‐mount devices as solder replacement. The results from a literature and market survey are reported. Based on industrial demands, two anisotropically conductive adhesives were chosen for the experimental work. During the experimental work, the conductive adhesive joints were produced at various curing conditions. The joints were characterised by shear testing and electrical resistance measurement after ageing at 20, 70 and 120°C to 1000 hours. Optical and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterise the adhesive joints. In addition to this, temperature cycling tests, humidity test and pull tensile tests were used to qualify the adhesive joint reliability and quality. From the results of the present work, it can be concluded that the anisotropically conductive adhesive A joints are stable in the 85°C/85% RH environment and therefore have better corrosion resistance than adhesive B joints. Neither of the adhesives can pass temperature cycling from −55 to 125°C for 1000 cycles according to military standard 883C.
40 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the failure probability of a hardened spring steel was investigated at five different stress amplitudes and the failure causes were established by fractographic studies, where cracks from spherical pores were used to model inclusions.
32 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used a simplified experimental model of redundant deformation with the aim of quantifying its influence on recrystallization kinetics and the resulting grain structures.
Abstract: The concept of redundant deformation arises most commonly in considerations of the forces necessary for various metalworking processes and is often closely associated with frictional effects. However, it is also common experience that such redundant deformation can influence the behavior of the metal during subsequent annealing by affecting the kinetics of recrystallization as well as the final grain size and texture. Rolled sheets in particular often reveal different microstructure evolution during annealing in the central plane strain zone as compared to the sub-surface zones which are affected by shearing. This effect is qualitatively familiar to many metallurgists. However, the advent of computer models to predict microstructure development and their further refinement in combination with finite element modelling requires the effect of redundant deformation to be put on to a quantitative basis. This limitation was emphasized in a recent investigation into microstructure modelling of stainless steels. The present work was therefore carried out using a simplified experimental model of redundant deformation with the aim of quantifying its influence on recrystallization kinetics and the resulting grain structures.
30 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the single-mode stability for distributed feedback (DFB) lasers with various electron-beam-written grating configurations has been investigated theoretically and experimentally, for both as-cleaved and AR-coated lasers.
Abstract: The single-mode stability for distributed-feedback (DFB) lasers with various electron-beam-written grating configurations has been investigated theoretically and experimentally, for both as-cleaved and AR-coated lasers. Other laser properties interesting for coherent and multichannel communications systems, such as linewidth and tunability, have also briefly been investigated. Lasers with more sophisticated grating structures, such as an optimized multiple phase-shifted or a corrugation-pitch-modulated grating, did not exhibit performance significantly superior to that of lambda /4-shifted DFB lasers with an appropriate coupling coefficient. Antireflection (AR)-coating of the end facets proved indispensable for obtaining a high yield for lasers with single-mode operation at high output power and for reducing the large chip-to-chip variation seen for the as-cleaved lasers. A theoretical investigation of the effect of end reflections on the stopband and of the problem of determining the coupling coefficient was also made. >
29 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the densities and lattice parameters of the different phases of the ternary Co-W-C system have been evaluated in terms of a thermodynamic model.
Abstract: Information on the densities and the lattice parameters of the different phases of the ternary CoWC system has been evaluated in terms of a thermodynamic model. Both the dependence on composition as well as temperature has been analysed. The resulting parameters have been used to describe how the volume fractions of the individual phases vary with composition and temperature for some CoWC alloys of compositions corresponding to those used for the production of cemented carbides. By combining this information with the thermochemical information on these phases the volume changes during cooling of sintered carbides could be calculated. There thermal expansion of some cemented carbide grades were calculated and compared to the corresponding experimental data.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of varying the ratio of potato starch to amylose were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic viscoelastic measurements.
TL;DR: In this article, three different methods for the determination of particle sizes by means of light microscopy combined with image analysis have been evaluated for dispersions of spherical starch particles, and the mean values of the particle size were between one micron to three microns.
TL;DR: The influence of nitrogen alloying on sensitization behavior is complex in that it increases the risk of nitride precipitation but may retard the precipitation of intermetallic phases as discussed by the authors, and the effect of various exposure times at 850 C has been investigated for the alloy containing 0.21 wt % nitrogen in order to elucidate the precipitation reactions and equilibrium state.
Abstract: The highly-alloyed austenitic stainless steels, with molybdenum contents typically in excess of 4 wt %, are a group of materials which are undergoing continual development due to increasing harsh user demands. Nitrogen has proved particularly attractive as an alloying element in view of its strong austenite-stabilizing tendency, beneficial effect on localized corrosion resistance and ready availability. The influence of nitrogen alloying on sensitization behavior is complex in that it increases the risk of nitride precipitation but may retard the precipitation of intermetallic phases. This has been illustrated by Thier et al for 21 Cr 25Ni 6Mo. The same has also been demonstrated to be the case for 20Cr 20-30Ni 4.5Mo steels in that the addition of 0.21 wt % nitrogen retarded the first precipitating intermetallics (principally Laves phase) but caused the appearance of Cr[sub 2]N. The present work represents an elaboration of the latter study in which the effect of various exposure times at 850 C has been investigated for the alloy containing 0.21% nitrogen in order to elucidate the precipitation reactions and equilibrium state.
TL;DR: Extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide was used to quantity the amounts of seven different aroma vapours sorbed in polyethene films, and the method was found to completely extract all aroma compounds from the films as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide was used to quantity the amounts of seven different aroma vapours sorbed in polyethene films. The method was found to completely extract all aroma compounds from the films. The solution of aroma compounds in the polymer films decreased with increasing polymer density. Monoterpenes were always completely sorbed in the films, whereas aldehydes and ketones had a much lower affinity for the films. The sulphur-containing compound, thiophene, was difficult to analyse due to its adsorption on metal surfaces.
TL;DR: In this paper, the rotating bend fatigue strength of a steel grade SS2511 after being gas carburized was determined for the case depth of 1 mm, a surface carbon content of 0.8 mass% and the absence of any nonmartensitic phases at the surface.
Abstract: The rotating bend fatigue strength has been determined for the steel grade SS2511 after being gas carburized. This treatment aimed to produce a case depth of 1 mm, a surface carbon content of 0.8 mass% and the absence of any nonmartensitic phases at the surface. After fatigue testing at stress amplitudes close to the fatigue limit a large scatter in the test results was obtained. The fatigue failures were observed to have occurred from the internally oxidized layer with a single oxidized boundary usually causing the failure. Initial crack growth was by facetted fracture from the oxidized boundary. This crack then propagated in a transgranular mode to a depth of 0.2 mm
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared possible outcomes of the non-operative treatment for intermittent claudication with that of surgery, and the valuation of clinical outcomes was estimated by index weights using the Rosser index and the Quality of Well-Being scale.
TL;DR: In this article, the micromechanism which controls the frictional conditions in sheet metal forming operations is studied and it is shown how different material and process parameters affect friction and how friction can be controlled by a suitable selection of these parameters.
TL;DR: In this paper, a model for the accumulation and annihilation by climbing of geometrically necessary dislocations at non-deformable precipitates was proposed. But the model was not applied to the case of AA 6063 and AA 6005.
Abstract: The hot deformation behaviour of AA 6063 and AA 6005 aluminium alloys has been related to chemical composition and the microstructural evolution occurring during the various heat treatment procedures prior to extrusion. It was shown that a small addition of manganese significance homogenising process (transformation of the plate-like beta-AlFeSi phase to the more rounded alpha-AlFeSi phase) which gives better hot formability and ductility. The mechanical behaviour of Al-Mg-Si alloys during hot working at low and intermediate strains was described by a new model for the accumulation and annihilation by climb of geometrically necessary dislocations at non-deformable precipitates. Strain hardening behaviour at high strains correlated with the reduction in spacing between grain boundary precipitates
TL;DR: Although Enterobacter species mainly cause nosocomially acquired infections, the occurrence of the organism in special-care neonatal units seemed to be determined more by extrahospital than by intrahospital factors.
Abstract: Objective: To study risk factors for the highly variable local colonization rates with unrelated Enterobacter species strains previously found in 22 Swedish neonatal units (0% to 32.4% of the infants). Patients and Setting: The fecal Enterobacter species carriage rates among 953 infants in the 22 special-care neonatal units were correlated with variables related to the ward (size, crowding, staffing, work load, antibiotic usage, level of care, hygienic precautions), and the hospital (temperature of water supplied, geographical location). Results: The average Enterobacter species carriage rate was highest at seven days of age (17% of the infants) and then declined to 3%. Only location of the hospital in an area with warmer climate according to horticultural zone showed an association with Enterobacter species carriage in multivariate analysis ( P = 0.005). Conclusion: Although Enterobacter species mainly cause nosocomially acquired infections, the occurrence of the organism in special-care neonatal units seemed to be determined more by extrahospital than by intrahospital factors.
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed validation of one promising type of finite-element code, namely the explicit code DYNA3D, was performed on a zinc-coated sheet steel with a hot-dip galvanized coating.
TL;DR: In this paper, three different methods for cleaning smoke-contaminated electronics were investigated: manual, automatic spray, and ultrasonic, and each method was able to clean to a contamination level lower than 1.5 µg sodium chloride equivalents/cm2.
Abstract: This work deals with problems that arise when modern surface-mounted electronics are to be reconditioned after smoke contamination. In a fire, hydrogen chloride, which is formed when polyvinylchloride is present, is deposited on various materials. Electronic equipment is especially sensitive since malfunction may occur after a longer or shorter time of operation due to the chloride contamination. Earlier work has shown that through-hole electronics can be reconditioned, with good results, after deposition of up to 100 µg chloride/cm2 in the surrounding area. The lower limit when cleaning is needed is often specified to 10 µg chloride/cm2. In this work, therefore, surface-mounted electronics have been exposed to smoke containing hydrogen chloride, which has contaminated the test boards with 45 to 75 µg chloride/cm2. Three different methods for cleaning smoke-contaminated electronics were investigated: manual, automatic spray, and ultrasonic. Each method was able to clean to a contamination level lower than 1.5 µg sodium chloride equivalents/cm2. The automatic spray method could not remove all contaminants beneath the components. All three methods were capable of improving the surface insulation resistance to a satisfactory level. Conformal coating can, to a large extent, protect the electronics against corrosive smoke. However, decontamination of boards conformally coated with acrylic coatings may be complicated since smoke products are partly absorbed into the conformal coating. The large difference between chloride contamination in a fire and during the manufacture of electronic equipment is the nature of deposition. Experiments have shown that the hydrogen chloride reacts with lead in the solder to form lead chloride. During manufacture, chloride salts are deposited all over the test board. Migration between conductors of different potential has not occurred. This is due to the fact that chloride is localized on the conductors as lead chloride. Galvanic corrosion, on the other hand, has occurred between metals within one conductor.
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple, inexpensive but reliable passive sampler for estimating monthly averages of relative humidity has been developed, which consists of a 5 ml plastic tube prepared with lithium chloride monohydrate (LiCl. H2O) as trapping medium.
Abstract: As part of the energy and indoor climate survey recently carried out in Sweden (the ELIB study) a simple, inexpensive but reliable passive sampler for estimating monthly averages of relative humidity has been developed. The diffusion sampler consists of a 5 ml plastic tube prepared with lithium chloride monohydrate (LiCl. H2O) as trapping medium. After necessary calibration of this particular design of sampler the relative humidity can be calculated from the weight change of the sampler, the time of sampling and the average temperature during this period. The estimated accuracy of the method is better than k 2% RH up to65% RH.
04 Oct 1993
TL;DR: In this article, a series of experimental studies on the effect of assembly process conditions and design rules on solder joint quality for 0,5 and 0,65 mm pitch surface mounted devices are summarized.
Abstract: Results from a series of experimental studies on the effect of assembly process conditions and design rules on solder joint quality for 0,5 and 0,65 mm pitch surface mounted devices are summarized. A four-layer 200 /spl times/ 300 mm/sup 2/ test board is used for experimental purposes. The main objective of the work is to optimize design and manufacturing conditions for 0.5 mm pitch quad flatpack (QFP) components. A large number of design and process parameters are studied using factorial analysis. The parameters studied are pad width, lead inplanarity and lead sweep of component, placement position, squeegee speed and squeegee angle, number of strokes and surrounding temperature. It is found that at optimum design and process conditions, zero defect failure rate can be obtained for the 0.65 mm pitch components, while for the 0.5 mm pitch component, 400 ppm in solder joint failure rate can be obtained. >
23 Jun 1993
TL;DR: In this paper, the microstructure and rheological behavior of inhomogeneous biopolymer gels were studied using a model system of β-lactoglobulin.
Abstract: The microstructure and rheological behaviour of inhomogeneous biopolymer gels was studied using a model system of β-lactoglobulin. It can form both fine-stranded and particulate gels which can be homogeneous or inhomogeneous depending on pH and heating rate. The dense and loose regions of the fine-stranded gels had different relaxation times which significantly influenced the mechanical spectrum. The particulate gels showed coarser inhomogeneities influencing the fracture properties of the gels.