Showing papers by "University of Manitoba published in 1988"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors calculated cumulative survival in 385 male obstructive sleep apnea patients and found that those with an apnea index (AI) greater than 20 had a much greater mortality than those with AI = less than 20.
1,405 citations
Book•
30 Sep 1988TL;DR: The authors provided important insights into the authoritarian personality, revealing why right-wing authoritarian traits develop in some individuals and not in others. And they also showed how a person's predisposition toward right-right authoritariansim can be measured, and more.
Abstract: This book provides important insights into the authoritarian personality, revealing why right-wing authoritarian tAndencies develop in some individuals and not in others. It also shows how a person's predisposition toward right-wing authoritariansim can be measured, and more.
1,146 citations
TL;DR: A new measure of the process capability (Cpm) is proposed that takes into account the proximity to the target value as well as the process variation when assessing process performance.
Abstract: A new measure of the process capability (Cpm) is proposed that takes into account the proximity to the target value as well as the process variation when assessing process performance The sampling distribution for an estimate of Cpm (Ĉpm) and some of i
710 citations
TL;DR: Examination of the incidence and long-term effects of sexual abuse in a nonclinical sample of adult women found abuse-related symptomatology was positively associated with the age of the abuser, the total number of abusers, use of force during victimization, parental incest, completed intercourse, and extended duration of time.
642 citations
TL;DR: Results suggest two independent relationships: a global association between all four forms of maltreatment and almost all symptom variables and specific connections between paternal psychological and physical malt treatment, maternal physical maltreatment, and smaller subsets of symptoms.
430 citations
TL;DR: It is found that genital ulcers and an intact foreskin are associated with HIV infection in men with a sexually transmitted disease and may increase men's susceptibility to HIV, or they may increase the infectivity of women infected with HIV.
Abstract: Heterosexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) appears to occur readily in Africa but less commonly in North America and Europe. We conducted a case-control study among men attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases in Nairobi to determine the prevalence of HIV infection and the risk factors involved. HIV antibody was detected in 11.2 percent of 340 men who enrolled in the study. Reports of nonvaginal heterosexual intercourse and homosexuality were notably rare. Recent injections and blood transfusions were not associated with HIV infection. Travel and frequent contact with prostitutes were associated with HIV seropositivity. Men who were uncircumcised were more likely to have HIV infection (odds ratio, 2.7; P = 0.003), as were those who reported a history of genital ulcers (odds ratio, 7.2; P less than 0.001). A current diagnosis of genital ulcers was also associated with HIV seropositivity (odds ratio, 2.0; P = 0.028). Multivariate analysis revealed an independent association of genital ulcers with HIV infection in both circumcised and uncircumcised men. Uncircumcised men were more frequently infected with HIV, regardless of a history of genital ulcers. Our study finds that genital ulcers and an intact foreskin are associated with HIV infection in men with a sexually transmitted disease. Genital ulcers may increase men's susceptibility to HIV, or they may increase the infectivity of women infected with HIV. The intact foreskin may operate to increase the susceptibility to HIV.
397 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that cooperation in social dilemma situations is often explained in terms of egoistic incentives, such as explicit side payments in the form of rewards for cooperation and negative sanctions for defection, expectations of reciprocal altruism from others involved, and internalized positive utilities (e.g., an enhanced self-esteem) for doing the thing or negative ones for defecting.
369 citations
TL;DR: Females had significantly more adverse drug reactions, although sex was not a predictor for overall DRAPE risk, and age was not correlated with the risk of a DRAPE.
Abstract: A survey of drug-related admissions of patients aged 50 years and older was conducted at the Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg to determine the interrelationship of risk factors, and isolate the effect of age. All nonelective medical admissions were prospectively assessed to determine the role of drug therapy as a contributory factor. Of the 863 eligible admissions, 162 exhibited at least one drug-related adverse patient event (DRAPE) at the time of hospitalization. This accounted for 19% of the admissions (23% of 718 admissions that involved prescription drugs). Although adverse drug reactions were responsible for many DRAPEs (48%), intentional noncompliance (27%), treatment failure (19%), alcohol (14%), and medication error (10%) were also frequent contributing causes. Drugs commonly implicated in DRAPEs were systemic steroids, digoxin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, alpha-methyldopa, calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, theophylline, furosemide, sympathomimetics, thiazides, and benzodiazepines. The risk of a DRAPE was related to the number of diseases prior to admission (r = 0.81; P less than .026) and the number of drugs used (r = 0.77; P less than .001). Age was not correlated with the risk of a DRAPE. Females had significantly more adverse drug reactions, although sex was not a predictor for overall DRAPE risk.
334 citations
TL;DR: Two new construction algorithms are presented to solve the machine layout problem in FMS's and the triangle assignment algorithm TAA is found to give solutions of better quality than any other construction method published.
Abstract: This paper analyzes the machine layout problem in flexible manufacturing systems FMS's. We show that the quadratic assignment formulation cannot be used to model the machine layout problem. Four basic types of machine layouts that are frequently encountered in FMS's are presented. A measure to determine the relationship between machines is introduced. Since automated guided vehicles are commonly used to transport material between machines, their motion characteristic is discussed. Two new construction algorithms are presented to solve the machine layout problem in FMS's. They generate solutions with acceptable quality in low computational time. The triangle assignment algorithm TAA is compared to existing methods for 8 test problems and is found to give solutions of better quality than any other construction method published. When compared to existing methods, the computation time performance is attractive.
316 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that sorbinil, as a metabolic intervention targeted against a specific biochemical consequence of hyperglycemia, can improve the neuropathologic lesions of diabetic neuropathy.
Abstract: There is reason to believe that diabetic neuropathy may be related to the accumulation of sorbitol in nerve tissue through an aldose reductase pathway from glucose. Short-term treatment with aldose reductase inhibitors improves nerve conduction in subjects with diabetes, but the effects of long-term treatment on the neuropathologic changes of diabetic neuropathy are unknown. To determine whether more prolonged aldose reductase inhibition reverses the underlying lesions that accompany symptomatic diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy, we performed a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of the investigational aldose reductase inhibitor sorbinil (250 mg per day). Sural-nerve biopsy specimens obtained at base line and after one year from 16 diabetic patients with neuropathy were analyzed morphometrically in detail and compared with selected electrophysiologic and clinical indexes. In contrast to patients who received placebo, the 10 sorbinil-treated patients had a decrease of 41.8 +/- 8.0 percent in nerve sorbitol content (P less than 0.01) and a 3.8-fold increase in the percentage of regenerating myelinated nerve fibers (P less than 0.001), reflected by a 33 percent increase in the number of myelinated fibers per unit of cross-sectional area of nerve (P = 0.04). They also had quantitative improvement in terms of the degree of paranodal demyelination, segmental demyelination, and myelin wrinkling. The increase in the number of fibers was accompanied by electrophysiologic and clinical evidence of improved nerve function. We conclude that sorbinil, as a metabolic intervention targeted against a specific biochemical consequence of hyperglycemia, can improve the neuropathologic lesions of diabetic neuropathy.
298 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is suggested that severe injury and retarded repair of the alveolar epithelium disturbs normal epithelial-fibroblast interactions and is sufficient to promote the fibrotic process.
Abstract: Explants of mouse lung were cultured at various stages of injury after exposure to hyperoxia for determination of whether endothelial or epithelial injury alone could stimulate fibrosis in a blood-free environment. Mice were exposed to 95% O2 for periods up to 6 days. Then one lobe of lung was prepared for organ culture, and others were used for assessment of lung damage by morphologic studies and by the protein and cellular content of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Explants cultured when the lung showed endothelial injury only were not different from air-exposed controls. As alveolar damage, particularly to Type 1 epithelial cells, increased at 6 days, more protein was found by lavage; and after culture, overall DNA synthesis in explants was reduced. Autoradiography showed that epithelial cell proliferation was preferentially retarded while fibroblast growth became predominant. Collagen production was also significantly increased after 3 and 6 days of culture. In these explants there were few macrophages and no white blood cells or other blood components. Some mice, returned to air after hyperoxia, showed prompt epithelial repair, and cultures of these lungs were not different from controls. The results suggest that severe injury and retarded repair of the alveolar epithelium disturbs normal epithelial-fibroblast interactions and is sufficient to promote the fibrotic process. Less severe injury involving the endothelium only is not associated with fibrosis.
Patent•
22 Feb 1988TL;DR: Proportional assist ventilation (PAV) as mentioned in this paper provides a proportional assist to patient ongoing breathing effort during inspiration, where the ventilator is subservient to the patient, and the command signal to the pressure generator only changes subsequent to and not in advance of a change in flow and volume.
Abstract: Ventilation to a patient is provided in response to patient effort. The free flow of gas from a piston, or similar air source, in response to patient inhalation is detected, the instantaneous rate and volume of flow are measured and the measurements are used as control signals to a drive motor for the piston to move the piston to generate a pressure which is proportional to the sum of measured and suitably amplified rate and volume of flow signals. Since the command signal to the pressure generator only changes subsequent to, and not in advance of, a change in flow and volume, the ventilator is subservient to the patient and provides a proportional assist to patient ongoing breathing effort during inspiration (Proportional Assist Ventilation, PAV).
TL;DR: Both E2 and human GH are potent stimulators of IGF-I gene expression in appropriate target tissues and in addition to any effects E2 has on GH secretion and IGF-i action, the growth-retarding effect of estrogen in the rat involves inhibition of GH-dependent hepatic IGF- I expression.
Abstract: The acute and chronic effects of 17 beta-estradiol (E2) and GH on uterine and hepatic insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) gene expression in ovariectomized hypophysectomized (ovx-hypox) rats were examined. Six hours after a single injection of E2 (5 micrograms/100 g BW), uterine IGF-I gene expression was increased 22.5 +/- 5.4-fold (P less than 0.005) above that in untreated rats. In the same experiment E2 alone had no significant effect on hepatic IGF-I gene expression. Similarly, in chronic experiments uterine IGF-I in ovx-hypox rats receiving 0.1 or 1 microgram/rat.day E2 for 10 days was significantly increased compared to that in ovx-hypox rats that did not receive E2 [5.38 +/- 0.79 vs. 1.10 +/- 0.15 (P less than 0.005) and 6.64 +/- 0.28 vs. 0.93 +/- 0.06 (P less than 0.005), respectively]. While administration of human GH alone significantly increased uterine IGF-I expression (3.76 +/- 1.61-fold compared to that in untreated rats; P less than 0.05), a significant and reproducible attenuation of E2-induced IGF-I expression was seen in the two acute experiments where GH reduced the E2-induced response by 36 +/- 3.7% and 53 +/- 19.4%. While chronic administration of E2 to ovx-hypox rats resulted in uterine growth, a significant decrease in body weight was seen in rats treated with 1 microgram/day E2 compared to that in untreated ovx-hypox controls (-4.3 +/- 1.5 vs. 2.5 +/- 0.6 g; P less than 0.0005). E2 treatment also significantly decreased the GH-induced increase in weight gain at each GH dose by approximately 40%. GH-induced hepatic IGF-I gene expression and serum IGF-I concentration were similarly reduced by chronic E2 administration. In contrast, in acute experiments where E2 alone had no effect on hepatic IGF-I expression, it acted in a synergistic fashion with GH and resulted in significantly greater accumulation of IGF-I mRNA. From these observations we conclude that 1) both E2 and human GH are potent stimulators of IGF-I gene expression in appropriate target tissues; and 2) in addition to any effects E2 has on GH secretion and IGF-I action, the growth-retarding effect of estrogen in the rat involves inhibition of GH-dependent hepatic IGF-I expression.
TL;DR: Interrater and intrarater reliability were determined for the total scores and individual item ratings using videotaped MMAS and Barthel Index assessments of seven patients with stroke.
Abstract: Many physical therapists use descriptive and functional assessments of motor recovery for patients with stroke. The purpose of this study was to establish the reliability of two such assessments. The Modified Motor Assessment Scale (MMAS) assesses motor recovery; the Barthel Index assesses functional independence. Interrater and intrarater reliability were determined for the total scores and individual item ratings using videotaped MMAS and Barthel Index assessments of seven patients with stroke. Therapists viewed and rated the videotaped assessments on two occasions separated by one month. The intrarater reliability results were higher than the interrater reliability results for total scores, and both results were acceptable statistically. Interrater and intrarater reliability of the individual item ratings were also determined. The MMAS and Barthel Index are reliable assessments of motor recovery and function for patients with stroke. Physical therapists are encouraged to use the two scales to document changes in the motor recovery and functional independence of patients with stroke.
TL;DR: An anesthesia follow-up program and vital statistics data were used to assess the role of anesthesia in operative deaths and patient and surgical risk factors were much more important in predicting seven-day mortality than the anesthesia factors the authors studied.
Abstract: An anesthesia follow-up program (100 000 anesthetics) and vital statistics data were used to assess the role of anesthesia in operative deaths. Four factor groups (patient, surgical, anesthesia, and "other") were assessed by logistic regression analysis to ascertain which variables were predictive of seven-day mortality. Advanced age, male gender, physical status, major surgery, emergency procedure, procedures performed in 1975 to 1979, intraoperative complications, narcotic techniques, and having one or two anesthetic drugs administered were associated with increased mortality, whereas duration of anesthesia, experience of the anesthesiologist, and inhalation techniques were not. Receiver-operator characteristic curves showed no increment in prediction of operative mortality greater than that for patient plus surgical factors when "other" or anesthetic factors were added. Patient and surgical risk factors were much more important in predicting seven-day mortality than the anesthesia factors we studied. ( JAMA 1988;260:2859-2863)
TL;DR: The mechanistic model developed from the diabetic rat does indeed appear to apply to human diabetic neuropathy, but superimposed hormonal, metabolic, vascular, and/or age-related effects alter the morphologic expression of the neuropathy in non-insulin dependent diabetes.
Abstract: Altered sorbitol and myo-inositol metabolism, (Na,K)-ATPase function, electrochemical sodium gradients, axonal swelling, and distortion and disruption of the node of Ranvier ("axo-glial dysjunction") directly implicate hyperglycemia in the pathogenesis of neuropathy in diabetic rats, but the relevance of this sequence to clinical neuropathy in heterogeneous groups of diabetic patients remains to be established. Fascicular sural nerve morphometry in 11 patients with neuropathy complicating insulin-dependent diabetes revealed a pattern of interrelated structural changes strikingly similar to that of the diabetic rat when compared to age-matched controls. 17 older non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients with comparable duration and severity of hyperglycemia and severity of neuropathy, displayed similar nerve fiber loss, paranodal demyelination, paranodal remyelination and segmental demyelination compared to age-matched controls, but axo-glial dysjunction was replaced by Wallerian degeneration as the primary manifestation of fiber damage, and fiber loss occurred in a spatial pattern consistent with an ischemic component. The mechanistic model developed from the diabetic rat does indeed appear to apply to human diabetic neuropathy, but superimposed hormonal, metabolic, vascular, and/or age-related effects alter the morphologic expression of the neuropathy in non-insulin dependent diabetes.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Dose-survival studies showed that ADR-resistant cells were cross-resistant to actinomycin D, daunorubicin, mitoxantrone, colchicine, and etoposide, but not to the alkylating agent melphalan; this finding provided evidence that these cells are multidrug resistant.
Abstract: Cloned lines of Adriamycin (ADR)-sensitive and -resistant P388 leukemia have been established, including P388/ADR/3 and P388/ADR/7 that are 5- and 10-fold more resistant than the cloned sensitive cell line P388/4 (Cancer Res., 46: 2978, 1986). A time course of ADR-induced DNA double-strand breaks revealed that in sensitive P388/4 cells, evidence of DNA repair was noted 4 h after removal of drug, whereas in resistant clone 3 and 7 cells repair was observed 1 h after drug removal. The earlier onset of DNA repair was statistically significant (p = 0.0154 for clone 3 cells, and p = 0.0009 for clone 7 cells). By contrast, once the repair process was initiated, the rate of repair was similar for all three cell lines. The level of glutathione transferase activity was determined in whole cell extracts. Enzyme activity (mean +/- SE) in sensitive cells was 9.49 +/- 1.00 nmol/min/mg protein, that in resistant clone 3 cells was 13.36 +/- 1.03 nmol/min/mg, and that in clone 7 cells was 13.96 +/- 1.44 nmol/min/mg; the 1.44-fold increase in enzyme activity in resistant cells was statistically significant (p = 0.01). Further evidence of induction of glutathione transferase was provided by Northern blot analysis using a 32P-labeled cDNA for an anionic glutathione transferase, which demonstrated approximately a twofold increase in mRNA in resistant clone 7 cells. Western blot analysis with a polyvalent antibody against anionic glutathione transferase also revealed a proportionate increase in gene product in resistant cells. Dose-survival studies showed that ADR-resistant cells were cross-resistant to actinomycin D, daunorubicin, mitoxantrone, colchicine, and etoposide, but not to the alkylating agent melphalan; this finding provided evidence that these cells are multidrug resistant. Using a cDNA probe for P-glycoprotein, a phenotypic marker for multidrug resistance, Northern blot analysis showed an increase in the steady state level of mRNA of approximately twofold in resistant clone 3 and 7 cells. Southern analysis with the same cDNA probe showed no evidence of gene amplification or rearrangement. Western blot analysis with monoclonal C219 antibody demonstrated a distinct increase in P-glycoprotein in resistant cells. Efflux of Adriamycin as measured by the efflux rate constant was identical in all three cell lines. Furthermore, the metabolic inhibitors azide and dinitrophenol did not augment drug uptake in either sensitive or resistant cells. These findings suggest that despite the increase in P-glycoprotein, an active extrusion pump was not operational in these cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
TL;DR: It is shown that in estrogen-responsive MCF-7 cells, estradiol stimulated the c-myc gene exclusively at the transcriptional level, increasing c- myc mRNA transcription more than 10-fold within 20 min, while having no effect on the c -myc mRNA half-life of 18 min.
TL;DR: Research and applications of expert systems in production planning and scheduling and relationship between expert system and operations research approaches are presented.
TL;DR: Dose schedules have been suggested for individuals in whom amantadine kinetics are different from healthy subjects, however, these schedules are controversial in their choice of target concentrations and in being untested as to predictive value.
Abstract: Amantadine is a drug with diverse uses ranging from prevention of influenza A illness to the treatment of patients with Parkinson’s disease. It is available only in oral formulations from which it is well absorbed and widely distributed, little drug being present in the circulation. Apparent volume of distribution is inversely related to dose over the therapeutic range and accounts in part for a noteworthy logarithmic increase in plasma concentration as a function of dose. Elimination is primarily by renal clearance by both glomerular filtration and tubular secretion.
TL;DR: Normal foods elicit a salivary flow rate which is a high fraction of the maximum secretory rate achieved in response to acid, and the water content of the food bolus varied over a wide range.
TL;DR: Arterial blood supply of the patella was demonstrated in 21 cadaver knees by intraarterial injection of radiopaque contrast and some steps in total knee arthroplasty caused no impairment and others jeopardized the filling of intraosseous vessels.
Abstract: Arterial blood supply of the patella was demonstrated in 21 cadaver knees by intraarterial injection of radiopaque contrast. When the standard medial parapatellar approach or lateral retinacular release was carried out at a distance of at least 1 cm from the margin of the patella, some steps in total knee arthroplasty caused no impairment and others jeopardized the filling of intraosseous vessels. The radial intraosseous vessels are jeopardized by osteotomy of a deformed patella or excision of fat pad. The prepatellar vessels greatly contribute to intraosseous vascularization and should be carefully preserved.
TL;DR: This study directly documents the poorertility prognosis for women with tubal abscess and suggests that women with culture and/or serological evidence of chlamydial infection also have a poor fertility prognosis.
Abstract: We studied 71 women with the clinical diagnosis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) by laparoscopy and comprehensive microbiology in order to define the major etiologic determinants of poor fertility prognosis after tubal infection. Fifty women were found to have acute PID. Of the 50 women, 23 were pregnancy seeking and had a subsequent evaluation to determine fertility outcome. Seven of 13 women with non-gonococcal infection had an adverse reproductive outcome, compared with none of 10 women with gonococcal infection (P = .007). Two groups of causes for adverse reproductive outcome were found. Of the seven infertile women, four had initial tubal abscess, and three had evidence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. This study directly documents the poor fertility prognosis for women with tubal abscess and suggests that women with culture and/or serological evidence of chlamydial infection also have a poor fertility prognosis.
TL;DR: Another key-exchange system is described which, while based on the general idea of the well-known scheme of Diffie and Hellman, seems to be more secure than that technique.
Abstract: We describe another key-exchange system which, while based on the general idea of the well-known scheme of Diffie and Hellman, seems to be more secure than that technique. The new system is based on the arithmetic of an imaginary quadratic field, and makes use, specifically, of the properties of the class group of such a field.
TL;DR: The gene katG, encoding catalase HPI of Escherichia coli, was sequenced, predicting a 726-amino-acid protein, which shows no homology to other catalases.
Abstract: The gene katG, encoding catalase HPI of Escherichia coli, was sequenced, predicting a 726-amino-acid protein. The sequence was confirmed by identification of potential regulatory elements and amino acid sequencing of peptides. HPI shows no homology to other catalases. The distances between katG, metF, and ppc were defined.
TL;DR: In this paper, the administration of Rh immune globulin to the Rh-negative unimmunized woman at risk of Rh-immunization is highly effective if given in sufficient dose prior to active Rh-IMV.
TL;DR: AD is longer in REM than NREM, regardless of position, and AHI is higher on the back only in NREM; however, favoring the lateral decubitus position may not be as beneficial as previously thought in very obese patients.
Abstract: In patients with obstructive sleep apnea, it is believed that body position influences apnea frequency. Sleeping in the lateral decubitus position often results in significantly fewer apneas, and some have recommended sleeping on the side as the major treatment intervention. Previous studies, although calculating apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) for supine and lateral decubitus positions, have not taken sleep stage into account. To examine the effect of both sleep stage and body position on apnea duration (AD) and frequency, we determined AHI and AD in all spontaneous body positions during rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep by reviewing videotapes and polysomnograms from 11 overnight studies of 7 obese patients with severe sleep apnea. Consistent with previous work, AD was significantly longer in REM then in NREM (32.5 +/- 2.3 s versus 23.5 +/- 1.9 s; p less than 0.05). This difference persisted when adjusting for body position. AHI was greater on the back than on the sides (84.4 +/- 4.9/h versus 73.6 +/- 7.5/h, p less than 0.05), but after accounting for sleep stage, this difference remained only for NREM (103 +/- 4.8/h versus 80.3 +/- 9.2/h, p less than 0.05) and not for REM (83.6 +/- 5.3/h versus 71.1 +/- 4.2/h, p NS). Although reduced, AHI on the sides still remained clinically very high. Body position changed frequently throughout the night, but some patients spent little or no time on their back. We conclude that AD is longer in REM than NREM, regardless of position, and AHI is higher on the back only in NREM. As AHI remains very high on the sides, favoring the lateral decubitus position may not be as beneficial as previously thought in very obese patients. Less obese patients are more likely to benefit by position changes.
TL;DR: A variety of cell lines were examined by Northern blot hybridization for the expression of PRL or PRL-related mRNAs and it was found that a human B-lymphoblast cell line transcribed a mRNA which hybridized to human PRL cDNA under high stringency conditions.
Abstract: A variety of cell lines were examined by Northern blot hybridization for the expression of PRL or PRL-related mRNAs. We found that a human B-lymphoblast cell line transcribed a mRNA which hybridized to human PRL cDNA under high stringency conditions. The human lymphoblast cell line of interest is a variant subline of the IM-9 line that we have designated IM-9-P. The lymphoblast-derived PRL mRNA is approximately 150 bases longer than that produced by the human pituitary as determined by Northern blot analysis. IM-9-P PRL was immunoaffinity purified from conditioned medium and found to be identical in mol wt by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to human pituitary PRL. Moreover, IM-9-P PRL is biologically active in the rat Nb2 lymphoma mitogenic assay. Ribonuclease-H digestion of mRNA poly(A) tracts indicated that the size difference between pituitary and IM-9-P PRL transcripts was not due to an elongated poly(A) tail on the lymphoid PRL mRNA. Genomic Southern blot analysis showed no major rearrangements of the PRL gene in IM-9-P cells compared to the parent IM-9 line and human placenta DNA. Thus, it is highly likely that an elongation of the 5' and/or 3' untranslated regions of IM-9-P PRL mRNA account for the size difference with pituitary PRL mRNA. The PRL-producing IM-9-P line was cloned by limiting dilution, and a high PRL-producing clone IM-9-P3 and a non-PRL producer IM-9-P6 were isolated for further analysis. IM-9-P3 cells were found to secrete 40-50 ng PRL/10(6) cells.24 h regardless of cell density. The level of PRL mRNA also remained constant during exponential growth of IM-9-P3 cells. The existence of the PRL-producing IM-9-P3 clone and the IM-9-P6 clone which does not produce PRL as well as the IM-9 progenitor line provides a unique system with which to analyze the molecular mechanism of ectopic human PRL expression.
TL;DR: In this article, the existence of price asymmetry within the U.S. pork marketing channel using an asymmetric pricing model was tested both for the sum of price adjustments and the speed of price adjustment.
Abstract: This paper tests the existence of price asymmetry within the U.S. pork marketing channel using an asymmetric pricing model. Asymmetry is tested both for the sum of price adjustments and the speed of price adjustments. Results show that wholesale (packer) prices respond similarly to farm price decreases and increases. Also, there is no significant difference between retailers' response to wholesale price increases and their response to wholesale price decreases.
TL;DR: CPAP effectively ameliorated exertional dyspnea in the majority of patients and resulted in a significant increase in exercise endurance time (TLIM), which was not significantly different during CPAP and control.
Abstract: To cope with the increased ventilatory demands of exercise, patients with severe expiratory flow limitation adopt strategies that ultimately place greater demands on their inspiratory muscles. Increased inspiratory muscle work may contribute to dyspnea causation and exercise limitation in such patients even before their ventilatory ceiling is attained. In this setting, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) should, by favorably affecting inspiratory muscle function and respiratory sensation, improve exercise performance. Six patients with chronic airflow limitation (CAL) (FEV1 +/- SD = 35 +/- 12% predicted) undertook constant-load, submaximal, cycle exercise at 50% of their predetermined maximal oxygen consumption: CPAP of 4 to 5 cm H2O was delivered during one exercise session and bracketed by one or two unassisted control sessions. In four patients, CPAP-assisted (4 to 5 cm H2O) exercise was bracketed by two unassisted control exercise sessions; two remaining patients undertook CPAP-assisted exercise and one unassisted control session. CPAP resulted in a significant increase in exercise endurance time (TLIM) (by 48%: CPAP TLIM (mean +/- SE) = 8.82 +/- 1.90 min; averaged control TLIM = 5.98 +/- 1.23 min (p less than 0.01). CPAP effectively ameliorated exertional dyspnea in the majority of patients; selected dyspnea ratings (Borg scale) during control (final minute) and CPAP at isotime, at comparable levels of ventilation, were (mean +/- SD) 7.83 +/- 2.25 and 5.5 +/- 2.2, respectively (p less than 0.025). Breathing frequency fell significantly during CPAP application (at isotime) by 17% (p less than 0.02); other steady-state ventilatory variables and end-expiratory lung volumes were not significantly different during CPAP and control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)