Showing papers by "University of Saskatchewan published in 1974"
TL;DR: In this article, water absorption, fat absorption, emulsification, whippability and foam stability were determined on the sunflower flour, protein concentrates and isolate and the results were also compared to those obtained on soy products.
Abstract: Certain functional properties including water absorption, fat absorption, emulsification, whippability and foam stability were determined on the sunflower flour, protein concentrates and isolate. The results were also compared to those obtained on soy products. Data on water and fat absorption studies suggest that soy products are more hydrophilic in nature while sunflower material exhibited greater lipophilic properties than the soy products. Emulsification tests showed that sunflower flour was superior to all other soy and sunflower products. In general, whipping properties of soy and sunflower isolates were similar, while less whippability was observed for the soy flour and protein concentrates. Whipped foams produced by soy and sunflower protein isolates and sunflower flour were more stable than soy flour, soy and sunflower protein concentrates.
883 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an approximate solution for absorption with irreversible second-order chemical reaction by the Danckwerts model is derived and discussed, which corresponds to the well known relation of van Krevelen and Hoftijzer for the film model.
134 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the nitrogen extraction and precipitation profiles for nine legume flours having 21-45% protein were determined on nine protein sources having broad apparent isoelectric points and the latter two protein sources demonstrated acid insolubility.
Abstract: Nitrogen extraction and precipitation curves, and yields of protein isolate, were determined on nine legume flours having 21-45% protein. Except for narrow apparent isoelectric points, the proteins in mung bean and field pea flours were more extractable over pH 2-11 than soybean, fababean and chickpea. The nitrogen extraction and precipitation profiles for lupine, lentil and pea bean had broad apparent isoelectric points and the latter two protein sources demonstrated acid insolubility. The alkali-extracted nitrogen from lima bean flour was highly soluble at the apparent isoelectric point and may have specific application in protein-based beverages. Soybean flour was the best source of protein isolate while lupine and fababean also provided high yields of relatively pure protein isolates. The protein isolates of pea bean, lima bean and lentil were low in nitrogen content and whey losses of nitrogen were high. On the basis of protein content and dispersibility, fababean, mung bean, field pea and lima bean flours warrant further investigation as potential sources of concentrated seed protein for food uses. Nitrogen solubility indices determined at pH 6-7 would fail to predict the characteristic differences in extractability and solubility exhibited by these legumes but measurements at pH 2, 4, 6 and 8 would illustrate the important features of the nitrogen dispersibility curves.
124 citations
118 citations
109 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive account of the discovery and study of the fossil footprints of vertebrates in the British Isles is given in this article, where the authors present an exhaustive bibliography of fossil vertebrate footprints.
88 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new approach for the evaluation of substation and switching station reliability performance in terms of outage frequencies and durations is presented, where all realistic component failure modes are included in the reliability predictions.
Abstract: This paper presents a new approach for the evaluation of substation and switching station reliability performance in terms of outage frequencies and durations. All realistic component failure modes are included in the reliability predictions. The computer program described in the paper is fairly general. It performs failure modes and effects analysis and provides a concise and orderly description of the various combination of occurrences within the system that could result in an interruption. The application of the program is illustrated by considering two practical system examples. The concepts described are quite general and can be easily extended to the reliability evaluation of other power systems configurations.
87 citations
TL;DR: The effect of freshly added substrate on carbon turnover of a microbial population and the priming action on stabilized soil organic constituents were investigated in the laboratory as mentioned in this paper, where NH4NO3 or both were added to samples of a Brown Chernozemic soil which had been initially amended with 14C-glucose and incubated 2 months under field conditions.
Abstract: The effect of freshly added substrate on carbon turnover of a microbial population and the priming action on stabilized soil organic constituents were investigated in the laboratory. 13C-labelled glucose. NH4NO3, or both were added to samples of a Brown Chernozemic soil which had been initially amended with 14C-glucose and incubated 2 months under field conditions. At the end of 14 days laboratory incubation. 39 per cent and 33 per cent of the 13C had been respired as CO2 from the glucose and glucose plus NH4NO3 treatments, respectively. These two treatments resulted in a marked priming of native 12C during the second and third days of incubation and a second priming peak during the fifth day. In contrast, there was only a small priming action of the 14C-labelled materials. Addition of NH4NO3 by itself had no effect on the amount of 12C or 12C respired. Appreciable amounts of 14C were mineralized following treatments known to partially sterilize soil. Freezing and thawing was more effective than wetting and drying, but less effective than CHCl3 vapour in releasing stabilized 14C materials. The amount of labelled-14C mineralized during incubation after treatment with chloroform vapour was greater than could he accounted for by the decrease in soil biomass.
83 citations
77 citations
TL;DR: These observations provide limited support for certain published claims relating to the existence of a so-called mitogenetic radiation from dividing cells in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
69 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a technique that simulates load and generation changes and outages of transmission lines and transformers using the sensitivity matrix of the basic system state, and the real and reactive power flowing in the system elements and voltages at all the system buses are then computed.
Abstract: This paper presents a technique that simulates load and generation changes and outages of transmission lines and transformers. The modification of power injected into the system buses, which would simulate the outage of a transmission element, is calculated using the sensitivity matrix of the basic system state. The real and reactive power flowing in the system elements and voltages at all the system buses are then computed. The proposed technique has been applied to the Saskatchewan Power Corporation system andto the combined SPC and Manitoba Hydro systems. The power flows and bus voltages calculatedby the proposed technique are compared with those obtained from the Newton Raphson load flows.
TL;DR: The role of calcium in the central effects of biogenic amines is described and it is suggested that dopamine-containing nerve terminals may exist independently of the noradrenergic terminals.
TL;DR: Differential cross sections and angular distributions of protons from the 2 H(e, p)e′n reaction have been measured at four incident electron energies as discussed by the authors, with the neutron-proton relative energy approximately constant, and an 85° differential cross section was measured as a function of the incident electron energy.
TL;DR: The diagnosis of canine narcolepsy was further confirmed by two negative trials with neostigmine (ruling out myasthenia) and two positive trials with imipramine (cataplexy in human narCOlepsy responds to imipramsine treatment).
TL;DR: Aedes females that subsequently fed on sensitized mammals showed substantially reduced fecundity in another mosquito, Culex tarsalis, that fed on the same mammals, but other life stages of the mosquitoes apparently were not affected.
TL;DR: The results together with previous data obtained were used to develop an equation which related the excitable state of the brain to changes in overall GABA metabolism, and it was suggested that the values obtained might reflect the content of GABA in a critical subcellular location such as the synaptic cleft.
Abstract: —The effect of hydrazine, unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) and symmetrical dimethyl hydrazine (SDMH) on GABA metabolism in mouse brain was studied. All three compounds inhibited the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase, although to different extents. In contrast, very different effects were observed on GABA levels; UDMH causing a decrease, SDMH no effect, and hydrazine a marked increase in the content of the amino acid. These results together with previous data obtained by the authors were used to develop an equation which related the excitable state of the brain to changes in overall GABA metabolism. The major factor affecting brain excitability was a change in the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase, with a change in the concentration of GABA playing a more minor role. It was suggested that the values obtained from the equation might reflect the content of GABA in a critical subcellular location such as the synaptic cleft.
TL;DR: Observations in blinded animals suggest that this treatment and presumably SCGX and constant light extend the period of embryonic diapause to the point of blastocyst degeneration resulting in reproductive failure.
Abstract: Ninety primaparae female mink were bred on two consecutive days between March 11–15. Six days after first mating mink were subjected to one of the nine treatments, control (n = 21); sham superior cervical ganglionectomy (Sham SCGX) (n = 5); bilateral orbital enucleation (n = 10); bilateral orbital enucleation and constant light (n = 16); constant light (n = 19); an accelerated photoperiod of 15L, 9D + 5 min of light per day (cumulative) (n = 10); an accelerated photoperiod and SCGX (n = 6); SCGX and environmental light (n = 5); bilateral orbital enucleation and SCGX (n = 5). The interval between first mating and calculated date of nidation [copulation to implantation (CI) interval] was compared among groups. CI interval was significantly abbreviated in accelerated photoperiod treated animals, and significantly lengthened by constant light; blindness regardless of light regime; and SCGX with accelerated photoperiod. Nonsignificant variation in the CI interval was observed in the blinded or environmental light treated SCGX animals that underwent implantation. Reproductive failure, defined as either absence of embryos in necropsied animals or failure to whelp by females alive on June 1, occurred less frequently in accelerated photoperiod animals and with considerably greater frequency in blind, SCGX, or constant light treated intact animals. Observations in blinded animals suggest that this treatment and presumably SCGX and constant light extend the period of embryonic diapause to the point of blastocyst degeneration resulting in reproductive failure. The occurrence of nidation in some blinded, and constant light animals indicates that this event can occur independent of either retinal receptor or photoperiod. The effects of SCGX suggest that the pineal body is either not involved in nidation or has a facilitatory rather than inhibitory role.
TL;DR: A new formula for the frequency of system failure using a cut set approach, from which the numerical values can be obtained directly overcomes the drawback of Buzacott's method and is suitable for computer application.
Abstract: Two key indices in system reliability evaluation are the probability that the system is failed and the frequency of system failure. Other measures such as the mean cycle time and the mean down time can be easily derived from these quantities. This paper considers the reliability evaluation of a complex maintainable system using a cut set approach. The available literature on this subject generally deals with the failure probabilities. The technique proposed by Buzacott to determine the frequency of failure has the drawback that explicit formulae for system availability must be first derived. Numerical values are then obtained by further manipulation. This approach is, therefore, not suitable for computer application. The contribution of this paper is the development of a new formula for the frequency of system failure using a cut set approach, from which the numerical values can be obtained directly. This method overcomes the drawback of Buzacott's method and is suitable for computer application. Upper and lower bounds for frequency are also given and the method is illustrated by an example.
TL;DR: The results are consistent with low IgE levels being determined by the presence of two dominant genes, the absence of one or the other permitting high levels to occur.
TL;DR: Breeding male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) develop a dorsal pad as well as several other secondary sexual characteristics and taste buds are present in the epidermal layer of the dorsal pad and other regions.
Abstract: Breeding male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) develop a dorsal pad as well as several other secondary sexual characteristics. The dorsal pad consists of a dermal layer made up of loose connective tissue which develops above the scales, and an epidermal layer of stratified epithelium. The outer layer of the epidermis contains many mucus cells. Mucus secreted by this layer is deposited on the spawning surface during contact movements performed by breeding males. Taste buds are present in the epidermal layer of the dorsal pad and other regions. Contact movements by breeding males may facilitate chemosensory sampling of the spawning site and eggs.
TL;DR: Findings on the presence of some of these compounds in brain suggest that the polypeptides deserve further consideration as possible excitatory synaptic transmitters.
TL;DR: The significance of the observations is discussed in terms of the species’ ability to survive the climatic extremes of central Canada.
Abstract: In Saskatchewan, Lestes unguiculatus Hagen, L. disjunctus disjunctus Walk., and L. dryas Kirby overwinter as eggs in a late stage of embryonic development. The embryos enter diapause in September and, in this condition, can survive exposure to temperatures as low as −20 °C. Under field conditions adequate snow cover is necessary to prevent egg mortality due to desiccation or exposure to air temperatures lower than −20 °C. Post-diapause development can take place at 0 °C but does not occur until the eggs are wetted as the pond fills with runoff water in the spring. Hatching in L. disjunctus and L. unguiculatus is highly synchronous and occurs when the water temperature is about 10 °C. Larval development is completed in about 60 days. Emergence is highly synchronous and is virtually complete within 10 days. Sexual maturation requires 16 to 18 days. Oviposition immediately follows copulation while the pair is still in tandem. Eggs are laid only in green stems of Scirpus L., between 5 and 60 cm above the water surface. The stems selected are those either growing in small groups or bordering larger stands. The significance of the observations is discussed in terms of the species’ ability to survive the climatic extremes of central Canada.
TL;DR: Fluorescence has been observed from the second excited singlet state of thiophosgene vapour as mentioned in this paper, which is excited mainly by transitions originating in the out-of-plane bending mode of the ground state and terminating in the lowest vibrational levels of the excited state.
01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: The postulate that acetylcholine (ACh) is a synaptic transmitter in the cerebral cortex has received support from several lines of investigation and all the components of the cholinergic metabolic system are found in the cortex.
Abstract: The postulate that acetylcholine (ACh) is a synaptic transmitter in the cerebral cortex has received support from several lines of investigation. All the components of the cholinergic metabolic system are found in the cortex. ACh is present (Macintosh, 1941; Elliott et al., 1950), being especially concentrated in the nerve ending and synaptic vesicle fractions of subcellular preparations. The highest levels of ACh in the feline cortex are found in layers II, III and IV (Sastry, 1956). Choline acetyltransferase, the enzyme which synthesizes ACh from choline and acetylcoenzyme A, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme which hydrolyzes ACh, are both present in the cortex (Hebb and Silver, 1956; Burgen and Chipman, 1951).
TL;DR: Basal levels of this nucleotide were found to be significantly lower in the hepatoma than were those of liver when compared on either a wet weight, dry weight or protein basis, suggesting that this tumor's adenylate cyclase is less responsive to glucagon stimulation than is that of liver.
TL;DR: Attempts were made in the laboratory to develop a reliable and simple method for observing chromosome bands at the electron microscope level, using trypsin as the banding agent5.
Abstract: CHROMOSOME banding methods have been widely used to identify normal and rearranged chromosomes1–11 and to probe the structural and biochemical organisation of chromosomes11–13. The methods most commonly used include Q1,2, G3–6, C7 and R banding8, each producing characteristic bands on metaphase chromosomes as observed by light microscopy. Attempts to observe banding at an ultrastructural level have not been particularly successful12,14,15, but since such studies could provide more detailed maps of chromosomes and help to clarify the structural nature of the bands, further attempts were made in my laboratory to develop a reliable and simple method for observing chromosome bands at the electron microscope level, using trypsin as the banding agent5.
TL;DR: Based on a consideration of the physicochemical processes in the interface between a metal electrode and an electrolyte, an equivalent circuit is derived for the small-signal impedance of metal bioelectrodes of the needle type.
Abstract: Based on a consideration of the physicochemical processes in the interface between a metal electrode and an electrolyte, an equivalent circuit is derived for the small-signal impedance of metal bioelectrodes of the needle type. The equivalent circuit consists of four blocks: the charge-transfer section, which is essentially resistive; the double-layer capacitance, which operates in parallel to the first block; in series with the two is the diffusion-layer impedance, which decreases essentially with √ω and has a constant phase angle of 45°. It can conveniently be modelled by the input impedance of an infinitely longRC electrical transmission line with distributed parameters. And finally, in series with the latter, there is the bulk resistance of the electrolyte.
29 Jul 1974
TL;DR: Five classes of composite matrix multiplication algorithms are considered and an optimal strategy is presented for each class and best and worst case cost coefficients for matrix multiplication are given.
Abstract: A, set of basic procedures for constructing matrix multiplication algorithms is defined. Five classes of composite matrix multiplication algorithms are considered and an optimal strategy is presented for each class. Instances are given of improvements in arithmetic cost over Strassen’s method for multiplying square matrices. Best and worst case cost coefficients for matrix multiplication are given.