Showing papers by "World Health Organization published in 1970"
TL;DR: Cell-mediated immunity, as evidenced by inhibition of macrophage migration in the presence of antigen, was associated with lymphocytes obtained from the respiratory tract of guinea pigs immunized by dinitrophenylated human immunoglobulin G in nose drops, but not from those immunized parenterally.
Abstract: Cell-mediated immunity, as evidenced by inhibition of macrophage migration in the presence of antigen, was associated with lymphocytes obtained from the respiratory tract of guinea pigs immunized by dinitrophenylated human immunoglobulin G in nose drops, but not from those immunized parenterally. However, splenic lymphocytes from parenterally immunized animals inhibited macrophage migration while those from locally immunized animals did not.
63 citations
TL;DR: Ethiopia has achieved the 50% reduction of the incidence rate of HIV/AIDS based on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) target, however, the decline in HIV/ AIDS mortality rate has been comparatively slow.
Abstract: Background: The burden of HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia has not been comprehensively assessed over the last two decades. In this study, we used the 2016 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk factors (GBD) data to analyze the incidence, prevalence, mortality and Disability-adjusted Life Years Lost (DALY) rates of Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in Ethiopia over the last 26 years. Methods: The GBD 2016 used a wide range of data source for Ethiopia such as verbal autopsy (VA), surveys, reports of the Federal Ministry of Health and the United Nations (UN) and published scientific articles. The modified United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) Spectrum model was used to estimate the incidence and mortality rates for HIV/AIDS. Results: In 2016, an estimated 36,990 new HIV infections (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 8775-80262), 670,906 prevalent HIV cases (95% UI: 568,268-798,970) and 19,999 HIV deaths (95% UI: 16426-24412) occurred in Ethiopia. The HIV/AIDS incidence rate peaked in 1995 and declined by 6.3% annually for both sexes with a total reduction of 77% between 1990 and 2016. The annualized HIV/AIDS mortality rate reduction during 1990 to 2016 for both sexes was 0.4%. Conclusions: Ethiopia has achieved the 50% reduction of the incidence rate of HIV/AIDS based on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) target. However, the decline in HIV/AIDS mortality rate has been comparatively slow. The country should strengthen the HIV/AIDS detection and treatment programs at community level to achieve its targets during the Sustainable Development Program (SDGs)-era.
35 citations
Brighton and Sussex Medical School1, Addis Ababa University2, University of Adelaide3, Mekelle University4, American Public Health Association5, Bahir Dar University6, University of Stuttgart7, University of Queensland8, University of Washington9, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation10, World Health Organization11
TL;DR: Ethiopia has achieved the 50% reduction of most of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) targets related to TB, however, the decline of TB incidence and prevalence rates has been comparatively slow.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The burden of Tuberculosis (TB) has not been comprehensively evaluated over the last 25 years in Ethiopia. In this study, we used the 2016 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors (GBD) data to analyze the incidence, prevalence and mortality rates of tuberculosis (TB) in Ethiopia over the last 26 years.
METHODS: The GBD 2016 is a mathematical modeling using different data source for Ethiopia such as verbal autopsy (VA), prevalence surveys and annual case notifications. Age and sex specific causes of death for TB were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble Modeling (CODEm). We used the available data such as annual notifications and prevalence surveys as an input to estimate incidence and prevalence rates respectively using DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool.
RESULTS: In 2016, we estimated 219,186 (95%UI: 182,977-265,292) new, 151,602 (95% UI: 126,054-180,976) prevalent TB cases and 48,910(95% UI: 40,310-58,195) TB deaths. The age-standardized TB incidence rate decreased from 201.6/100,000 to 88.5/100,000 (with a total decline of 56%) between 1990 to 2016. Similarly, the age standardized TB mortality rate declined from 393.8/100,000 to 100/100,000 between 1990 and 2016(with a total decline of 75%).
CONCLUSIONS: Ethiopia has achieved the 50% reduction of most of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) targets related to TB. However, the decline of TB incidence and prevalence rates has been comparatively slow. The country should strengthen the TB case detection and treatment programs at community level to achieve its targets during the Sustainable Development Program (SDGs)-era.
28 citations
12 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the application of a computer maximization technique to the problem of contagious disease prediction, using data from households of two or three susceptibles into which a disease, measles, had been introduced.
Abstract: SUMMARY The contagious disease model proposed by Bailey (1956a,b) predicts the frequency distribution of time intervals between the appearance of subsequent cases. Using data from households of two or three susceptibles into which a disease, measles, had been introduced, Bailey used a maximum likelihood procedure to determine various disease parameters, for example, length of the latent and infectious periods. In the original calculations, a desk calculator scoring procedure was used to maximize the likelihood. The present paper describes the application of a computer maximization technique to this problem. The computation is of course more rapid and the use of a computer permits the automatic determination of starting points for the computation, the calculation of goodness of fit y2 and facilitates variations of the model, such as the addition of an extra parameter to allow for the misclassification of chains. The methods recommended are illustrated both by the previous measles data and by new data on infectious hepatitis. The mathematical theory of contagious disease has two distinct, though interrelated aspects. The first deals with general theory, which attempts to provide broad insights and to suggest further research. The second is concerned with studying the finer structure of the relevant processes, and entails, in particular, the estimation of parameters and the statistical fitting of models to actual data. Although in the latter case interesting or elegant mathematics may be involved, this is largely irrelevant to most applications. The important thing is to be able to compute estimates of parameters, together with their standard errors, and
10 citations
TL;DR: The present findings suggest that during an abrupt increase in the perfusion pressure the diminution phase of the double-humped cortical flow response was caused by an active contraction of the vascular smooth muscles; while the increment in medullary flow could be due to the blood coming from another source different from the efferent blood vessels of the juxtamedullary glomeruli.
Abstract: The changes in the medullary and cortical blood flows of isolated dog kidney were measured by means of a light and small thermocouple inserted in each region.When the perfusion pressure rose abruptly, the medulla responded increasing the flow independently of the initial perfusion pressure, while the cortical flow varied according to the initial perfusion pressure value. From 70 to 160 mm Hg of initial perfusion pressure, the cortex showed a doublehumped response, that is, an initial increase in blood flow f ollowed by a decrease that did not reach the control value and finally a late increase. The urinary flow increased concomitantly with the late increase in the cortical blood flow. When the initial perfusion pressure was under 70 mm Hg or over 160 mm Hg the cortex responded similarly to the medulla.The α adrenergic blocking agent (MA 1277) did not change any of the responses above mentioned but potassium cyanide (4 mM/L in the perf using blood) suppressed the decrease in blood flow shown by the cortex, in such a way that only an increase was observed. Under KCN action the urinary flow increased simultaneously with the increase in the perfusion pressure. The intra-arterial in jection of acetylcholine, in doses of 2.5 μg/g of kidney tissue, produced a decrease in the cortical blood flow while the medullary blood flow responded by an initial increase followed by a decrease. These responses were concomitant with a decrease in the total renal flow. When the MA 1277 was added (5 mM/L) to the perfusing blood the response to acetylcholine mentioned above, changed in such a manner that only increases in the cortical, medullary and total renal blood flows were observed. The different effects of large doses of acetylcholine on cortical and medullary resistance are discussed in terms of different amount of sympathetic transmitter released.The present findings suggest that during an abrupt increase in the perfusion pressure the diminution phase of the double-humped cortical flow response was caused by an active contraction of the vascular smooth muscles; while the increment in medullary flow could be due to the blood coming from another source different from the efferent blood vessels of the juxtamedullary glomeruli.
10 citations
TL;DR: The results of MSH assays in such patients with megaloblastic anemia are reported, finding that the latter is associated with raised melanocyte-stimulating hormone levels in the blood, one possibility was that vitamin B12 or folate deficiency in some way increased the levels of circulating MSH.
6 citations
6 citations
TL;DR: The intimate use of computers with remote consoles permits an improvement over previous testing strategies by making available to the user a set of options not present in the keys in Bergey's Manual.
Abstract: This work is an investigation of computerized question-asking systems. A particular question-answering system was developed to aid a bacteriologist in his task of identifying a bacteriological specimen. The bacteriologist knows how to do the required tests; he needs help in selecting a testing strategy. The system is an improvement over the present use of a set of prearranged questions that break up the list of possible species into a tree structure. This improvement is possible since a computer with associated remote consoles is made a part of the total process. Sets of optimum questions are derived from the text of Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology , which describes bacteriological species. These questions divide the initial list of all possible species into groups. Groups that do not disagree with the result of a user's test on a sample specimen form the data base for future question groups. The intimate use of computers with remote consoles permits an improvement over previous testing strategies by making available to the user a set of options not present in the keys in Bergey's Manual .
2 citations
TL;DR: During entomological investigations related to filariasis, in the Seychelles Islands, bloodsucking insects other than mosquitoes also were collected and identified, believed to be new records for that part of the world.
Abstract: During entomological investigations related to filariasis, in the Seychelles Islands, bloodsucking insects other than mosquitoes also were collected and identified. Some are believed to be new records for that part of the world. Their eventual implication in the transmission of human or animal parasites was not studied.
2 citations
TL;DR: A symposium at the AAAS meeting in 1957 provided an important impetus for biological and chemical control of plant and animal pests and the need for an ecology-based unit to detect agents for control of disease vectors is recognized.
Abstract: A symposium at the AAAS meeting in 1957 provided an important impetus for biological and chemical control of plant and animal pests. The World Health Organization has recognized the need for an ecology-based unit to detect agents for control of disease vectors, and established an International Reference Center to locate eligible biological agents. Bacillus thuringiensis , several viruses of insects, sterilization of males, and other techniques have been developed to control disease vectors. Nevertheless, chemical techniques and to a much lesser extent sanitation or “cultural” techniques predominate today. Additional alternative techniques include sterility induced by radiation; use of predators, pathogens, and parasites; genetic incompatibility; use of chemosterilants and attractants and use of hormones. None of these, however, has been developed to the level necessary for use in an integrated program.