Showing papers in "Acta Hydrochimica Et Hydrobiologica in 1991"
TL;DR: It is concluded that the cypermethrin on the one hand causes repititive discharges at the nerve terminal and on the other hand blocks the electron transport chain.
Abstract: 24 h of in vivo exposure to 40 and 80 = LC50 of the synthetic pyrethroid cypermethrin significantly reduced the acetylcholinesterase, cytochrome oxidase and lactic dehydrogenase activity in the nervous tissue of L. acuminata. Succinic dehydrogenase activity increased significantly after the same treatment. Fifteen minutes in vitro exposure to different doses of cypermethrin also significantly inhibited cytochrome oxidase and lactic dehydrogenase activity. However, acetylcholinesterase and succinic dehydrogenase activities remain unaltered. It is concluded that the cypermethrin on the one hand causes repititive discharges at the nerve terminal and on the other hand blocks the electron transport chain.
35 citations
TL;DR: The present paper deals with the inhibition of the specific activity of the acid and alkaline phosphatases in the kidney tissue of mudskipper Boleophthalmus dentatus exposed to different sublethal concentrations of mercuric chloride.
Abstract: The present paper deals with the inhibition of the specific activity of the acid and alkaline phosphatases in the kidney tissue of mudskipper Boleophthalmus dentatus, exposed to different sublethal concentrations of mercuric chloride. There was a more or less linear inhibition of the specific activity of both the enzymes with increasing concentration of mercuric chloride as well as exposure time. The inhibition of acid phosphatase could be due to the rupture of lysosomal membrane in the presence of mercury compound, which acts as a labilizing agent. The inhibition of alkaline phosphatase probably caused a breakdown of the membrane transport system.
31 citations
TL;DR: It is possible to derive the details in connection with antimicrobial activity of seaweeds pertaining to regions, seasons, chemical nature and their activity against microorganisms.
Abstract: The literature on the bioactivity of seaweeds against bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa has been consulted to provide a consolidated report. Information on seaweed metabolites which are antimicrobial in nature is also briefly reported. An appendix provides the details on kind of seaweed, location, period of collection, active compound against microorganisms and reference source. It is possible to derive the details in connection with antimicrobial activity of seaweeds pertaining to regions, seasons, chemical nature and their activity against microorganisms.
30 citations
TL;DR: Alkyl sulphates of the general formula CH2n + 1-O-SO3Na and alkyl sulfonates were tested for biodegradability with the modified OECD screening test No 301 E, and for toxicity with Daphnia magna and with Photobacterium phosphoreum (the MicrotoxTM test) as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Alkyl sulphates of the general formula CH2n + 1-O-SO3Na and alkyl sulphonates of the general formula CnH2n + 1-SO3Na, where n = 8, 10, 12, 14 in each series have been tested for biodegradability with the modified OECD screening test No 301 E, and for toxicity with Daphnia magna and with Photobacterium phosphoreum (the MicrotoxTM test) The results show that both alkyl sulphates and alkyl sulphonates are biodegraded with the alkyl sulphates degrading more rapidly under the test conditions The alkyl sulphates also have higher toxicity to both test species and for both alkyl sulphates and sulphonates the toxicity increases linearly with increasing molecular weight of the surfactant
18 citations
TL;DR: The common Indian freshwater catfish was exposed to the 96 h-LC50 (0.007-0.013 ppm) of the organochloride thiodan (endosulfan) for 4 days and the stressed fishes showed various histopathological changes.
Abstract: The common Indian freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis, was exposed to the 96 h-LC50 (0.007-0.013 ppm) of the organochloride thiodan (endosulfan) for 4 days. The stressed fishes showed various histopathological changes. In the liver, extensive degeneration of cytoplasm, pycnosis of nuclei, and loss of glycogen was observed most commonly. Stasis of circulation and constriction of bile duct lumen was also seen frequently. In the kidney, shrinkage of glomeruli, cytoplasmic damage and epithelial desquamation in tubules, and extensive degeneration of hemopoietic stroma was commonly observed. In the intestine, the damage was comparatively negligible, the most common effect was an increased mucus cell activity leading to accumulation of mucoid exudates in the lumen.
18 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the in-situ determination of chlorophyll a (Chla) and chemical oxygen demand (CODcr) of surface waters was carried out using ship-based experiments around Berlin and laboratory tests were carried out in order to develop spectroscopic methods for the in situ determination of Chla and CODcr.
Abstract: Ship-based experiments around Berlin and laboratory tests were carried out in order to develop spectroscopic methods for the in-situ determination of chlorophyll a (Chla) and chemical oxygen demand (CODcr) of surface waters. The regression analysis of spectroscopic data (reflectance (R); laser-stimulated and conventional fluorescence (IF)) and chemical-biological data yielded correlations of a relatively good quality.
16 citations
TL;DR: In this article, static bioassay tests were conducted to determine the acute toxic effects of copper, cadmium and their mixtures on Heteropneustes fossilis in two different seasons.
Abstract: Static bioassay tests were conducted to determine the acute toxic effects of copper, cadmium and their mixtures on Heteropneustes fossilis in two different seasons Median lethal concentrations (24, 48, 72 and 96 h LC50) revealed that copper is more toxic to fish even at very low concentrations in comparison to cadmium, tested separately or in combination with cadmium The data indicate that the level of tolerance of the fish to metallic ions tested was temperature specific Generally, fishes were found to be more susceptible to metallic ions at higher temperatures as revealed by the threshold concentration, MATC and LC50 values The behavioural changes of the test fishes were also observed in reference to different concentrations of the metallic ions and temperatures
10 citations
8 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors observed clear changes in the species present and in the colonization structures in dependence on the salt content in the Werra river. But they did not reveal a relation to the salt concentration, except for variations of concentration which may be too sudden.
Abstract: Under the influence of the wastewaters of the potash industry the Werra river shows considerably varying salt contents (0.47 … 28.2 g/l Cl−, annual means 4.4 … 11.4 g/l Cl−) in dependence on the hydrological situation. Between 1982 and 1988 a total of 112 taxa of diatoms were observed. Of special interest is the occurrence of Stauroneis constricta (EHRENBERG) CLEVE, which is new for the river Werra. Its spreading upstream was observed. Compared with earlier findings as well as within each annual cycle there are observed clear changes in the species present and in the colonization structures in dependence on the salt content. The close relations between the salt content and the diatom communities are truly expressed by the index of halobic organisms. Diversity indices of 1.048 … 3.259 as well as values of 0.074 … 0.817 for evenness verify the imbalance of the colonization, without, however, revealing a relation to the salt content, except for variations of concentration which may be too sudden.
8 citations
TL;DR: Urea proved to be an important nitrogen source for phytoplankton during the regenerated phase of the phy Topolankton succession and was found to represent 98 to 99 = of total uptake.
Abstract: Urea uptake by the planktonic community was studied in the central Baltic Sea in July/August 1987, in March 1988 and in August 1988 Uptake was measured with 14C-urca incubations Uptake rates were determined in the range of 08 … 57 nmol/dm3 · h urea in March and 256 … 480 nmol/dm3 · h urea in August Respired CO2 was found to represent 98 to 99 = of total uptake Light stimulated urea uptake; parallel dark incubations showing usually 45 to 800 = of the uptake in the light These results and size fractionation studies indicated that phytoplankton was dominating urea uptake Urea proved to be an important nitrogen source for phytoplankton during the regenerated phase of the phytoplankton succession
8 citations
TL;DR: The restoration of different protein fractions to normalcy implies that after 15 days of exposure there seems to exist an oscillatory phase in protein turnover towards a more synthetic phase leading to the establishment of recovery and adaptation phenomena.
Abstract: Freshwater fish were exposed to sublethal concentration of commercial grade malathion (50 E. C.) (2 ppm) for 7,15 and 30 days. After each exposure period, certain biochemical parameters were studied. A decrease in total, structural and soluble proteins and an increase in free amino acid and protease activity levels in contrast to protein decrement were observed in 7 and 15 days of exposure, but on 30 days of exposure all the values got nearer to normalcy. The restoration of different protein fractions to normalcy implies that after 15 days of exposure there seems to exist an oscillatory phase in protein turnover towards a more synthetic phase leading to the establishment of recovery and adaptation phenomena.
TL;DR: The community structure of zooplankton was studied in relation to physico-chemical characteristics of the river Chambal polluted by industrial effluents and domestic sewage near Nagda and Keratella tropica and Kellicottia sp.
Abstract: The community structure of zooplankton was studied in relation to physico-chemical characteristics of the river Chambal polluted by industrial effluents and domestic sewage near Nagda Thirtytwo species of zooplankton of five main groups, viz Protozoa, Rotifera, Cladocera, Copepoda and Ostracoda were observed at pre-pollution sampling stations The abundance, distribution, total population, group percentage and species diversity were studied and correlated with pollution-indicating parameters Species diversity values indicated a decrease from the sampling station near a pre-effluent point to an effluent discharge channel and an increase at a post-effluent discharge point revealing a slight recovery zone Keratella tropica and Kellicottia sp were identified as pollution tolerant taxa
TL;DR: In this article, the mycoflora of the river Pisa and its tributary, the river Skroda, were investigated and the following fungi unknown in Poland were found in the Pisa river: Achlya megasperma and Rhipidium partenosporum.
Abstract: The work was undertaken to investigate the mycoflora of the river Pisa and its tributary, the river Skroda. Samples of water were collected once a month over four years (1984 … 1987) for hydrochemical analysis and studies of the fungus content. Forty-three species of fungi were found in these rivers. The following fungi unknown in Poland were found in the Pisa river: Achlya megasperma and Rhipidium partenosporum.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the mycoflora of the river Wegorapa and its tributary, the river Goldapa-Jarka, and found thirty-seven species of fungi in these rivers.
Abstract: The work was undertaken to investigate the mycoflora of the river Wegorapa and its tributary, the river Goldapa-Jarka. Samples of water were collected in two years (1987-1988) for hydrochemical analysis and studies of the content. Thirty-seven species of fungi were found in these rivers. The following fungi, which had been unknown in Poland, were found in these rivers: Hapalopera fragilariae, Rhizophlyctis petersenii, Olpidiopsis vexans, Aphanomyces ovidestruens and Pythium inflatum.
TL;DR: Fertilization experiments in mesocosms of up to 0.32mg/l P and 1.7 mg/l N in summer and in winter did not show any significant changes of the hydrochemical conditions and in the bacterio-plankton as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Fertilization experiments in mesocosms of 1 … 2,000 1 containing up to 0.32 mg/l P and 1.7 mg/l N in summer and in winter did not show any significant changes of the hydrochemical conditions and in the bacterio-plankton. CO2-assimilation (14-C method) is reduced by circa 10= by nutrient doses, whereas the chlorophyll concentration increases significantly due to addition of P and N at the same time in summer, a decrease taking place in winter. The different courses of development are connected with different reactions of individual species of phytoplankton.
TL;DR: Both FC and MET are good populational stress indices, and the use of both parameters simultaneously can be helpful in the assessment of environmental stress.
Abstract: Some data based on quantitative measurements at the individual and histological levels have been compared in four different populations of Mytilus edulis from the Biscay coast. Each population has been divided into two groups, corresponding to animals living at high and low tide levels. Biometric measurements show evident differences between samples from these two groups at all the studied stations. This should be the result of a distinct adaptation to hydric stress. On the other hand, a positive correlation between the flesh condition (FC) index: and the mean epithelial thickness (MET) of digestive tubules has been found. So, authors conclude that both FC and MET are good populational stress indices, and the use of both parameters simultaneously can be helpful in the assessment of environmental stress.
TL;DR: The results of ortho-phosphate analyses often show a systematical underestimation since phosphate is coprecipitated or adsorbed by precipitating iron(III) hydroxide.
Abstract: Contrary to surface water, groundwaer is mainly anoxic and contains high iron(II) concentrations. Consequently, results of ortho-phosphate analyses often show a systematical underestimation since phosphate is coprecipitated or adsorbed by precipitating iron(III) hydroxide. This process is caused by aeration during sampling, storing and filtration of groundwater samples. The error of P-analyses can only be reduced by sampling and filtrating under inert gas and by an immediate addition of the chemicals for the molybdenum blue method. Storage of unfiltered, acidified samples is possible, too.
TL;DR: The water quality of an urban pond in the thickly populated area of Varanasi city (5 km apart) was studied and compared with a rural pond in Banaras Hindu University campus for transparency, conductivity and nutrient richness at three depths (surface, 1.5 m, 3 m) at monthly intervals between February 1982 and February 1983.
Abstract: The water quality of an urban pond in the thickly populated area of Varanasi city (5 km apart) was studied and compared with a rural pond in the Banaras Hindu University campus for transparency, conductivity and nutrient richness (Cl−, SO, POP, NON, organic carbon, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+) at three depths (surface, 1.5 m, 3 m) at monthly intervals between February 1982 and February 1983. This was done to assess the effects of urban surroundings of a very ancient city sector on pond water quality in reference to that of a rural pond. The rural pond had a lush growth of 12 macrophytic species, whereas the urban one had only such a growth with many phytoplanktonic species. Transparency was maximum in the winter season and the rural pond water was more transparent, while the electrolytical conductance was maximum in the rainy season, being higher in the urban pond. Electrolytical conductivity was negatively correlated to transparency: urban: EC = 1081.612–6.575 T, r2 = 0.897, F1,11 = 96, P <0.005; rural: EC = 728.981–4.328 T, r2 = 0.892, F1,11 = 91, P <0.005.
Chloride and sulphate concentrations were highest in summer months, but the former was much higher in the urban pond while the latter in the rural pond. NO3–N was highest in the rainy season in the rural pond and in early winter in the urban one and showed a definite trend with change in depth. PO4–P also varied with depth and time and it was higher in late summer and the early rainy season in the rural pond and in early winter in the urban pond. But both these nutrients were much higher in the urban pond. The maximum organic carbon concentration was found in the rainy season in the rural pond and in summer months in the urban pond. The variation of organic carbon with depth was distinct. Both summer and winter seasons showed almost similar values of calcium concentration in the rural pond, but in the urban pond it was maximum in summer. Organic carbon and calcium were higher in the urban pond. The magnesium concentration was highest in rainy months in both the ponds, but the periodicity of the minimum differed. The distribution of calcium with depth was not well defined. The highest concentration of potassium was found in the winter season in both the ponds. The sodium concentration in the rural pond was observed maximum in summer and minimum in the rainy season, but in the urban pond the trend was different. The variation of potassium and sodium with depth was not well defined. Magnesium and sodium were also higher in the urban pond but potassium was almost at the same concentration in both the ponds. The effect of urbanisation may be one of the factors which might be responsible to the shift of the species composition towards phytoplanktonic flora.
TL;DR: The toxic effect of bicomponent mixtures of phenols and heavy metals on luminous bacteria has been studied in this paper, where it was established that phenolic compounds displaying properties of structural-specific agents whose influence is based on chemical reactions with receptors with receptors in mixtures with heavy metals of mercury, cadmium in low concentrations caused additive, and with the increase of metal concentration-more than additive, effects.
Abstract: The toxic action of bicomponent mixtures of phenols and heavy metals on luminous bacteria has been studied. It was established that phenolic compounds displaying properties of structural-specific agents whose influence is based on chemical reactions with receptors in mixtures with heavy metals of mercury, cadmium in low concentrations caused additive, and with the increase of metal concentration-more than additive, effects.
Phenolic compounds acting as structurally-nonspecific agents (resorcinol), whose toxicity is stipulated by their physico-chemical properties, produce a less than additive effect in a mixture with heavy metals.
TL;DR: In this paper, the acid and alkaline phosphatase changes in gills of mudskipper B. dentatus have been analyzed during treatment with different concentrations of mercuric chloride for different durations.
Abstract: Activities of the acid and alkaline phosphatase changes in gills of mudskipper B. dentatus have been analysed during treatment with different concentrations of mercuric chloride for different durations. The study shows a more or less linear inhibition of the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases with increasing mercuric chloride concentrations as well as duration of treatment.
TL;DR: In this paper, the correlation coefficients of the variables to the flow rate Q and the temperatures of air and water are determined, which show directional changes just in the longitudinal profile of the river.
Abstract: There are investigated the variables O2, BOD5, seston, NO3-N, NH4-N and o-PO4 from at least five-year series of five stations along a river section of 50 km. After exclusion of a linear trend and substraction of the individual monthly mean values from the monthly mean of many years in order to eliminate the effect of the annual variation as well as testing for normal distribution, first the correlation coefficients of the variables to the flow rate Q and the temperatures of air and water are determined, which show directional changes just in the longitudinal profile of the river. The same holds for the correlation of the variables between the measuring points. From this the model structure is derived, according to which the concentration at one measuring station can be simulated by multiple regression to Q and T at the same level as well as the concentration at the upper level. The results are discussed in detail and evaluated with respect to their inclusion in longterm management models of water quantity management.
TL;DR: Different possibilities for the evaluation of complex round robin tests are presented and the advantages of 3-way over classical principal components analysis when applied to 3- way data arrays are discussed.
Abstract: Different possibilities for the evaluation of complex round robin tests are presented. The advantages of 3-way over classical principal components analysis when applied to 3-way data arrays are discussed. The method allows extreme data reduction without essential loss of information. This is useful first of all for a graphically oriented evaluation of laboratories. The results of 4 round robin tests (8 laboratories, 5 parallel estimations, 4 trace element concentrations) for the analysis of heavy metals in waters (synthetic solutions with known concentrations) serve as an example. Special attention is paid to the recognition of different kinds of errors (random and systematic errors or unstable working).
TL;DR: Wofatit Y 77 as discussed by the authors is a non-ionogenic hydrophilic adsorbing polymer having a large specific BET surface (800 … 1500 m2/g) and a narrow pore size distribution.
Abstract: Wofatit Y 77 is presented as a novel non-ionogenic hydrophilic adsorbing polymer having a large specific BET surface (800 … 1500 m2/g) and a narrow pore size distribution. By the example of selected aromatic compounds with different molar masses it is shown on the basis of the adsorption of individual substances that the adsorption capacity primarily depends on the molecular size and not on the specific inner surface of the adsorber polymer. Favourable possibilities are derived from that for.
TL;DR: In this article, the X-ray fluorescence analysis is used for the determination of the heavy metal concentrations in sewage sludges and for the evaluation of their usability in agriculture; the analysis of a sewer sludge sample takes only about ten minutes.
Abstract: The X-ray fluorescence analysis is an important means for the determination of the heavy metal concentrations in sewage sludges and for the evaluation of their usability in agriculture. Analysis devices from the GDR were used for that. For the investigations there was used as the zero sample a sludge which was not loaded with heavy metals, homogeneous and constantly dried at 105 °C. The drying bed sludge samples were treated with different heavy metal solutions with different concentrations. Preparation of samples, measuring conditions and general spectra are described. The measuring results of tests up to 100 g heavy metal in 1 kg dry substance are critically evaluated. The analysis of a sewer sludge sample takes only about ten minutes. There are determined: Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cd, Hg and Pb.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrated the possibilities of analytical chemistry by combination of flotation steps and spectrophotometry, and their reproducibilities of these variants are indicated and their accuracy is checked by comparison.
Abstract: Highly sensitive and selective methods for the determination of trace elements in waters and solutions are made possible by the combination of flotation and spectrophotometry (flotation spectrophotometry). The basis for it are multiply charged anion complexes of the analyte, which form sparingly soluble ion association complexes with singly charged basic dye cations in aqueous solution. Intense shaking of the aqueous solution with an organic solvent (having a low dielectric constant) results in the accumulation of these ion association complexes at the interface or on the vessel walls (flotation step). After separating the ion association complexes from the liquid phases, they are dissolved and dissociated in a polar organic solvent and the absorbance of the basic dye ions is measured as a function of the concentration of the analyte. By the example of the trace determination of arsenic in natural water, the possibilities of analytical chemistry by combination of flotation steps and spectrophotometry are demonstrated. According to the arsenic content, its determination can be performed by flotation spectrophotometry with crystal violet (detection limit 50 ng/ml As), by an indirect determination of arsenic via flotation spectrophotometry of molybdenum in the dodecamolybdoarsenic acid (detection limit 1 ng/ml As) or by the combination of collector precipitation of arsenic with zirconium hydroxide followed by froth flotation and flotation spectrophotometry as the determination technique (detection limit 0.05 ng/ml As). The reproducibilities of these variants are indicated and their accuracy is checked by comparison of methods.
TL;DR: The main methods of estimating the mean volume of ciliates are given: - cell-shape comparison to a simple geometrical figure, - direct determination, - models method.
Abstract: The main methods of estimating the mean volume of ciliates are given: - cell-shape comparison to a simple geometrical figure, - direct determination, - models method.
The last is more precise and its simplified variant allows us to computerize the procedure of calculation the mean cell volume (mass).
TL;DR: In this article, the main polluters were identified and located in two towns from results of the sewer skin investigations in the sewerage systems, and a detailed description is given of the arrangement of the measurement networks, the sample sampling technique and the preparation of samples.
Abstract: Agriculture having applied a strict standard on the composition of sewage sludges for fertilization, especially on noxious substances such as heavy metals, the sewage control in the sewerage systems is orientated towards the detection of the origin of heavy metals. For this purpose of investigation, the main polluters could be identified and located in two towns from results of the sewer skin investigations in the sewerage systems. A detailed description is given of the arrangement of the measurement networks, the sewer skin sampling technique and the preparation of samples. With the aid of the atomic absorption spectroscopy there were investigated also sewage and digested-sludge samples for Cu, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn. Two groups of sludges having similar composition could be found by means of cluster analysis.