Showing papers in "Acta parasitologica Turcica in 2012"

Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Turkey

Abstract: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania protozoon parasites is a disease which is characterized by long-term nodulo-ulcerative lesions healing spontaneously with scarring. The disease has been well-known in Anatolia for centuries and has different names such as; Urfa boil, Antep boil, year boil, Halep boil, oriental sore and beauty scar. The causative agents are Leishmania tropica and Leishmania tropica/Leishmania infantum in Southeastern Anatolia and East Mediterranean, respectively. CL is a notifiable disease in Turkey and, according to the Ministry of Health official records, 46.003 new cases were reported between 1990 and 2010. Among those cases, 96% of them were reported from the Sanliurfa, Adana, Osmaniye, Hatay, Diyarbakir, Icel and Kahramanmaras provinces. Although 45% of cases were notified from Sanliurfa in the past 20 years, its ratio is currently decreasing while other regions' ratios have been showing an increasing trend. Easier transportation between cities, increased travel migration of the population from rural areas to the peripheral suburbs with inadequate infrastructure and unhealthy housing are thought to be the main factors for spreading the disease from Southeastern Anatolia to other regions of Turkey. Lack of treatment of patients as reservoir hosts because of different reasons and ineffective and inadequate use of insecticides against vector sand flies have also played an important role in spreading the disease. Neglect of this disease by patients and health institutions can also be considered as other factors for the spreading. We believe that, after the strategic plan for leishmaniasis prepared by the Turkish Ministry of Health with the contribution of scientists in 2011 is put into practice, the control of the disease will be more effective.

Enterobius vermicularis: a rare cause of appendicitis.

Abstract: Objective: Although appendicitis is one of the most common causes of emergency surgery, parasites are rarely found associated with inflammation of the appendix. The aim of this study is to establish the prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis in surgically removed appendices, as well as to determine its possible role in the pathogenesis of appendicitis. Methods: A retrospective analysis of all the appendices removed during the last 20 years at a tertiary university hospital. Appendices removed during the course of another intra-abdominal procedure were excluded from the study. Results: All 1085 surgical specimens removed from patients with clinical appendicitis were evaluated. Enterobius vermicularis was found in seven appendices (0.65%) with clinical symptoms of appendicitis. The parasite was most frequently identified in appendices without pathological changes (6/117). There was no case of chronic appendicitis presenting E. vermicularis infestation, while the parasite was rarely related to histological changes of acute appendicitis (1/901). Conclusion: The results suggest that the presence of E. vermicularis in the appendix might cause appendiceal pain (colic), but can rarely be associated with pathologic findings of acute appendicitis. (Turkiye Parazitol Derg 2012; 36: 37-40)

[Research to investigate human cystic echinococcosis with ultrasound and serologic methods and educational studies in different provinces of Aydın/Turkey].

Abstract: OBJECTIVE Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is particularly prevalent in rural areas where domestic animal breeding is common. We planned to investigate the CE among the 7-88 years old inhabitants of (n=209) four villages in the Aydin district, by a portable ultrasound scanner (US) and with serologic methods. METHODS Participants were assessed by ultrasound and sera samples were tested for anti-E. granulosus antibodies by serological tests (ELISA and IHA). A questionnaire was given to the participants in order to assess their knowledge about the disease. RESULTS Hepatic CE was detected in one case (0.47%) by US, while 24 (11.48%) and 28 (13.39%) cases were found to be seropositive for CE by ELISA and IHA, respectively. With both tests, in 9 participants (4.3%), parasite-specific antibodies were detected. According to questionnaire results, 84.22% of the participants were found to have no knowledge about the disease. Only 15.21% of the dog owners were giving anti-parasite drugs to their dogs. CONCLUSION This study is one of the small number of community-based studies about CE performed in Turkey, in which US was applied. Our results suggest that we need national control programs including a multi-sectorial collaboration to eradicate hydatidosis and effective actions to control cystic echinococcosis.

A pediculid case: autosensitization dermatitis caused by pediculosis capitis

Abstract: Pediculosis capitis is a worldwide infestation caused by Pediculus humanus capitis ectoparasite that only lives on the hairs of the scalp. As a result of severe itching excoriation, secondary bacterial infection, cervical and occipital lymphadenopathy are seen frequently where, sometimes bite reaction, viral exanthema mimicking hypersensitivity eruption and conjunctivitis may occur. Hereby, with the presentation of a quite rarely seen pediculid case, characterized with common autosensitization dermatitis as an -id reaction to pediculosis capitis, the importance of exploring the source of the infection and/or infestation on the patients who have presented with generalized pruritic maculopapular eruption, is emphasized.

[Alveolar echinococcosis in Turkey: in the light of the literature].

Abstract: Alveolar echinococcosis is a parasitic infectious disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis, which is one of the two most important species of Echinococcus. Foxes are significant reservoir hosts in Europe. AE is an endemic disease in Turkey and is particularly common in people living in the eastern Anatolia region. The disease is a very aggressive and potentially fatal infection which always affects the liver primarily, develops as a tumor-like lesion and metastasizes to any part of the body. Diagnosis of AE is often difficult and almost always only possible in the later stages of the disease. Surgical resection and liver transplantation, as life-saving treatments, are accepted treatment options for early and advanced disease. The records of 162 cases of AE in Turkey, 24 case reports in the form of a separate report, were published during the 2000-2010 period. Most of these cases came from eastern and southeastern Anatolia (86.24% of cases). Their ages ranged from 23 to 71 years (mean age: 45.72±8.99). 62.20% of the cases were females. AE was located mainly in the liver (95.03%). Thus, radiological and serological screening studies for the public in this region may increase the possibility of surgical treatment for AE.

Monitoring of five different insecticide resistance status in Turkish house fly Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) populations and the relationship between resistance and insecticide usage profile.

Abstract: Objective The objective of this study is to assess the resistance status and yearly changes involved for house fly populations from six cities in Turkey. Methods Field strains of house fly (Musca domestica L. Diptera: Muscidae) were collected in 2004-2006 from cow farms (Antalya, Izmir) and garbage dumps (Adana, Ankara, Istanbul, Sanliurfa) in Turkey. The resistance levels of first and two generation offspring were determined against five insecticides (cypermethrin, cyphenothrin, deltamethrin, permethrin and fenitrothion). Results While the highest resistance level for pyrethroid was determined for Antalya 2005 strain (851.97 Cypermethrin) and lowest resistance level for Sanliurfa 2004 strain (2.06 Permethrin), the highest fenitrothion resistance was found in Sanliurfa 2004 strain (50.37) and lowest fenitrothion resistance was found in Adana 2004 strain (6.45). Conclusion Our results showed that pyrethroid resistance levels were very high and determined a decreasing trend for Antalya and Istanbul strains and an increasing trend for Adana and Sanliurfa strain for all tested pyrethroid insecticides from 2004 to 2006. Although cypermethrin and cyphenothrin resistance showed a decreasing trend, deltamethrin and permethrin showed an increasing trend for the Izmir strain from 2004 to 2006. The same trend was also determined for the Ankara strain except for permethrin. Fenitrothion resistance was determined to be lower than pyrethroids, but these levels were still high. Flies from cow farms were generally more resistant than those from garbage dumps. Our results also revealed the presence of strong selective pressure on the populations.

The prevalence of liver trematodes in equines in different cities of Turkey

Abstract: OBJECTIVE This study was carried out between March 2004- April 2005 to determine the prevalance of liver trematode infections of equids in different cities of Turkey. METHODS A total of 117 equids (72 horses, 39 donkeys and 6 mules) in Ankara were examined for liver parasites after the slaugthering process. On the other hand, a total of 620 feces of horses in Bursa, Gemlik, Malatya, Eskisehir and Ankara provinces were detected for determining liver trematodes in live equines. The fecal samples of horses were examined for liver fluke infection by Benedect's sedimentation methods. RESULTS Of these 117 equids, 6 equids (5.1%) were infected with liver flukes. The liver flukes were found only in donkeys. Infection rates were found to be Fasciola hepatica 2.6%, Dicrocoelium dendriticum 12.8% in donkeys.Trematode eggs were encountered in these horses. The distribution of liver fluke infections was found to be very low. For this reason, the importance of the results for the groups of different age (young-old) and sex (male-female) were not determined. CONCLUSION This study determinated the prevalance of the liver trematodes to be low in the equines, higher in donkeys than in horses and no clinical signs due to the number of parasites which cause helminthosis.

A case of traumatic myiasis in a domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) caused by Lucilia sericata.

Abstract: Lucilia sericata is one of the factors resulting in facultative traumatic myiasis in animals and humans. L. sericata threatens human health and leads to significant economic losses in animal industry by leading to serious parasitic infestations. A three month old female rabbit was presented to the clinics of the Veterinary Faculty of Dicle University for the treatment of the wound located on the left carpal joint. The examination revealed that the wound was infested with larvae. The microscopic inspection of the larvae collected from the rabbit showed that they were the third instar larvae of L. sericata.

[Determination of anti-echinococcus IgG antibodies by ELISA in patients with suspected hydatid cyst].

Abstract: Objective Cystic echinococcosis (hydatid cyst) is one of the most important parasitic zoonoses that affect both humans and animals and has been known since prehistoric times. The cystic echinoccosis is a major health problem in our country as well as in many countries worldwide, and serological methods, in addition to imaging techniques, are used in the diagnosis of hydatid cyst. In the present study, anti- Echinococcus antibodies were investigated by ELISA in patient's serum samples, which were routinely delivered to the Medical Microbiology Laboratory of Gazi University Faculty of Medicine due to suspected hydatid cyst. Methods A total of 186 patients with suspected hydatid cysts from several outpatient clinics and departments of Gazi University Hospital were included in the present study. IgG antibodies in serum samples of patients with anti-Echinococcus were investigated by ELISA (Novalisa Echinococcus IgG, NovaTec, Germany). Results Anti-Echinococcus IgG seropositivity was determined as 35.5% in patients with suspected hydatid cyst. There are no statistical differences in ELISA positive results relating to gender, adult/child age group and associated clinics. Conclusion Hydatid cyst seropositivity was higher among patients admitted to our hospital.

Difficulties experienced by families following unsuccessful treatment of Pediculosis capitis: the mothers' perspective.

Abstract: Objective: The study aimed to determine the psychological and social difficulties faced by primary school children and their families, par ticularly from the mothers’ perspective, when treatment for Pediculosis capitis fails. Methods: This descriptive study comprised 14 mothers of 19 children in the primary school in Kocaeli. The children and families were infested with lice and nits and were unsuccessfully treated with pediculicides. Data were collected by a semi-structured questionnaire with in-depth individual interviews with a qualitative approach from mothers. Results: Seven social difficulties were experienced by children and families during treatment from the mothers’ perspective, lack of support from other family members; children’s exposure to verbal and physical violence; exclusion from the school and society due to stigma; children’s refusal to be treated; difficulties in the physical removal of the nits; inability to pay for the pediculicide; and inappropriate physical conditions of the house. Eight psychological difficulties were experienced by children and their families: worry, upheaval, embarrassment/ shame, guilt, being overwhelmed, disgust, scorn and despair. Conclusion: Parents and children, whose treatment for Pediculosis capitis failed, experienced many psychological and social difficulties. Further studies should be conducted to determine the relation to pediculosis management and their difficulties of chidren and families from different socio-economic levels. (Turkiye Parazitol Derg 2012; 36: 82-6)

Kistik Ekinokokkozis Ön Tanili Hastalarda Anti-Echinococcus granulosus Antikorlarinin Araştirilmasi

Abstract: Objective: Cystic echninococcosis (CE) is an important helmintho-zoonotic disease causing health-threatening and economic losses for developing countries. In this study, anti-Echinococcus granulosus antibodies were evaluated in 1556 CE suspected patients (701 males, 855 females) who applied to the serology laboratory of the Parasitology Department of Erciyes University between June 1999 and July 2010. Methods: Fifty-six (3.6%) patients were evaluated with the three different methods of Indirect Hemagglutination Test (IHA), Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT) and Western blot (WB). 378 (24.3%) were tested with both IHA and IFAT, 123 (7.9%) with both IHA and WB,and 999 (64.2%) were evaluated with one of these three methods. Results: In 353 (22.7%) patients, anti-E. granulosus antibodies detected by one of above three methods were considered as positive. Conclusion: Since some patients were assessed either as negative or positive with one of above test, we believe that it should be safer to use at least two tests together for diagnosis of CE. (Turkiye Parazitol Derg 2012; 36: 57-60)

[The distribution of intestinal parasites detected in the Uludag University Medical Faculty Hospital between 2009-2010].

Abstract: OBJECTIVE Intestinal parasite infection is still an important public health problem. In this study, patients with various gastrointestinal system complaints presenting at various clinics of the Uludag University Medical Faculty, between 2009-2010 were investigated for intestinal parasites. METHODS All fecal samples were examined with the formol ethyl acetate sedimentation method for helminth ova and protozoan cysts. For the diagnosis of coccidian protozoa, the modified Ehrlich-Ziehl-Neelsen was used. Trichrome staining was also performed in ambiguous cases. The cellophane tape method was used to detect Enterobius vermicularis egg. The prevalence of intestinal parasites was evaluated with respect to age, gender and the months in which cases were seen. RESULTS One or more parasites were found in 195 of the 2686 stool samples. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection rate was 7.3%, and of these patients, 57.95% were female and 42.05% male. Predominant parasites were Giardia intestinalis 3.23%, followed by Entamoeba coli 2.34%, Entamoeba histolytica 0.59%, and Strongyloides stercoralis 0.44%. Enterobius vermicularis eggs were detected by the cellophane tape method in 80 (12.08%) out of 622 patients. The proportion of individuals infected with one parasite was 85.4%, two parasites 12.6%, and three parasites 2.0%. The age group 10-19 years had the highest prevalence of parasites and was predominantly infected with G. Intestinalis (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The results of this study emphasized that, even in the Bursa Province with a relatively high level of social hygiene, intestinal parasitic infections are still an important public health problem.

Metazoan parasites of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) from Tahtalı Dam Lake (İzmir).

Abstract: OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was identification of the parasites of the common carp from Tahtali Dam Lake. METHODS The fish were transported live to the laboratory. They were investigated for ectoparasites and endoparasites. The parasite specimens were fixed and identified. RESULTS During the study, 47 common carp were caught monthly and 3 species of metazoan parasites were found: Dactylogyrus extensus (Monogenea), Contracaecum sp. larvae (Nematoda) and Lernaea cyprinacea (Crustacea). CONCLUSION The parasite species were new records for Tahtali Dam Lake. Contracaecum sp. larvae were recorded for the first time from Cyprinus carpio in Turkey.

Investigation of the cases presenting to Dokuz Eylül University Hospital with tick bites

Abstract: OBJECTIVE Determination of the properties of ticks, which are the vectors of many infectious diseases and the patients with tick bites are important for the prevention of these diseases. For tist reason, the purpose of this study is to determine the important properties of the cases presenting with tick bites to Dokuz Eylul University Hospital and of the removed ticks from the cases. METHODS Two hundred seventy three of 294 patients, who presented with tick bites to Dokuz Eylul University Hospital, Izmir, were included in the study. Demographic parameters, symptoms related to tick borne diseases of the patients and the species and other characteristics of ticks removed from humans, also the tick population in the related habitat were investigated. RESULTS Removed ticks were classified into five genera. The overwhelmingly dominant genera were Hyalomma and it comprised 52.4% of the collection. The majority of these ticks were nymphs. The majority (11.4%) of removed adult ticks were Rhipicephalus sanguineus (R. sanguineus). In most cases (60.7%) the ticks were removed from the patients by medical staff. CONCLUSION There was no significant difference in removing ticks without damage between the health personnel and the patient or relatives (p=0.133).

[Investigation of anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG and IgM antibodies in beta-thalassemia major patients in Aydın province].

Abstract: Objective Blood transfusion therapy for Thalassaemia patients may cause transmission of some infectious agents to the recipients. As Toxoplasma gondii is a transfusion-transmitted parasite, we aimed to investigate anti-Toxoplasma antibodies. Methods We arranged two groups: patients and controls. There were 36 Thalassaemia cases in the patient group. The control group also included 36 healthy people (of the same ages and gender) who were selected by the one-to-one mapping method. Mean age was 18.1 ± 8.3 (4-35). Toxoplasma gondii IgG and IgM antibodies were analyzed by the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA). Results We determined parasite-specific Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies in 7 (19.4%) and borderline levels of IgM antibody in 2 Thalassaemia major cases (5.5%). In the control group, parasite-specific IgG antibody was found in 5 cases (14%). Serum samples of patients with borderline levels were analyzed with an avidity test and were found to have high avidity. There were no significant differences between patient and control groups when considering the presence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies (p=0.752). Conclusion Although there is no significant statistical difference, we suggest that blood transfusion donors should be investigated for infectious agents such as Toxoplasma gondii.

Laboratory evaluation of the effect of Egyptian native plants against some parasitic vectors.

Abstract: Objective Four plant extracts possessing molluscicidal and insecticidal efficacy were evaluated under laboratory conditions versus Biomphalaria alexandrina, Lymnea cailliaudi snails, their egg masses and Culex pipiens larvae. These extracts included Grape seed, Eucalyptus, Pomegranate, Verbesina alcoholic extracts, as well as Eucalyptus oil. Methods Different mortalities in the exposed vectors were recorded due to the four plant extracts using different concentrations and exposure time. Results Total snail mortality LC 100 was (100 ppm/12-24h) for Grape seed, (200 ppm/18-24h) for Eucalyptus, (100 ppm/12-18h) for Pomegranate, (100-200 ppm/24h) for Verbesina alcoholic extracts and (100-200 ppm/12h) for Eucalyptus oil. However, only Eucalyptus, Verbesina alcoholic extracts and Eucalyptus oil revealed snail ovicidal effects. LC 100 was (100-200 ppm/24h), (100-200 ppm/24h) & (100-200 ppm/12-48h) respectively. Moreover, the same plant extracts were able to induce total Culex pipiens larvicidal mortality, LC 100 was (200 ppm/48h). However, Grape seed and Pomegranate alcoholic extracts did not induce either snail ovicidal or Culex pipiens larvicidal total mortalities. Activities of the studied plant extracts were considered using reference molluscicidal (Copper sulfate) and insecticidal (Temephos) substances. Conclusion Egyptian native plants continue to provide a wealth of potential sources for biologically active agents that may have a promising role in the production of safe, biodegradable eco-friendly and natural molluscicidal and insecticidal agents.

[The first record of Ornithocheyletia hallae Smiley, 1970 (Acariformes: Actinedida: Cheyletidae) and its prevalance on Pseudolynchia canariensis (Mcquart, 1840) (Diptera: Pupipara: Hippoboscidae) in Turkey].

Abstract: OBJECTIVE This study was performed to detect acar species and their prevalence on Pseudolynchia canariensis. METHODS The pigeons were treated with a carbamate group insectiside in a carton box, kept there for 15-20 minutes and the ectoparasites which fell off the birds onto the bottom of the box collected in a petri dishes. The P. canariensis specimens were examined macroscopically and microscopically for lice and acari. The acar samples were mounted on the slides in Canada balsam after being transparented and identified as to species. RESULTS A total of 42 P. canariensis specimens were collected from the pigeon. 15 (35.71%) were found to be infested with the acari, while no louse specimen was detected. Forty-six acari specimens were collected from the P. canariensis and they were identified as Ornithocheyletia hallae Smiley, 1970. CONCLUSION It was detected that approximately one third of P. canariensis were infested with Ornithocheyletia hallae, and this acar species was recorded for the first time in Turkey in this study.

Urogenital myiasis caused by Psychoda albipennis

Abstract: Myiasis cases are often encountered in humans, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Urogenital myiasis is one of the facultative myiasis cases that may be seen in humans. Psychoda albipennis is an insect species that causes urogential myiasis in humans Adults of this species, belongs to the Psychodidae subfamily, lives especially in humid toilets and domestic bathrooms. This case, presented as urogenital myiasis caused by P. albipennis in a fifteen year old male. The person, who was a student, was living in the city center reported to have passed five-six larvae for three months. The patient had normal urinalysis, stool microscopy and urine culture. Larvae were examined under a microscope and were identified as fourth period larvae of P. albipennis. Therefore, it should not be forgotten that P. albipennis may be an agent in urogenital myiasis.

Incidence of intestinal parasites detected in the Department of Parasitology in Celal Bayar University Hospital between 2006 and 2010

Abstract: OBJECTIVE Results of 17.711 patien admitted to the Department of Parasitology in Celal Bayar University Hospital for parasitological stool examination between January 2006 and December 2010 were evaluated. METHODS All stool samples were examined with wet mounts, formalin ethyl acetate concentration and trichrome staining methods. In addition, cellophane tape preparations from 5952 patients were evaluated. RESULTS Intestinal parasites were detected in 2337 (13.12%) of 17.711 patients who were admitted during a five year period. The highest parasite infected individual ratio (16.69%) was found in 2008. The most frequently identified intestinal parasites were Blastocystis spp. 1353 (7.64%) and Giardia intestinalis 348 (1.96%) in stool samples, with Enterobius vermicularis 253 (4.25%) in cellophane tape preparations. Two or more parasites were detected in 158 (6.76%) of the positive cases. The mean age of persons identified as having a parasite was 21.9. Parasite incidence was 10.7% in females, and 13.6% in males (p < 0.001). The highest ratio was 23.8% in patients who lived in rural areas when all positive cases were evaluated in terms of settlement areas. CONCLUSION While Blastocystis spp., E. vermicularis and G. intestinalis were the most frequently detected intestinal parasites in our province, intestinal parasites still remain important despite advances in infrastructure in recent years.

[Evaluation of serological results of patients with suspected Toxoplasmosis admitted to the medical parasitology laboratory of Celal Bayar University Hospital between 2006-2010].

Abstract: OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to determine the serological results of patients with suspected toxoplasmosis who were admitted to the Medical Parasitology Laboratory of Celal Bayar University Hospital in Manisa between 2006 and 2010. METHODS Anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG and IgM antibodies were investigated by IFAT, IgG ELISA, and IgM Capture ELISA in 2815 patients. IgG avidity tests were also performed in cases with both IgG and IgM seropositivity. RESULTS Only IgG, only IgM and both IgG and IgM seropositivity were detected in 657 (23.3%), 4 (0.1%) and 6 (0.2%) cases respectively among 2815 patients. Anti-T. gondii IgG seropositivity was mostly found in patients [21.2% (n=139)] who consume raw meat. IgG seroprevalence was found to be statistically higher in the 15-49 age group than the 0-14 age group (p < 0.05). Decrease in the prevalence of anti- T. gondii IgG seropositivity in 2010 was found to be statistically significant considering the five years period (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Raw meat consumption was detected as the most important risk factor in Toxoplasma infection. A decrease in anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies was detected in recent years considering the five years' serologic data, but toxoplasmosis remains important as a public health problem in Manisa.

[Monthly distribution of intestinal parasites detected in a part of western Turkey between May 2009-April 2010-results of acid fast and modified trichrome staining methods].

Abstract: OBJECTIVE In this study, 5073 fecal specimens and cellophane tapes from patients were examined during the period of May 1, 2009-April 30, 2010 in the parasitology laboratory of the Ege University Medical School. METHODS Sticky tape test and ethyl acetate sedimentation methods, saline, iodine, modified kinyoun's acid-fast, Trichrome, modified Trichrome and giemsa staining procedures have been applied to the stool samples. RESULTS After the macroscopic and microscopic examinations, 1138 (22.43%) intestinal parasites were determined. Cryptosporidium spp. (n=381; 33.47%), Blastocystis hominis (n=368; 32.33%) and Cyclospora spp. (n=187; 16.43%) were the three most common parasites obtained during the examination. The most commonly determined helminth was Enterobius vermicularis (n=33; 2.89%). CONCLUSION Detection of Microsporidium spores in immununosuppressed patients showed also the importance of specific staining methods. Intestinal parasites are causing serious public health problems in our region.

Egg laying site and oviposition pattern of two Phthirapteran species parasitizing red whiskered Bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus).

Abstract: Objective: Present study was performed to record the oviposition and egg laying pattern of two phthirapteran species infesting red whiskered Bulbul. Methods: The number of egg laid by each species on different parts of body was recorded by direct observation under stereozoom binocular microscope. Feathers bearing egg were subjected to SEM to observe the pattern of egg laying. Results: The maximum percentage of egg of the ischnoceran louse, Brueelia guldum were recorded on feather of back region, followed by neck and breast. The amblyceran louse, Menacanthus eurysternus prefers to lay eggs mainly on neck, head and nape feathers. Conclusion: The ischnoceran louse, Brueelia guldum exhibits widespread oviposition sites while amblyceran louse, Menacanthus eurysternus shows restricted oviposition sites on the host body. (Turkiye Parazitol Derg 2012; 36: 166-8)

[The first case of Ophionyssus natricis (Gervais, 1844) on a sea snake (Natrix tessellata, Laurente 1768) (Reptilia: Squamata: Colubridae) in Turkey].

Abstract: This study was carried out to increase information about Ophionyssus natricis (Gervais, 1844) detected on the sea snake (Natrix tessellata) The mite individuals collected from the cage of a sea snake were brought to our laboratory by the owner of the snake They werepreserved in 70% alcohol, and then the mites were mounted on slides in Canada balsam, after making them transparent in lacto phenol for a few days They were identified to species in respect of their morphological characters under the light microscope A total of nine mite individuals were collected from the cage of a sea snake, and all of them were identified as Ophionyssus natricis as the result of microscopical examination Ophionyssus natricis was recorded from the sea snake for the first time in Turkey knowledge about this mite is provided in this paper

Comparison of four methods for DNA extraction from Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces.

Abstract: Objective: Cystic echinococcosis caused by the dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus, is a global zoonotic infection which is economically important and constitutes a major threat to public health in many countries, especially in Middle Eastern countries. Strain characterization is essential for the establishment of a preventive and control strategy in every endemic area. Before all molecular studies, it is necessary to achieve DNA of the parasite. The aim of this study was to compare four simple methods of DNA extraction from protoscolecses of E. granulosus in samples from the West Azerbaijan province of Iran. Methods: After collecting sheep and cow hydatid cysts from several slaughterhouses of the province, DNA samples were extracted using four different methods involving the use of glass beads, commercial DNA extraction kit, boiling and crushing. For all DNA samples extracted, electrophoresis on 1.3% agarose gel was performed. Results: The methods were compared regarding DNA, time and cost effectiveness and facility. All methods showed some advantages and disadvantages. The commercial kit method, which was the most time and cost effectiveness method, achieved no bands and glass beads method had the best results on gel electrophoresis. Conclusion: Glass beads and boiling methods were the most suitable methods regarding their ease, quickness and cost effectiveness. (Turkiye Parazitol Derg 2012; 36: 100-4)

[The distribution of intestinal parasites in people admitted to the Yüzüncü Yıl University Parasitology Laboratory of Health Research and Training Hospital, in 2009].

Abstract: Objective This study was performed to present the distribution of intestinal parasites in parients admitted to the Parasitology Laboratory of the Health Research and Training Hospital of Yuzuncu Yil University in 2009. Methods A total of 6267 patients (3037 female, 3230 male; 3798 of 13 years and under, 2469 of 14 years and over) were included. The stool samples were examined by native-Lugol, flotation and sedimentation methods in the Parasitology Laboratory of the hospital. Trichrome and modified acid-fast staining methods were also applied to suspicious stools. Results One or more than one parasite species were found in 28.5% of 6267 examined stool samples. Parasitosis was determined in 28% of female and 29% of male. Distribution of the parasites determined in the patients was as follows: 15.4% Blastocystis hominis, 6.6% Giardia intestinalis, 4.9% Entamoeba coli, 3.2% plenty B. hominis, 1.7% Chilomastix mesnili, 1.3% Hymenolepis nana, 0.7% Iodamoeba butschlii, 0.5% Ascaris lumbricoides, 0.1% Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar, 0.1% Endolimax nana, 0.1% Enteromonas hominis, 0.1% Trichomonas hominis, 0.1% Cyclospora cayetanensis, 0.1% Enterobius vermicularis, 0.03% Entamoeba hartmanni, 0.03% Dicrocoelium dendriticum,0.03% Taenia saginata and 0.02% Trichuris trichiura. Conclusion This research shows that the intestinal parasitosis problem still continues in the province.

[Survey of Theileria annulata and Theileria buffeli/orientalis complex in cattle in the Kırşehir region using multiplex-PCR].

Abstract: OBJECTIVE To investigate the presence of T. annulata and T. buffeli/orientalis complex in the blood of 172 cattle selected from 9 different regions of Kirsehir. METHODS Genes for the merozoite surface antigen (Tams 1) and the major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) were amplified with multiplex- PCR for T. annulata and T. buffeli/orientalis, respectively. RESULTS By multiplex-PCR examination 4 (2.32%) samples were positive for T. annulata whereas none of the samples were positive for T. buffeli/orientalis complex. CONCLUSION In this study, it is concluded that simultaneous diagnosis of Theileria species by using multiplex-PCR is more practical than the investigation of species individually by using classical PCR. We also believe that a more accurate epidemiological data is achieved with the use of moleculer diagnosis methods such as multiplex-PCR, which eliminates the disadvantages of the traditional methods used in the diagnosis of parasitic diseases.

The results of radiological and serological screening in individuals sharing the same living space as patients with hydatid cysts

Abstract: UNLABELLED Common sociocultural behavior and common hygienic habits may lead lead to the existence of parasites in many people living in the same environment. The main objective of this study was to investigate the incidence of disease in individuals sharing the same living space. METHODS A total of 102 individuals with no previous diagnosis of hydatid cyst and sharing the same living space with 40 patients and who were operated on between 2007 and 2011 were included in the study. All the patients were evaluated with chest radiography, abdominal ultrasonography and serological tests. RESULTS Thirteen (12.74%) of the 102 individuals who were screened for hydatid cyst were found to have hydatidosis. One patient with pulmonary hydatid had false negative results in serological assays. IHA was negative in two patients, one with hepatic and splenic hydatid cyst, and one with isolated hepatic hydatid cyst; the diagnosis was confirmed by a positive ELISA in both cases. CONCLUSION This study has aimed to demonstrate the risk of developing hydatid cyst in individuals sharing the same living space as patients with hydatid cysts, unlike the screening tests performed in endemic areas. A rate of 12.74% is considerable when applied to larger populations.

[Microscopic examination of vaginal discharge specimens for Trichomonas vaginalis and other micro-organisms in 18-45 age group women].

Abstract: Objective Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoon that causes trichomoniasis which is characterised by a foamy yellowish odorous discharge and superficial defects and necrotic ulcers in vaginal mucosa. Trichomoniasis is transmitted from human to human by sexual contact and can be seen in almost every part of the world. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of Trichomonas vaginalis in 18-45 years age group women with vaginal discharge complaints who applied to the Gynaecology Outpatient Clinic of Konya Social Insurance Instution Hospital during September 1-December 15 2003. Methods Samples were taken from posterior fornix of the vagina with the aid of a speculum and sterile cotton swabs. All the samples were examined by wet mount preparations, Gram and Giemsa staining method under the light microscope. Results Of seventy samples 6 (9%) were positive for Trichomonas vaginalis, 9 (13%) for Gardnerella vaginalis, one for Mobiluncus spp. and 11 (16%) for Candida spp. Conclusion It is possible to say that, in spite of a definite diagnosis of trichomoniasis made by cultivation method, examining the vaginal smear by direct microscope also has an important role in the diagnosis of infection. Direct microscopic examination will help in deciding whether to begin the treatment of trichomoniasis.

Evaluation of malaria cases in Antalya between 2001 and 2011

Abstract: Objective Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes to humans when an infected mosquito bites a person. In this research, we examined the epidemiology of malaria using the data provided by the Malaria Control Unit of the Infectious Disease Divison of Antalya Health Directory, from the years 2001 to 2011. Methods The cases were evaluated according to age groups, gender, months and parasite species. Results During this period, a total of 131.989 blood samples were evaluated and 66 malaria cases (0.0005%) were reported, and the highest rate of cases occurred during September. Seventy-four percent (49) of malaria cases were male, 26% (17 cases) were female. The species of malaria parasites were recorded in 86% of cases, of which Plasmodium vivax was the most common (57 cases), with P. falciparum accounting for 14% of cases (9 cases). All P. falciparum cases were found to be imported cases coming to Antalya from other countries. Most of the malaria cases (78.8%) were 15 years old and over. Conclusion We belived that our resarch contributes to the epidemiology of malaria and its prevention in Antalya region.

A case of traumatic myiasis in a dog

Abstract: A male Rottweiler dog was brought to the Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Veterinary Clinics with the complaint of injury. On examination, on the right rear side of the dog, Myiasis larvae were found. Twenty-seven were collected and larval mouth parts and posterior stigmas were dissected. Upon microscopic examination, the larvae of the dog were identified as third stage Lucilia spp. In the region where larvea were located, erythema, edema, and petechial hemorrhages were observed as pathological disorders.