Aids Reviews 

About: Aids Reviews is an academic journal published by Publicidad Permanyer, SLU. The journal publishes majorly in the area(s): Population & Medicine. It has an ISSN identifier of 1139-6121. Over the lifetime, 519 publications have been published receiving 15595 citations. The journal is also known as: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome reviews.

HIV-1 drug resistance mutations: an updated framework for the second decade of HAART.

Abstract: More than 200 mutations are associated with antiretroviral resistance to drugs belonging to six licensed antiretroviral classes. More than 50 reverse transcriptase mutations are associated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance including M184V, thymidine analog mutations, mutations associated with non-thymidine analog containing regimens, multi-nucleoside resistance mutations, and several recently identified accessory mutations. More than 40 reverse transcriptase mutations are associated with nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance including major primary and secondary mutations, non-polymorphic minor mutations, and polymorphic accessory mutations. More than 60 mutations are associated with protease inhibitor resistance including major protease, accessory protease, and protease cleavage site mutations. More than 30 integrase mutations are associated with the licensed integrase inhibitor raltegravir and the investigational inhibitor elvitegravir. More than 15 gp41 mutations are associated with the fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide. CCR5 inhibitor resistance results from mutations that promote gp120 binding to an inhibitor-bound CCR5 receptor or CXCR4 tropism; however, the genotypic correlates of these processes are not yet well characterized.

HIV evolutionary dynamics within and among hosts.

Abstract: The HIV evolutionary processes continuously unfold, leaving a measurable footprint in viral gene sequences A variety of statistical models and inference techniques have been developed to reconstruct the HIV evolutionary history and to investigate the population genetic processes that shape viral diversity Remarkably different population genetic forces are at work within and among hosts Population-level HIV phylogenies are mainly shaped by selectively neutral epidemiologic processes, implying that genealogy-based population genetic inference can be useful to study the HIV epidemic history Such evolutionary analyses have shed light on the origins of HIV, and on the epidemic spread of viral variants in different geographic locations and in different populations The HIV genealogies reconstructed from within-host sequences indicate the action of selection pressure In addition, recombination has a significant impact on HIV genetic diversity Accurately quantifying both the adaptation rate and the population recombination rate of HIV will contribute to a better understanding of immune escape and drug resistance Characterizing the impact of HIV transmission on viral genetic diversity will be a key factor in reconciling the different population genetic processes within and among hosts

The immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.

Abstract: The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has led to a substantial decrease in the frequency of opportunistic infections among HIV-infected individuals, along with a significant reduction in their mortality rate. However, a subgroup of HAART-treated patients will exhibit paradoxical deterioration in their clinical status, despite satisfactory control of viral replication and improvements in CD4 lymphocyte counts. This clinical deterioration, known as the immune restoration syndrome or immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), is a result of an exuberant inflammatory response towards previously diagnosed or incubating opportunistic pathogens, as well as responses towards other as yet undefined antigens. A variety of manifestations of IRIS have been described, most prominently including Mycobacterium avium complex lymphadenitis, paradoxical exacerbations of pulmonary and CNS Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, paradoxical exacerbations of Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis and cytomegalovirus uveitis. Treatment for this disorder includes continuation of primary therapy against the offending pathogen in order to decrease the antigenic load, continuation of effective HAART, and judicious use of anti-inflammatory agents. Although the clinical manifestations of IRIS are sometimes dramatic, and result in substantial morbidity, the fact that these patients are capable of generating an inflammatory response allows many of them to ultimately discontinue secondary prophylaxis for the offending pathogen.

Street and network sampling in evaluation studies of HIV risk-reduction interventions.

Abstract: Although sampling is a crucial component of research methodology, it has received little attention in intervention research with populations at risk for HIV infection. We review the challenges involved in sampling these populations for evaluating behavioral and social interventions. We assess the four strategies used for street and network sampling that have been reported in the HIV-intervention research literature and used because traditional probability sampling was not possible. The sampling strategies are: 1) targeted, 2) stratified, (3) time-space, and (4) respondent-driven. Although each has strengths and limitations in terms of its ability to produce valid results that enhance generalizability, the choice of a particular strategy depends on the goal of the study, characteristics of the target population, and the availability of resources and time for collecting and analyzing sampling-related data. Continued efforts are needed to improve the sampling strategies used in evaluation studies of HIV risk-reduction interventions.

The epidemiology and disease outcomes of human T-lymphotropic virus type II.

Abstract: Human T-lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) is a human retrovirus which is endemic in Amerindian and pygmy tribes. Molecular subtypes show geographic segregation consistent with an ancient origin of this virus within humans in Africa or South America. More recently, injection drug users in the United States and Europe have become infected with HTLV-II, and secondary sexual transmission has introduced the virus at low levels into the general population and blood donors. HTLV-II has been linked with a spastic paraparesis called HTLV-associated myelopathy / tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), and perhaps with other neurological syndromes. It is also associated with an increased incidence of pneumonia and bronchitis, inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, and perhaps with increased mortality. Except for a few cases of cutaneous lymphoma in patients coinfected with HIV, there is no evidence that HTLV-II causes lymphoproliferative disease. HTLV-II and HIV coinfection has not been proven to alter the course of HIV disease, but such patients may have altered levels of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, and antiretroviral therapy may paradoxically increase HTLV-II proviral load.