Showing papers in "Annals of The Association of American Geographers in 1976"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a phenomenological approach to explore the human experience of space, focusing on overt behavior and its cognitive foundations, but not on the functional dynamism of spatial systems.
Abstract: Recent attempts by geographers to explore the human experience of space have focused on overt behavior and its cognitive foundations. The language and style of our descriptions, however, often fail to speak in categories appropriate for the elucidation of lived experience, and we need to evaluate our modes of knowing in the light of modes of being in the everyday world. Phenomenologists provide some guidelines for this task. They point to the preconsciously given aspects of behavior and perception residing in the “lifeworld”—the culturally defined spatiotemporal setting or horizon of everyday life. Scientific procedures which separate “subjects'’and “objects,'’thought and action, people and environments are inadequate to investigate this lifeworld. The phenomenological approach ideally should allow lifeworld to reveal itself in its own terms. In practice, however, phenomenological descriptions remain opaque to the functional dynamism of spatial systems, just as geographical descriptions of space ...
483 citations
TL;DR: A review of the philosophies espoused by humanist geographers and an examination of their interpretations of these philosophies suggests that humanistic geography is best understood as a form of criticism as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Geographers emphasizing an existential phenomenological perspectiv in their research have referred to their work as humanistic grography. Some humanist geographers argue that their approach offers an alternative to, or a presuppositionless basis, for, scientific geography. A review of the philosophies espoused by humanist geographers and an examination of their interpretations of these philosophies suggests that humanistic geography is best understood as a form of criticism.
193 citations
TL;DR: The 1960s witnessed many remarkable changes in the character and substance of research in economic and urban geography, associated mainly with the introduction of quantitative techniques and, later in the decade, some particular research methodologies borrowed from the behavioral sciences, especially psychology as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The 1960s witnessed many remarkable changes in the character and substance of research in economic and urban geography. These changes were associated mainly with the introduction of quantitative techniques and, later in the decade, some particular research methodologies borrowed from the behavioral sciences, especially psychology. One chronicler of these developments proclaimed triumphantly that “the substitution of quantitative approaches to problems formerly treated in descriptive verbal ways” represented “one of the greatest periods of intellectual ferment in the whole history of geography”1. It now seems most unlikely that this judgement will stand the test of time. It is already clear that the so-called quantitative revolution changed mainly the research techniques employed by economic and urban geographers and did little, at least directly, to channel their attention away from a traditional concern for the static location patterns of economic activities and the flows of people, goods, and services in economic settings which were sterile in respect to any acknowledgement, let alone analysis, of the prevailing value systems, be they political, societal, or individual.2 To the extent that there was a ‘revolution’ in the sixties it was a revolution in techniques and not one in the main thrusts of intellectual inquiry in economic and urban geography.3 It is perhaps this latter revolution that is underway today; some of the evidence in support of this contention is reviewed in this paper.
61 citations
TL;DR: Climatology is reviewed and redefined in terms of relevance to geography, and a programmatic statement for future research is presented instead of enumerating substantive areas, physical geography is defined and ranked according to five levels of methodology and attendant philosophy.
Abstract: Climatology is reviewed and redefined in terms of relevance to geography, and a programmatic statement for future research is presented Instead of enumerating substantive areas, physical geography is defined and ranked according to five levels of methodology and attendant philosophy The essence of geographical climatology is the analysis and description of process-response systems of importance to mankind occurring within the planetary boundary layer, interface, and substrates The future of a climatology useful to geographers appears to lie in the numerical modeling of such systems
61 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used remote sensing and geo-ecology techniques to delineate mountain areas in Colorado subject to such natural hazards as snow avalanches, mudflows, rockfalls, and landslides.
Abstract: Interdisciplinary field studies and remote sensing techniques were used to delineate mountain areas in Colorado subject to such natural hazards as snow avalanches, mudflows, rockfalls, and landslides. The old mining townsite of Ophir in the northwestern San Juan Mountains was used as a case study. Its serious snow avalanche hazard has been made even more critical with prospects of new housing developments. Techniques in remote sensing and geoecology have been applied to the solution of practical land management problems at the county and township levels of local government. The rapidly increasing hazard to human life and property results directly from accelerated growth of the winter recreation industry and construction of mountain homes. Many of the world's temperate zone high mountains urgently need development and application of new land management policies.
57 citations
TL;DR: Biogeography is a subscience of geography comprising the components of geography that are principally concerned with biological organisms as mentioned in this paper, which is the study of ecosystems, especially local ones, as contrasted with regional, continental, or global ecosystems, which are better treated as part of geography.
Abstract: Geography is distinguished from other earth sciences as the discernment and delineation of landscape patterns, interpreting the structures and processes that give rise to them, and developing an understanding of their significance in biological and human terms. Ecology is the study of ecosystems, especially local ones, as contrasted with regional, continental, or global ecosystems, which are better treated as part of geography. Biogeography is a subscience of geography comprising the components of geography that are principally concerned with biological organisms.
55 citations
TL;DR: The early intention of the Dutch to confine their African settlement to a small area of coastland was abandoned when settlers proved incapable of producing enough food for the colony's needs.
Abstract: The rapidity of European expansion in eighteenth century South Africa constitutes a major problem of its settlement history The original intention of the Dutch to confine their African settlement to a small area of coastland was abandoned when settlers proved incapable of producing enough food for the colony's needs The expansion of the colony and the encouragement of settlement solved the problem of local food supplies but replaced it with one of overproduction The poor market for agricultural produce favored large estates and increased the capital requirements of arable farming Young settlers and others lacking capital moved to the frontier where they practiced an extremely extensive form of stock-raising The frontier movement was basically demographic in character and continued regardless of the state of the market for frontier produce
55 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a principal components typology of land use change isolates four major process in urban spatial spatial structure and locational decision-making is presented, and the authors propose an approach to link urban spatial structure with locational decisions.
Abstract: Cities are shaped by nemerous decisions, yet urban spatial structure and locational decision-making are seldom linked. A principal components typology of land use change isolates four major process...
44 citations
TL;DR: The survival of the stranger, the handicapped, and the deviant require the development of support systems based largely upon voluntary commitments as discussed by the authors, and the traditional concept of commitment involved separation and institutionalization.
Abstract: The survival of the stranger, the handicapped, and the deviant require the development of support systems based largely upon voluntary commitments. The traditional concept of commitment involved separation and institutionalization. Nineteenth century moral treatment encouraged a rationalization for the us/them dichotomy and the development of distinctions between normal places and deviant places. Social growth requires inclusiveness and viable support systems to sustain inclusion. The inclusive society expressed in terms of open communities provides a mechanism for tapping resources not unleashed by the market-place of private or public sectors. Volunteerism encourages progress toward community expressed as social growth.
39 citations
TL;DR: A sample of one thousand autobiographies written by North Dakota pioneers during the late 1930s reveals a complex pattern of migration and earning a living on the western frontier from 1875 to 1915 as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A sample of one thousand autobiographies written by North Dakota pioneers during the late 1930s reveals a complex pattern of migration and earning a living on the western frontier from 1875 to 1915. North Dakota was settled by eastern Canadians as part of the general westward trend of settlement across the prairies. German, German Russian, and Scandinavian-born settlers moved within discrete information-migration networks which were strengthened by a strong tendency toward marriage within the group that was preserved in the migration process. American stock settlers came from diverse origins and often worked at a succession of farm and nonfarm jobs as they moved westward. Population turnover and labor mobility resulted from the rapid growth of a specialized economic system which offered many opportunities. Seasonal labor migration was common in the early years before transition to a more stable system. The cultural geography of the northern plains emerged from diverse ethnic origins and a common ...
36 citations
TL;DR: In this article, maps of surface energy-related phenomena were made from airborne scanner outputs for selected flightpaths across the city of Baltimore, Maryland, where conditions for the flight time were simulated according to various types of land use using an energy budget simulation model which lends itself to extrapolation of simulated grid point conditions into a map form.
Abstract: Urban areas have been conceived of as monolithic heat islands because traditional ground observation techniques do not lend themselves to more specific analyses. Observations of urban energy-exchange obtained from calibrated electro-optical scanners combined with energy budget simulation techniques provide tools to relate the urban land use mosaic to the heat island phenomenon. Maps of surface energy-related phenomena were made from airborne scanner outputs for selected flightpaths across the city of Baltimore, Maryland. Conditions for the flight time were simulated according to the various types of land use using an energy budget simulation model which lends itself to extrapolation of simulated grid-point conditions into a map form. Maps made by simulation compare sufficiently well with those made by aerial observation to encourage further refinement of the simulation approach.
TL;DR: Ortwin SAUER, 1889-1975 as discussed by the authors, was an American geographer, who was a member of the Association of American Geographers (AAG) since 1892.
Abstract: (1976). CARL ORTWIN SAUER, 1889-1975. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 337-348.
TL;DR: The concept of the "Victorian slum" has been questioned in relation to modern cities, but the concept also appears to lack validity in Victorian cities as mentioned in this paper, and has been remarkably persistent.
Abstract: The term slum is a loose definition of the environs and behavior of the poor. Isolated from the remainder of society, slum residents are presumed to live a deviant life either by preference or cultural predisposition, or as a consequence of their deprivation. This synthesis of spatial isolation and social deviance was an inextricable element of changes in attitudes to poverty in the early nineteenth century, and has been remarkably persistent. The concept of the “Victorian Slum'’has been questioned in relation to modern cities, but the concept also appears to lack validity in Victorian cities.
TL;DR: In this paper, a model is proposed in which cirque morphometry varies in a vertical plane in relation to the position of the snowline, and in a horizontal plane to orientation.
Abstract: Cirques in the southern Canadian Cordillera are most numerous at lowest elevations and best developed on the north and northeastern flanks of mountains. Cirques at the heads of major valleys are generally at higher elevation, and are larger in area than cirques along the sides of valleys. The elevation frequency distribution is different for various types of cirque. Cirques which are well below mean cirque elevation are large and are almost always oriented to the north and northeast. Cirques well above mean cirque elevation are small and independent of orientation. A model is proposed in which cirque morphometry varies in a vertical plane in relation to the position of the snowline, and in a horizontal plane in relation to orientation.
TL;DR: In this paper, the interaction of a population with the hazards of particular environments offers a way to assess the potential for disease and to identify critical groups and conditions for further research or preventive interference.
Abstract: Programs of land development may adversely affect health when human ecology is not adequately included in economic planning. Studying the interaction of a population with the hazards of particular environments offers a way to assess the potential for disease and to identify critical groups and conditions for further research or preventive interference. Health conditions on the land schemes of the Federal Land Development Authority in Malaysia generally have improved as a result of environmental alterations, but there is a wide range of conditions associated with age of settlement and accessibility. Infectious, nutritional, and psychosocial hazards are most characteristic of new and remote settlement schemes. Diseases maintained by individual behavior and hazards such as vehicular accidents characterize developed and accessible schemes.
TL;DR: For example, this article found that the behavior of husbands and wives in West Los Angeles demonstrate significant distance and directional biases for both groups, and that individuals recognize spatial and physical constraints, and can map them quite accurately using cognitive mapping procedures.
Abstract: Selected forms of behavior of husbands and wives in West Los Angeles demonstrate significant distance and directional biases for both groups. Individuals recognize spatial and physical constraints, and can map them quite accurately using cognitive mapping procedures.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss regional growth and industry localization in the US. But they focus on a single region, and not on the entire US region, as we do.
Abstract: (1976). REGIONAL GROWTH AND INDUSTRIAL LOCATION. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 484-485.
TL;DR: In this article, the circulation of mineral elements can be modeled as a system of compartments and transfer pathways, and the importance of living organisms as independent variables in processes such as mineral transfer, ecosystem organization, and biotic succession.
Abstract: A complex set of forces, both external and internal, governs the movements of nutrients through the environment. The circulation of mineral elements can be modeled as a system of compartments and transfer pathways. A simple version of this model has two valuable pedagogical uses. First, the idea of an equilibrium mineral cycle illustrates the connectedness of the environment and the difficulty of altering only one part of an ecosystem. Second, the idea of a zonal ecosystem synthesizes a variety of environmental characteristics on a global scale; the unique combination of nutrient “traffic laws'’in a particular place imposes a powerful constraint upon human activity. A more complex version of the compartment and-transfer model emphasizes the significance of living organisms as independent variables in processes such as mineral transfer, ecosystem organization, and biotic succession.
TL;DR: A dual system of urban centers, one inherited from late imperial times and the other from the developed world, has recently emerged as the spatial structure for national development in China.
Abstract: A dual system of urban centers, one inherited from late imperial times and the other from the developed world, has recently emerged as the spatial structure for national development in China. The development policy since the Cultural Revolution has emphasized the role of small and medium sized traditional cities and the widespread application of “intermediate technology'’in fostering rural enterprises throughout the country. The old administrative cities have been gradually transformed into a hierarchical urban network of local industrial production centers to serve agriculture.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that state differences in welfare program effectiveness are a function of policy and attiude variables, fiscal effort, and state and local willingness to assume welfare burdens.
Abstract: Interstate differences in welfare program effectiveness are a function of policy and attiude variables, fiscal effort, and state and local willingness to assume welfare burdens. Not all states rece...
[...]
TL;DR: In the late Middle Ages and Renaissance such concepts were elaborated in a complex magical system that mirrored the world view of the age and influenced Western intellectual development as mentioned in this paper, which added another dimension to the way men view the connections between physical space and human behavior, and sharpened contemporary issues about concepts of space in social science.
Abstract: Magic can be thought of as a systematic but unusual approach to the significance of physical space for human action. It assumes physical space itself has significance in that shapes affect behavior and that actions occur through empty space at-a-distance. In the late Middle Ages and Renaissance such concepts were elaborated in a complex magical system that mirrored the world view of the age and influenced Western intellectual development. Understanding the role of space in Western magic adds another dimension to the way men view the connections between physical space and human behavior, and sharpens contemporary issues about concepts of space in social science.
TL;DR: A patent system largely guided settlement and reclamation on the T'ao-yuan alluvial fan of northern Taiwan during the eighteenth century as discussed by the authors, and the imprint of the patent system is still seen in the dispersed pattens of rural settlement and the ethnic composition and distribution of the population.
Abstract: Chinese migration to Taiwan during the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries transformed the island into a cultural and political outpost of the “Middle Kingdom.'’A patent system largely guided settlement and reclamation on the T'ao-yuan alluvial fan of northern Taiwan during the eighteenth century. The imprint of the patent system is still seen in the dispersed pattens of rural settlement and the ethnic composition and distribution of the population.
TL;DR: Land entry and land patent data available in the original Land Office Tract Books and in the Numerical Index provide a seldom used datum plane for geographical investigation which is useful in developing the historical settlement geography of a region as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Land entry and land patent data available in the original Land Office Tract Books and in the Numerical Index provide a seldom used datum plane for geographical investigation which is useful in developing the historical settlement geography of a region. Patterns of entries and patents in the Nebraska Sand Hills reflect restrictions imposed on man by the environment, the process of sequential settlement, abandoned geographical features, and other patterns which establish a conceptual base for further research. The maps provide insights that may be used to explain some aspect of the settlement process.
TL;DR: Open-range ranching persisted in peninsular Florida from the 1830s until after World War II because of a separate cattle market in Cuba, the virtual absence of competition from other forms of land use, and forces intrinsic within the industry, including a distinctive type of cow, endemic cattle tick fever, and a fire-conditioned range.
Abstract: Open-range ranching persisted in peninsular Florida from the 1830s until after World War II because of a separate cattle market in Cuba, the virtual absence of competition from other forms of land use, and forces intrinsic within the industry, including a distinctive type of cow, endemic cattle tick fever, and a fire-conditioned range. The decline of the Cuban market in the 1920s forced the ranchers to seek a place in the domestic market, but the “Florida cow'’did not produce acceptable beef. Introduction of modern beef breeds required antecedent eradication of cattle tick fever, parcelling of the range and acquisition of land titles, fencing, and replacement of parts of the native range with improved forages. Florida's open range officially ended in 1949, and the introduction of modern beef breeds has been rapid; since 1950 growing numbers of Florida cattle of progressively better quality have moved into the national market.
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors found that more than four-fifths of the salt produced in China came from the seacoast, and that the increasing trend of salt production paralleled China's population growth.
Abstract: Ch'ing China's salt supply was widely dispersed, although more than four-fifths of the salt produced came from the seacoast. There were six sources of salt: seawater, salt lakes, brine wells, saline rock, gypsum mines and salty earth. Boiling and solar evaporation were the major production methods. The simplicity of the boiling method favored its wide use. Nevertheless, the solar evaporation eventually took the place of the boiling method, as fuels became scarcer in most salt-producing areas. A better natural resource base stimulated the production of salt along the North China seacoast to a greater extent than elsewhere in the nation. The increasing trend of salt production paralleled China's population growth. Geographical changes in salt production also reflected regional differences in this growth.
TL;DR: The almost complete failure to attract pioneer farmers in Alaska was attributed mainly to a decline in the traditional advantages of frontier agriculture in the twentieth century and a simultaneous rise in the opportunities and amenities of urban life as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Literature of the 1898–1950 period predicted that Alaska would be occupied by pioneer farmers, in a manner similar to the rest of the United States. Physical conditions allow subsistence farming in large areas of Alaska, and many governemnt inducement were offered to pioneers. These included liberal land laws, a subsidized government railroad, and a demonstration group settlement scheme. The almost complete failure to attract settlers seems attributable mainly to a decline in the traditional advantages of frontier agriculture in the twentieth century and a simultaneous rise in the opportunities and amenities of urban life. These trends were generally not acknowledged by government planners until about 1950, and their increasingly elaborate plans to force the recalcitrant yeoman farmer onto the “last frontier'’were thus exercises in frustration.
TL;DR: In this article, Chappell has questioned the adequacy of my idealist philosophy as a foundation for human geography, and he suggests the term "idealism" is less appropriate than "idiographic" to describe an approach which is essentially atheoretical.
Abstract: JOHN CHAPPELL, Jr., has questioned the adequacy of my idealist philosophy as a foundation for human geography.' He suggests the term "idealism" is less appropriate than "idiographic" to describe an approach which is essentially atheoretical. The use of "idiographic," however, would not have done justice to the core of my position which stresses the need for a distinctive mode of explanation for events involving human beings, taking full account of the rational and theoretical dimensions of human activity. It is the theoretical character of human thought that precludes the possibility of human geographers developing general theory capable of meeting minimum criteria of scientific acceptability. The atheoretical or idiographic aspect of my position is a derivative of idealism, not a philosophy in itself. Moreover, the word "idiographic" is not restricted to studies of human activity; it is also used to describe certain kinds of case studies in geology and botany. It has no connotations of being limited to studies of human activity. In his major objection to my idealism Chappell wrongly interprets my position as conceding "nothing to the causative agents of the natural environment, or even of human physiology."2 The emphasis of the idealist approach is certainly on mind and, more particularly, on rethinking the thoughts of geographical agents, but not to the exclusion of their physiological or psychological components. I did suggest, however, that it would often be possible for a human geographer to assume that the physical and psychological attributes of a specific group were representative of the human race as a
TL;DR: In this article, a four stage development model of multiple nuclei growth, consolidation, single cell starvation, and closure summarizes the changing geographical pattern of survival with increasing threshold size of the sugar industry.
Abstract: The Commonwealth Caribbean sugar industry had substantial potential economies of scale in 1930. The partial realization of these economies caused an upward shift in both boundaries of the factory size range. A four stage development model of multiple nuclei growth, consolidation, single cell starvation, and closure summarizes the changing geographical pattern of survival with increasing threshold size. Institutional structure in Jamaica imposed diseconomies of scale which seriously undermined its sugar industry's viability.
TL;DR: The influence of large landownership on the cultural landscape of Lindsey, Lincolnshire, derives from the identification and personalization of property as discussed by the authors, exemplified by building styles, the use of insignia, and the presence of a hall, parklands, and plantations.
Abstract: Direct influences of nineteenth century large landownership on the cultural landscape of Lindsey, Lincolnshire, derive from the identification and personalization of property. They are exemplified by building styles, the use of insignia, and the presence of a hall, parklands, and plantations. The 55,000 acre estate of the Yarborough family and the 4,000 acre Bethlem Hospital Estate, the latter owned by an absentee institutional body, provide the major case studies. The type of ownership, continuity of ownership, and the size of the original estate are important factors in measuring the direct influences of “large'’landowners on the contemporary landscape. An indirect influence, manifest in the rural settlement pattern of Lindsey, results from the power of nineteenth century landowners to control building in a parish in order to minimize the poor-rate. Up to the Union Chargeability Act of 1865, the nature of landownership was an important factor in determining whether a parish was open or closed t...
TL;DR: The Himalaya embrace some ancient cultures which have remained geographically and culturally distinct as mentioned in this paper, and these cultures are expressed in their vernacular art which, in contrast to international art, represents both place and culture in the anthropological sense.
Abstract: The Himalaya embrace some ancient cultures which have remained geographically and culturally distinct. These cultures are expressed in their vernacular art which, in contrast to international art, represents both place and culture in the anthropological sense. Vernacular art mirrors historical and geographical forces and it provides insight into social aspirations, and thereby is important in understanding social behavior. Most aspects of the art forms of painting, dance, music, embroidery, architecture, and sculpture are regionally distinct.