Showing papers in "Annual Review of Cell Biology in 1994"

Cell biology of the amyloid beta-protein precursor and the mechanism of Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract: BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSES OF ALZHEIMER BRAIN LESIONS LEAD TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF A� AND ITS PRECURSOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 The Histopathology of Alzheimer's Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 Characterization of A � and �pp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 AL TERNA TIVE PROTEOLYTIC PROCESSING OF �PP AND THE GENERATION OF A� 378 GENETIC EVIDENCE IMPLICATES A� IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF FAMILIAL ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE 380 SEVERAL POTENTIAL FUNCTIONS HAVE BEEN ASCRIBED TO �PP . . . . . . . . . 383 CELL BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE TRAFFICKING AND SECRETORY PROCESSING OF �PP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 �pp Traf icking in Polarized Epithelial Cells ........ . 389 SECRETORY PROCESSING OF �PP IS UNDER COMPLEX REGULATION BY FIRST MESSENGERS . . . . . ......... 391 UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF J3PP PROCESSING IN THE PATHOGENETIC CASCADE OF AD .. . .. . 393 CONCLUSION ... . ..... . 397

Role of Protein Modification Reactions in Programming Interactions Between Ras-Related GTPases and Cell Membranes

Abstract: INTRODUCTION . . . . . ... . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . ..... . . . . ... 1 8 1 MODIFICATIONS O F THE N O R C -TERMINI O F RAS-RELATED GTPASES . . . . 182 FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MODIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 ARF Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 87 Ras Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Rap Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Rho-related Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Rab Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 CONCLUSIONSIFUTURE DIRECTIONS 197

The retinoblastoma protein: More than a tumor suppressor

Abstract: REGULATION OF RB DURING CELL CYCLE PROGRESSION AND DIFFERENTIATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Modification of Rb by Phosphorylation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Gl Arrest by Overexpression of Rb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Possible Roles for Rb in Other Phases of the Cell Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Interaction of Rb with Cyclin/Cdk Complexes and Protein Phosphatases . . . . . . . . . 8 Importance of Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Rb Phosphorylation and Cellular Diff erentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0

Microtubules in Plant Morphogenesis: Role of the Cortical Array

Abstract: INTRODUCTION . . .... . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . . .... . .. . .. ..... 153 CELLULAR PATIERNING IN GROWING PLANT ORGANS ........ 154 THE B IOPHYSICS OF PLANT CELL GROWTH AND THE ROLE OF THE CELL WALL ..... .... 156 CYTOKINESIS ..... . ........ ...... .. . ......... ... ...... ....... 157 HOW DOES THE CELL ALIGN CORTICAL MTs? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Aligllment of Cortical MTs ill Ullperturbed Cells . . .. .. . . . ...... .. .. . ... ..... 158 Structure of the Cortical MT Array. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 MT BEHAVIOR WITHIN THE CORTICAL ARRA Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 How Might the Cell COlllrol the Stability of Cortical MTs? . . .. .. . 161 MT Organizing Celllers ill the Cortical Array .... . ..... ... ... . ....... ...... . 163 THE POSITIONING OF CORTICAL MTs IS A CONSERV A TIVE PROCESS ... ... 164 How are Cortical MTs Repositiolled? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 HOW ARE CORTICAL MTs SPATIALLY ALIGNED? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Evidence that a Chemical Signal is Involved in Providing Spatial Information to Orient Cortical MTs . . ......... 166 Evidence that all Electrical Field is Involved in Providing SpatialIllformation to Orient Cortical MTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Evidence that a Biophysical Force is Involved in the Orientation of Cortical MTs . . 168 MTs, THE PM, AND THE CELL WALL AS A FUNCTIONAL CONTINUUM . ... . 169 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES 174

Structure of actin binding proteins : insights about function at atomic resolution

Abstract: OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ACTIN ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overview . Struclllre Delerminalioll . Description Of the Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Significance . ACTIN FILAMENT . Background . Structure Determinatioll .