Showing papers in "Annual Review of Microbiology in 1981"
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the role of the Bacterial Glycocalyx in Populations on Inert Surfaces, as well as its role in cell reprograming, and the importance of knowing the phytochemical properties of the substance.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION . THE NATURE OF THE BACTERIAL GLYCOCALYX . Definition of the Bacterial Glycocalyx . .. The Physical Nature of the Bacterial Glycocalyx . .. The Chemical Nature of the Bacterial Glycocalyx. .. The Loss of the Bacterial Glycocalyx in vitro . .. THE BACTERIAL GLYCOCALYX IN NATURAL ECOSySTEMS . The Bacterial Glycocalyx in Populations on Inert Surfaces. .. The Bacterial Glycoca/yx in Populations on Tissue Surfaces . ..
1,047 citations
TL;DR: A conceptual framework for developing a theory of translational initiation and three approaches to a higher order approximation are described.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION 365 BIOCHEMISTRY OF TRANSLATIONAL INITIATION 367 A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: RIBOSOME BINDING SITE STRENGTHS 373 THE NATURE OF RIBOSOME BINDING SITES 374 A First Approximation 374 Three Approaches to a Higher Order Approximation 380 Genetics and biochemistry 380 Statistics .......•••••••••.••..•.••.•...•.•........•....•••••••••••••••••• •.•••••••••• •.........•.• 382 DETERMINANTS: SEQUENCE AND/OR STRUCTURE ... 388 Pathways to Initiation 388 Unstructured Signals 389 Structured Initiation Regions 389 TRANSLATIONAL REGULATION 392 Unstructured RNAs 393 RNAs Whose Structures Seem Obvious 394 Complex Translational Regulation 396
754 citations
TL;DR: The Lithoautotrophic Metabolism of LITHOAUTOTROPHIC METABOLISM and its applications are described, which include energy-convening systems, energy-Convening Systems, and energy transduction.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION 406 DIVERSITY OF AEROBIC HYDROGEN-OXIDIZING BACTERIA 407 Hydrogen-Oxidizing Bacteria 407 Carbon Monoxide-Oxidizing Bacteria 411 PHYSIOLOGY OF GROWTH AND METABOLISM 412 Autotrophic Capabilities 412 Metal ion requirements 412 Growth properties ... ...... ... ......... 414 Characteristics of thermophilic species 415 Relationship to other physiological groups of bacteria 415 Mixotrophic Capabilities 416 Nitrogen Sources and Metabolism 418 Assimilation of combined nitrogen 418 Fixation of dinitrogen 419 Relation to Oxygen 420 Oxygen damage 420 Effect of decreased oxygen supply 421 REGULATION OF ENZYME SYNTHESIS 422 Key Enzymes of the Lithoautotrophic Metabolism 422 Hydrogenases 422 Ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoribulokinase 424 Formation of Isoenzymes in Central Carbon Metabolism 424 Repression of Catabolic Enzymes by Hydrogen 425 BIOCHEMISTRY OF LITHOAUTOTROPHIC METABOLISM 426 Energy-Convening Systems 426 Hydrogenases 426 CO oxidoreductase 428 Electron transport chains and energy transduction 429
268 citations
239 citations
TL;DR: The IgA “spatially aggregating immune response” to Mucosal Surfaces-based coronavirus infection is regulated by two mechanisms, namely “cell reprograming” and “viral neutralization”.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 477 SECRETORY IMMUNITY 478 Structural and Chemical Properties ... ..... ..... . . . .. . . ... . . 478 Synthesis and Transport of sIgA ... .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . ..... . .. . .. . .. . ... ...... .. . . . .. . . . 479 Biological Function of sIgA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 Inhibition of bacterial adherence 480 Viral neutralization ........•..• 483 Immune exclusion of soluble antigens . .. . . ... ...... . . . .... . .. . . ... . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 483 Origin and Migration Patterns of Cells in the Secretory System 484 Immunocompetent Cells of Mucosal Surfaces 486 IgA PROTEASES .... . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . ......... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ..... ........ . . . ... . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . ......... . . . . . . . 487 INDIGENOUS MUCOSAL FLORA . . . . . . . ......... 488 MUCINS 489 LYSOZYME, LACTOFERRIN, PEROXIDASE 490 CONCLUDING REMARKS ... 491
235 citations
TL;DR: The history of hunter-gatherer societies and the role of humans in the evolution of these societies is studied in detail.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION 113 BEHAVIOR OF POPULATIONS INTRODUCED INTO NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS . lIS MICROBIAL AGENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR DECLINE ..... .... 117 EVIDENCE FOR COEXISTENCE WITH PREDATORS AND PARASITES .... 119 WHY PREY AND HOSTS PERSIST: POPULATION DYNAMICS ..... 121 Interactions Among Predators ... 121 Predators Under Biologic al Control 122 Genetic Feedbac k 122 Refuge 123 Switching .. ........ 125 Density Dependence ....... .... ..... 126 Replic ation to Compens ate for Killing ... ... ....... 127 WHY FUNGI AND ALGAE PERSIST: WALL CHEMISTRy 128
195 citations
191 citations
172 citations
TL;DR: Fusions Involving Nonviable Protoplasts, Genetic Mapping by Protoplast Fusion, and Detection of extrachromosomal inheritance are studied.
Abstract: Gram-poSlllve bacteria . Gram-negative bacteria . Protoplast Regeneration . GENETIC INTERACTIONS IN INTRASPECIFIC PROTOPLAST FUSIONS ..... ... . . . . . . . . ... . . ... . . . . ... ......... . . ... ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . The Measurement of Fusion . Optim!!l Conditions for Protoplast F.usio� : .. : : .. GenetIc Events After Protoplast FUSIOn In Gram-Poslflve BacteTla .. Streptomyces . Bacillus . ComparisollS between Streptomyces and Bacillus . Genetic Mapping by Protoplast Fusion .. Chromosomal linkage . Detection of extrachromosomal inheritance . Fusions Involving Nonviable Protoplasts .. Protoplast Fusion in Gram-Negative Bacteria . INTERSPECIFIC PROTOPLAST FUSION . PLASMID TRANSFER BY PROTOPLAST FUSION ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. LOSS OF PLASMIDS BY PROTOPLASTING .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ........ .. PLASMID TRANSFORMATION AND TRANSFECTION OF PROTOPLASTS .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Techniques .
158 citations
TL;DR: This review concludes that lectins should be considered as a central teaching tool in the post-graduate curriculum and should be placed in the intermediate area according to its importance in teaching and research.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION . Background .. What Are Lectins? . Areas of Study . Scope of This Review ..
157 citations
TL;DR: 2.2 MICROBIAL ASPECTS of DENTAL CARIES: Characteristics of Streptococcus mutans and Dental Caries and Adherence of S. mutans.
Abstract: 2 MICROBIAL ASPECTS OF DENTAL CARIES 596 Streptococcus mutans and Dental Caries ....... . . . . 596 Characteristics of Streptococcus mutans 597 Clossijication 599 Cell wall macromolecules of S. mutans 599 Adherence of S. mutans and plaque formation . . . . . . . . ......... 602
TL;DR: The genetics and regulation of N2 fixation has only recently begun to be understood and techniques and ideas that will be useful for understanding genetic and regulatory mechanisms of microbial N 2 fixation are yielded.
Abstract: The genetics and regulation of N2 fixation has only recently begun to be understood. Breakthroughs from a variety of laboratories have yielded both techniques and ideas that will be useful for understanding genetic and regulatory mechanisms of microbial N2 fixation. Furthermore, the potential for using this knowledge for practical applications of N2 fixation is very great.
TL;DR: The chloroflexaceae, the Cyanobacteria and Their Apochlorotic Counterparts, and the Flexibacteriae are studied to help clarify the role of chlorine in the food chain.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION 339 GLIDING MOTILITY 340 PROPERTIES SHARED BY A MAJORITY OF GLIDING BACTERIA 342 TAXONOMY 344 General Remarks 344 Group 1: The Chloroflexaceae 345 Group 2: The Cyanobacteria and Their Apochlorotic Counterparts 347 Group 3: The Flexibacteriae 354 THE IMPORTANCE OF GLIDING BACTERIA IN NATURE AND FOR MAN 359 CONCLUDING REMARKS 361
TL;DR: Virulence Versus Motility: Role of Humoral and Cellular Responses 43 Immunosuppression 45 PERSPECTIVES ......... 47
Abstract: THE DISEASE ....... ....... ......... .... ... ....... ... ... ... ...... .. 30 PATHOGENESIS ...... ......... ..... ... ........ ........ ...... .... 32 Mucopolysaccharides ... .. ...... 33 Cultured cell receptor ... ... ... 33 Treponemal capsule ..... ......... ...... ....... ......... ..... .. ... ..... ... ... . ..... ..... ..... 34 In vivo correlations ... ... 36 Treponemal Mucopolysaccharidase ......... ....... 37 Treponemal receptors 37 Mucopolysaccharidase effe�ts .. .. ... ... ... ....... ........ ..... ....... ....... ... .. 38 IMMUNITY ....... ... ..... ... ... .. ... ... ... ..... ... ... ... ... .. ... .. ... .. ....... 41 Vaccines 42 Virulence Versus Motility 42 Role of Humoral and Cellular Responses 43 Immunosuppression 45 PERSPECTIVES ......... 47
TL;DR: The Genus Hyphomicrobium, RNA, Protein, and Membrane Synthesis, and DNA Synthesis: A chronology of key events and developments from 1979 to 2015.
Abstract: INTRODUCfION ......... .. ..... .. .. .... ... ...... .. . .. ... .. . .. . . . ... ..... .. . ....... ... .. .. . 567 TAXONOMIC STATUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . 568 The Genus Hyphomicrobium ... 569 The Genus Pedomicrobium ... .... .. ... ......... ..... ..... ... ..... ....... ... 570 The Genus Hyphomonas ... ........ ...... 571 The Genus Rhodomicrobium . ....... 572 THE LIFE CYCLE .. .. ..... .. ..... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ..... ... ... .. ... .. .. .. ... ... .. . . ..... ....... ... ... ... .. . .. ... .. ... ... . ... 572 The Swarmer Cell Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572 The Hyphal Stage ..... ........ ..... ....... ...... ........ ......... ..... ........ ..... .. ..... . 575 The Bud Development Stage ... ... .. 579 MACROMOLECULAR SyNTHESIS... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . 581 RNA, Protein, and Membrane Synthesis 581 DNA Synthesis 582 USE AS ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . 585
TL;DR: The nature of Infection, Pathology, and Immunity, as well as the prospects for treatment, are studied.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION . PROTISTOLOGY . Morphology . Nomenclature and Taxonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ........ . Cultivation, Metabolism, and Biochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EPIZOOTIOLOGY . Hosts, Geographic Occurrence, and Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . THE INFECTIONS . Nature of Infection, Pathology, and Immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. TREATMENT . CONCLUSIONS AND PROSPECTS .
TL;DR: This paper describes the phytochemical properties of Trichodoridae-Longidoridae-mediated dispersal in response to the presence of E. Coli in the environment.
Abstract: INTRODUCfION . CLASSIFICATION . ADENOPHOREAN PLANT PARASITISM . Trichodoridae . Longidoridae .