Showing papers in "Archives of Animal Nutrition in 1994"
TL;DR: It is concluded that only minor differences in the digestive capacity and rumen activity of sheep and goats can be expected when they are fed on medium quality forages.
Abstract: The in vivo digestibility and the rates of degradation and passage of alfalfa hay (AH) and vetch straw (VS) were compared in three Granadina goats and three Segurena wethers fed at approximately maintenance level, using a change over design. The nylon bag technique was used to estimate the fractional rate of degradation of the feeds in the rumen. The fractional outflow rate of hay and straw particles was determined with chromium as a marker. No significant differences in the digestibility coefficients of nutrients between animal species were found. Nitrogen retention expressed as coefficients of both nitrogen intake and digested nitrogen was lower (P < 0.01) in goats than in sheep when VS was offered. There was no significant difference betwen goats and sheep in the effective degradability (measured at outflow rates in the range of 0.027 to 0.032 h−1) of dry matter (DM) for either forage. However, the effective degradabilities of the neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and crude protein (CP) of VS were lower (P...
85 citations
TL;DR: Modification of the rumen microbial population is now considered as a possible approach to rumen manipulation by scientists and the effects on digestion of the elimination of ciliate protozoa (defaunation) are presented.
Abstract: Different methods of optimizing feed conversion into nutrients in the rumen are now available to scientists. But the rumen must be considered as an integrated system and this makes it difficult to rationalize manipulation. The observed result of any treatment is a combination of several interactive reactions. Any change to one component of the system has several uncontrolled effects on other components. The positive effects aimed for are sometimes associated with undesirable effects. Numerous chemical additives have been studied during the last two decades among which ionophore antibiotics represent the most important group. The interest of non-ionophore antibiotics, methane inhibitors, and compounds inhibiting proteases or deaminases, has also been considered during the last years. The observed effects of these chemical additives on animals, and their possible mode of action on rumen microbes and on animal metabolism, are discussed. However, the risks of the presence of residues in meat and milk are questioned by consumers. Microbial activity in the rumen can be altered by feeding animals with large amounts of certain food constituents (fats, starch) or minerals (buffer substances). The responses in the rumen to these dietary conditions are analyzed in terms of the digestive effects on plant cell wall degradation and microbial protein synthesis. Modification of the rumen microbial population is now considered as a possible approach to rumen manipulation by scientists. The effects on digestion of the elimination of ciliate protozoa (defaunation) are presented. The feasibility of these objectives, from a practical standpoint, is discussed. Finally, there is an overview of the effects of the addition of live yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisciae), or fungi (Aspergillus orizae), used as probiotics. A possible mode of action of probiotics on the rumen ecosystem is suggested.
73 citations
TL;DR: In 3 Teilexperimenten mit Wistarratten wurden die Effekte von Clenbuterol (CB) auf die Massen von 6 Hinterextremitatenmuskeln sowie strukturelle und biochemische Eigenschaften des M. extensor digitorum longus (EDL) untersucht as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In 3 Teilexperimenten mit Wistarratten wurden die Effekte von Clenbuterol (CB) auf die Massen von 6 Hinterextremitatenmuskeln sowie strukturelle und biochemische Eigenschaften des M. extensor digitorum longus (EDL) untersucht. Die Experimente unterschieden sich entweder durch das Geschlecht der Ratten oder die verabreichte CB‐Dosis (5 vs. 18 mg/kg Futter). Die 12tagige Clenbuterolbehandlung steigerte das Wachstum der 6 Hinterextremitatenmuskeln zwischen 13 und 24 % ohne bevorzugte Reaktion eines Kontraktionstyps. Die groseren Muskelmassen realisierten sich uber Faserhypertrophie, gemessen am Faserdurchmesser (+13 bis +16 %), und nicht uber Faservermehrung. Es war keine selektive Vergroserung von Fasern eines Stoffwechseltyps feststellbar. Die Fasertypenzusammensetzung verschob sich in Richtung der glykolytischen schnell kontrahierenden Muskelfasern ( + 0,7 bis + 4,9 %‐Einheiten FTG). Geschlechts‐ bzw. dosisabhangige Effekte waren nicht nachweisbar. Clenbuterol induzierte eine Verringerung des Kem‐Plasma‐V...
23 citations
TL;DR: In two growth experiments on broilers of 6 to 27 days of age, it is concluded that the efficacy of the L-lysine preparations to deliver lysine is equivalent to L.Cl.HCl.
Abstract: In two growth experiments on broilers of 6 to 27 days of age, the biological efficacy of three L‐lysine preparations containing biomass was evaluated in comparison to L‐lysine‐ HCl. L‐lysine from the different sources was added in graded levels to a basal diet deficient in lysine, but adequate in all other nutrients. From multi‐exponential regression analysis of weight gain and feed conversion responses, biological efficacy of the three L‐lysine preparations containing biomass was estimated to be 97%, 103%, and 113%, respectively. None of these estimates was significantly different from 100% Thus, it is concluded that the efficacy of the L‐lysine preparations to deliver lysine is equivalent to L‐lysine‐ HCl.
20 citations
TL;DR: With progressing replacement of fish meal by hydrolyzed feather meal, efficiencies of utilization of DE as well as of DCP were reduced, the respective rates of reduction being about halved by supplementing lysine with no effect of supplementing methionine.
Abstract: Two feeding trials were performed on rainbow trout of mean initial weights of 40 and 50 g and lasting for 12 and 14 weeks, respectively. In trial 1, diets contained per kg 300 g fish meal and varying proportions of gelatinized maize starch plus either casein or hydrolyzed feather meal. Dietary crude protein content varied from about 27 to 53%. In trial 2, all diets had about 45% crude protein. Fish meal (300 g/kg) was replaced in 3 steps by hydrolyzed feather meal either without or with supplementation of L- lysine.HCl and/or DL-methionine. In trial 1, efficiency of utilization of digestible energy (DE) rose from 38 to 50% when the ratio digestible crude protein (DCP)/DE was increased from about 11 to 17 g/MJ irrespective of the source of additional DCP, but did not further increase at higher ratios DCP/DE. Efficiency of utilization of DCP was about 50% as long as the ratio DCP/DE did not exceed 17 g/MJ. With progressing replacement of fish meal by hydrolyzed feather meal, efficiencies of utilization of DE as well as of DCP were reduced, the respective rates of reduction being about halved by supplementing lysine with no effect of supplementing methionine.
20 citations
TL;DR: The effects of, and interactions between, the diet and maturity of grass were studied in cattle in a 6 x 6 Latin square experiment with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments and predicted NDF digestibility was higher in cattle given the dried grass diets than in those given the silages.
Abstract: The effects of, and interactions between, the diet and maturity of grass were studied in cattle in a 6 × 6 Latin square experiment with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Barn‐dried grass or direct‐cut silage from the same sward were fed together with 250 (L), 500 (M) or 750 (H) g concentrate dry matter (DM) kg−1 total DM. Six timothy‐meadow fescue grasses, cut at 7 d intervals, were incubated in nylon bags in the rumen for 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, and the kinetics parameters for DM and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestion were estimated. Ruminai NDF digestibility was calculated using a value of 0.02 for the rate of passage. With increasing maturity of grass, crude protein content and in vitro digestibility decreased with associated increases in the contents of cell wall constituents. Both the rate and extent of DM and NDF digestion decreased with maturity. The changes were curvilinear with an increasing depression in the extent of digestion and a decreasing depression in the rate of diges...
17 citations
TL;DR: Two-weeks withdrawal period did not ameliorate the negative effects of GA3-inclusion whether on the dressing percentages, blood picture, or on the muscles and bone constituents.
Abstract: Feeding 2‐weeks old broiler chicks on gibberellic acid (GA3)‐containing diets (0, 1, 5, 25 and 125 ppm) for 3‐weeks led, generally, to nonsignificant increase of body weight, decreased feed consumption and better feed conversion (on 25–125 ppm). Yet, the percentages of the carcass and the other organs (liver, gizzard, heart) and glands (adrenal, thyroid and pituitary) weights were lower comparing with the control (0 level). Blood protein and magnesium concentrations raised significantly. Blood glucose increased but not significantly. There was remarkable decrease (P≤.01) in transaminases activity. The muscular protein decreased, whereas the fat percentage significantly increased. The bone reflected lower density and mineral (calcium, magnesium and phosphorus) contents. GA3 led to numerous histological lesions in different organs. Two‐weeks withdrawal period did not ameliorate the negative effects of GA3‐inclusion whether on the dressing percentages, blood picture, or on the muscles and bone constituents.
15 citations
TL;DR: It was proved after the treatment period that the raising of energy concentration was beneficial to overcome the aflatoxin effects on the body weight, feed conversion rate, and dressing (eviscerated weight) percentage and stability of relative weights of liver and kidneys.
Abstract: Afiatoxin caused some reduction in moisture contents of chest and liver, lipids of thigh and blood, blood glucose, muscular protein and GOT in liver. It led also to increase of moisture contents of thigh and kidneys; chest lipids; blood cholesterol; protein of liver, kidneys and blood and blood creatinine. The different supplements used herein led to increasing moisture of muscles, liver and kidneys (except on oil addition); lipids of muscles (except of chest on high energy diet) and blood (except on amino acids‐supplemented diet); blood cholesterol (except on high energy one); protein of thigh (except on high protein one) and blood (except on high energy or amino acids diets) and liver GPT (except on high energy diet). The additives led also to low blood glucose; protein of chest (except on high energy), liver, and kidneys; blood creatinine; liver GOT (particularly with high energy or amino acids); plasma GOT (on high amino acids) and plasma GPT. The 2‐week withdrawal period led to low moisture contents ...
15 citations
TL;DR: Seven diets were prepared containing as their only source of protein one of the following feeds: fish meal, casein, hydrolyzed feather meal, grieves, wheat gluten, maize gluten, soybean meal, and Crystalline amino acids were supplemented to prevent specific amino acid deficiencies.
Abstract: 7 diets were prepared containing as their only source of protein one of the following feeds: fish meal, casein, hydrolyzed feather meal, grieves, wheat gluten, maize gluten, soybean meal. Crystalline amino acids were supplemented except in cases of fish meal and casein to prevent specific amino acid deficiencies. Concentrations of N × 6.25 ranged between 436 and 457 g/kg dry matter (DM). Cr2O3 was added to each diet for indirect determination of digestibilites. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 20 rainbow trout of an average initial weight of 60 g. After 66 feeding days, all trout were killed and used for whole body analyses. Due to severely reduced intake, trout fed the casein based diet gained only about half as much weight as trout fed the fish meal based diet, though at the same feed conversion ratio of 1.0 kg gain per kg dietary DM. Gains on the other diets ranged between these two treatments with poorer feed conversion ratios. Digestibilities of crude protein of fish meal, casein, hydrolyzed...
14 citations
TL;DR: Filtration of sodium hydroxide and glycine buffer extract with 1-kDa low-binding regenerated-cellulose membrane did not alter uric acid extraction efficiency from avian excreta.
Abstract: Different extraction techniques were compared in uric acid analysis of avian excreta. These include five extraction reagents (0.1 M sodium hydroxide, 0.1 M glycine buffer, 0.068 m lithium carbonate, 0.136 M lithium carbonate and sodium borate buffer, pH 9.1). Each extraction reagent was used with four excreta sample weights (50, 100, 150 and 200 mg) for four extraction periods (10, 20, 30 and 40 min) in four extraction volumes (5, 10, 15 and 20 ml). Extraction with sodium hydroxide gave lower uric acid concentration; however, glycine buffer extraction gave uric acid concentration that was higher (P < 0.05) than extraction with lithium carbonate or sodium borate buffer. Uric acid concentration increased with increase in sample weight and decreased with decrease in reagent volume when extracted with glycine buffer. Filtration of sodium hydroxide and glycine buffer extract with 1‐kDa low‐binding regenerated‐cellulose membrane did not alter uric acid extraction efficiency from avian excreta. Regardless of len...
13 citations
TL;DR: The 2-week withdrawal period led to low moisture contents of muscles and kidneys of most treatments, although they continued higher than in the control for chest, liver and kidneys.
Abstract: Aflatoxin caused some reduction in moisture contents of chest and liver, lipids of thigh and blood, blood glucose, muscular protein and GOT in liver. It led also to increase of moisture contents of thigh and kidneys; chest lipids; blood cholesterol; protein of liver, kidneys and blood and blood creatinine. The different supplements used herein led to increasing moisture of muscles, liver and kidneys (except on oil addition); lipids of muscles (except of chest on high energy diet) and blood (except on amino acids-supplemented diet); blood cholesterol (except on high energy one); protein of thigh (except on high protein one) and blood (except on high energy or amino acids diets) and liver GPT (except on high energy diet). The additives led also to low blood glucose; protein of chest (except on high energy), liver, and kidneys; blood creatinine; liver GOT (particularly with high energy or amino acids); plasma GOT (on high amino acids) and plasma GPT. The 2-week withdrawal period led to low moisture contents of muscles and kidneys of most treatments, although they continued higher than in the control for chest, liver and kidneys. It increased blood glucose and cholesterol with continuous higher lipid content of muscles and blood and blood cholesterol than in the control. It led to elevated protein content of muscles, liver (except on the control or supplements mixture), kidneys (on the aflatoxin alone or with the amino acids) and blood (except on the control or aflatoxin alone or with high protein) and blood creatinine (except on the control or on the high energy or the supplements mixture).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
TL;DR: The chemical composition and the energy content of the conception products, the reproductive organs and the live weight gains or losses of pregnant and lactating sows were determined in dependence on the litter number, the energy supply as well as on the course of gestation and lactation.
Abstract: The chemical composition and the energy content of the conception products, the reproductive organs and the live weight gains or losses of pregnant and lactating sows were determined in dependence on the litter number (1, 2 and 4) and the energy supply (120, 100 and 80% of requirement recommendation) of sows as well as on the course of gestation and lactation. The results will be used as a basis for factorial derivation of requirement recommendation. The deposition of protein and energy in the conception products in dependence on the time is characterized by an exponential function. The deposition of nutrients and energy in the conception products is increased with rising litter size. The deposition of nutrients and energy per fetus is lower in the litter number 1 than in the litter number 2 and 4. The energy supply in the selected limits has no significant influence on the litter size as well as on the intrauterine deposition of nutrients and energy. The litter number, the energy supply as well as the co...
TL;DR: The energy and nitrogen metabolism of pregnant sows was measured with the method of indirect calorimetry in dependence on the number of gestation, on the energy supply, and on the gestation stage to derive values of maintenance requirement and ofenergy and nitrogen utilization for body deposition.
Abstract: The energy and nitrogen metabolism of pregnant sows was measured with the method of indirect calorimetry in dependence on the number of gestation (1,2 and 4), on the energy supply (120, 100 and 80% of the requirement recommendation) and on the gestation stage. Values of maintenance requirement and of energy and nitrogen utilization for body deposition were calculated on the basis of results of energy and nitrogen metabolism. The energy maintenance requirement increased from 389 to 435 and 473 kJ metabolizable energy per kg LW0.75.d with rising number of gestation. The heat production increased from 85th to 115th day of gestation by 6%. The efficiency of the partial energy utilization for the energy deposition amounted to 66% on the average. The efficiency of the partial utilization of digestible nitrogen for the nitrogen deposition was calculated to 75%. The nitrogen maintenance requirement values amounted to 0.5 and 0.4 g digestible nitrogen per kg LW0.75.d in the 1st and 2nd half of gestation.
TL;DR: In this article, the concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn were determined in a total of 24 barrows and gilts of 60 kg and 100 kg of live weight, respectively.
Abstract: The concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn were determined in meat, inner organs, blood and residual carcass in a total of 24 barrows and gilts of 60 kg and 100 kg of live weight, respectively. The finisher diet contained 192 ppm Fe, 113 ppm Zn, 18 ppm Cu and 65 ppm Mn with, as calculated, a great proportion originating from the mineral supplement. During growth, the contents of Fe, Cu and Mn were significantly reduced. No sex differences occurred. In the lean meat of the 100 kg pigs, common values accounting for 1.1 mg Fe, 2.8 mg Zn and 0.05 mg Cu per 100 g were analyzed. The manganese concentration of 0.01 mg per 100 g, however, was considerably lower as the corresponding figure from nutrient tables. In the finishing period, the animals retained per animal and day about 18 mg Fe, 15 mg Zn and 0.2 mg Cu. Mn retention was not significantly different from zero. The low utilization rates calculated from these data can be partly explained by the moderately excessive supply in this fattening period. In order to ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors described the processes of absorption of free fatty acids in monogastric animals and in ruminants and discussed the feeding problems of free- fatty acids.
Abstract: The description of the processes of absorption of free fatty acids in monogastric animals and in ruminants is the first part of the review The feeding problems of free fatty acids are discussed in
TL;DR: Irrespective of the base diet, phospholipid levels in serum and lipoproteins were markedly reduced by dietary fish oil, suggesting that other dietary lipids should be considered when examining the hypolipemic effect of fish oil.
Abstract: The investigation was attempted to clarify the effects of fish oil on the concentration of lipids in serum and lipoproteins in rats fed diets differing in cholesterol and fat. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were maintained on low‐fat/high‐fat diets without and with 1.5%cholesterol (base diets) for 28 days. Half of each group was then switched to a fish oil diet for 20 days with 5.6% fish oil for exchange of coconut oil and beef tallow. Total cholesterol in rat serum was increased following feeding high amounts of dietary cholesterol. This increase was due to raised VLDL and LDL cholesterol. Rats fed the high‐cholesterol/high‐fat diet had lower HDL cholesterol concentration than groups fed the other base diets. Dietary fish oil lowered serum and lipoprotein cholesterol, even in the presence of dietary cholesterol. In rats fed the high‐fat/cholesterolfree diet triglyceride levels in total serum and VLDL were higher than in rats fed the other base diets. The hypertriglyceridemia in rats was diminished fed dietary ...
TL;DR: An zwei laktierenden Kuhen, die mit je einer Pansenfistel und einer T‐Kanule am proximalen Duodenum sowie am distalen Ileum ausgestattet waren, wurde die wahre Verdaulichkeit im Dunndarm von 17 Aminosauren ermittelt.
Abstract: An zwei laktierenden Kuhen, die mit je einer Pansenfistel und einer T‐Kanule am proximalen Duodenum sowie am distalen Ileum ausgestattet waren, wurde die wahre Verdaulichkeit im Dunndarm von 17 Aminosauren ermittelt Dabei wurde folgende Beziehung zugrunde gelegt: I = a + b × D + c × PFT, wobei I = Aminosaurenflus am Ileum, D = Aminosaurenflus am Duodenum und PFT = proteinfreie Trockensubstanz am Ileum Da b fur den Anteil unverdauter Aminosauren steht, ergibt sich die wahre Verdaulichkeit als 1 ‐ b Insgesamt standen Messungen aus 16 Einzeltierversuchen zur Verfugung Nach den Berechnungen wurden Lysin, Histidin, Arginin, Cystein, Leucin, Isoleucin und Tyrosin zu 85–90 % resorbiert Die niedrigsten Resorptionswerte (77–80 %) ergaben sich fur Threonin, Valin, Methioin, Asparaginsaure und Serin In der Summe wurden die Aminosauren zu 83 % resorbiert, wobei kein Unterschied zwischen essentiellen und nichtessentiellen Aminosauren bestand
TL;DR: Three Streptococcus bovis strains were tested in biotype assay and examined for the adherence to cells of rumen epithelium primoculture, suggesting that the determinants responsible for the adhere are largely proteinaceous.
Abstract: Three Streptococcus bovis strains were tested in biotype assay and examined for the adherence to cells of rumen epithelium primoculture. The adherence pattern of ruminal streptococci in phosphate buffered saline at pH values ranging from 4.1 to 8.5 was determined. Our isolates of Streptococcus bovis strains adhered best at pH 7.0-7.3. To characterize the adhesive determinants, the bacterial cells were exposed to various treatments. Protease treatment dramatically decreased the adherence of all Streptococcus bovis strains, thus suggesting that the determinants responsible for the adherence are largely proteinaceous. Carbohydrates could be also significantly involved in the active sites of bacterial surface because metaperiodate-treated cells adhered much more poorly than control, sodium iodate-treated cells. Addition of carbohydrates (lactose, maltose and saccharose) had no significant effect on the adherence of Streptococcus bovis strains although a slight decrease in the adhesion was detected.
TL;DR: Wheat straw and triticale straw were treated with 2- and 4%-NaOH and/or 300- and 600-kGy radiation doses (accelerated electrons) for improvement of the nutritional value of these feeds and the dynamics of the rumen disappearance of DM was different in the straws.
Abstract: Wheat straw (WS) and triticale straw (TS) were treated with 2- and 4%-NaOH and/or 300- and 600-kGy radiation doses (accelerated electrons) for improvement of the nutritional value of these feeds. Beside the chemical composition of straws, the nylon bag rumen disappearance of dry matter and crude fibre was estimated. NaOH did not influence the chemical composition of straws, while irradiation significantly reduced the level of crude fibre (CF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) proportionally to the dose. The level of nitrogen free extractives (NFE) and alpha-linked glucose polymers pronouncedly increased in the radiated straws. NaOH treatment raised potential rumen degradability of DM and irradiation did so in the case of potential as well as effective degradability. It was not able to prove the summarized influence of both treatments on DM and CF rumen degradability of the straws. The dynamics of the rumen disappearance of DM was different in the straws.
TL;DR: In conclusion, effects of supplementation with corn and (or) soybean oil on feed intake and digestibility were similar for AL and OR, which differed in voluntary intake and Digestibility, and animal characteristics such as stage of maturity may have influenced effects of soybeans oil onFeed intake.
Abstract: Effects and interactions of corn and soybean oil supplementation and forage source on feed intake and digestibility by mature and growing cattle were determined. Eight mature beef cattle (571 ± 17 kg initial body weight) were used in two simultaneous 4×4 Latin squares. Cattle in each square consumed long‐stemmed alfalfa (AL; 16% crude protein, 54% neutral detergent fibre and 6.1% acid detergent lignin) or orchardgrass (OR; 11% crude protein, 71% neutral detergent fibre and 9.4% acid detergent lignin) hay ad libitum for 15 d followed by 6 d of restricted consumption (85% of ad libitum). Supplement treatments were Control, ground corn (C; 0.5% body weight), soybean oil (O; 0.125% body weight), or C + O. Total ad libitum dry matter (DM) intake was greater for AL than for OR (P < 0.05) and with than without C (P < 0.05), and a corn x soybean oil interaction occurred (P = 0.07; 11.8, 14.0, 13.6, 14.2, 8.4, 10.7, 9.3 and 10.3 kg/d); total tract neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility was 66.0, 67.7, 65.8, 6...
TL;DR: It was found that proteins with a high content of glutamic and aspartic acid (proteins of grains) are better proteins for the maintenance metabolism as animal proteins.
Abstract: Der ermittelte Wert der wahren Verdaulichkeit von Nahrungs‐ und Futterproteinen ist von der Ausscheidung an Darmverluststickstoff (DVN) abhangig. Die Ergebnisse vieler Autoren zeigten, das ein hoher Fasergehalt in der Diat die DVN‐Ausscheidung erhoht und die wahre Verdaulichkeit des Diatproteins erniedrigt. Eine exakte Bestimmung des DVN ist nur mit Isotopenmethoden moglich. Eine Markierung der Futterproteine mit isotopem Stickstoff (15N) ist hierbei in Experimenten mit kleinen Versuchstieren moglich. Bei grosen Versuchstieren (Schweine) ist die Verwertung von rezykliertem 15N infolge der langen Transitzeit von nichtverdautem 15N‐markiertem Futterprotein und der parallelen 15N‐Markierung des DVN zu hoch. Die beste Methode der Bestimmung der wahren Verdaulichkeit von Proteinen ist die Methode mit 15N‐ markierten Versuchstieren und die Unterscheidung zwischen nichtmarkiertem unverdautem Futterprotein und 15N‐markiertem DVN im Kot. Die Ermittlung der Verdaulichkeit von essentiellen Aminosauren am Ende des Il...
TL;DR: A large number of biological silage additives were tested for their suitability as quality promoters in the ensiling of lucerne for conservation technique and depending on dry matter content the additives were expected to produce differentiated results.
Abstract: Enzyme preparations, inoculants, molasses, sodium formate, urea as well as combinations thereof were tested for their efficiency in the ensiling of lucerne (Medicago varia). The experiments were carried out both on fresh plant material (180 g dry matter (DM)/kg) and wilted material obtained after graded times of wilting (28, 52 and 76 hours). Dry matter contents varied between 360 and 710 g/kg. Differentiated dry matter contents of this order are normal when lucerne is ensiled in plastic‐wrapped big bales with varying periods of exposure in the field depending on the operational performance. The experiments were launched to test a large number of biological silage additives for their suitability as quality promoters in this conservation technique. Depending on dry matter content the additives were expected to produce differentiated results. On lower DM level especially molasses addition, also together with inoculants, improved fermentation. From about 500 gDM/kg upwards progressive mould development was o...
TL;DR: The results show, that the absolute amounts of endogenous and bacterial N at the terminal ileum were significantly increased by a higher crude protein content of the diet and the percentage of endogenous N on the total N of the ileal digesta was not affected neither by the crude proteincontent of the diets nor by the fibre supplements.
Abstract: The endogenous N in ileal digesta of pigs was estimated in two experimental variants In variant 1 the crude protein content of a wheat‐maize‐fish meal diet was 18% and the crude fibre content was 19% (diet1) and 27% resp (diet 2) In variant 2 the crude protein content was 125% (wheat‐maize‐diet) and the crude fibre content was 41% (diet 3) and 55% resp (diet 4) The higher crude fibre content of the diets 2–4 was provided by means of a supplementation with partially hydrolyzed straw meal plus pectin (2:1 w/w) Four miniature pigs with an average initial body weight of 29 kg, were fitted with a ileocaecal re‐entrant cannula and received each one of the four different diets 15NH4Cl, added to the diets, was given for 5 days (150 mg 15N‐excess/kg075 BW ∗d) to labell the animals with 15N Heal digesta, urine and faeces were collected over 24 hours on 8th, 10th and 12th day after the first intake of 15N The 15N‐excess of urine N was used as the comparative measure of 15N‐excess of endogenous protei
TL;DR: The use of beet for beef production after ensiling together with maize was studied in two experiments involving 112 and 114 White-blue bulls, and EUROP fatness score was higher for diets containing one third sugar beet.
Abstract: The use of beet for beef production after ensiling together with maize was studied in two experiments involving 112 and 114 White‐blue bulls. In the first experiment maize silage (I) was compared with mixed silage of maize and fodder beet (II) or sugar beet (III) (ratio: 2/1, DM‐basis). In the second experiment maize silage (I) was compared with mixed silage of 0.67 maize and 0.33 sugar beet (II) or maize silage and fresh sugar beet (ratio: 2/1, DM basis) (III) or fresh sugar beet and potatoes afterwards at 4 % of the live weight and maize silage (IV). From day 113 onwards, mixed silage was also fed to group III and sugar beet were replaced by raw potatoes in group IV. The basic diet was always supplemented with concentrate at 0.75 % of the live weight. In experiment 1 live weight gain was slightly but not significantly higher for the mixed silages, although daily net energy intake per kg metabolic weight was higher. Feed efficiency was not significantly different among groups. Mixed silages yielded more ...
TL;DR: Estimation of the live weights, live weight gain, feed intake, blood glucose and free fatty acid concentrations, lipid contents and weights of liver and kidney, and liver pyruvate carboxylase activity indicated that in the case of dehulled SSM, dietary biotin of of 160 mcg/kg feed was marginal while at least 200 mcG/kg appeared to be needed for optimum performance of the birds.
Abstract: A total of 560 day‐old commercial broiler chicks were used in two experiments conducted to investigate the biotin requirement of broilers fed sunflower seed meal (SSM) based diets. Two basal biotin‐deficient diets based on dehulled (Experiment 1) and non‐dehulled (Experiment 2) SSM were each supplemented with graded levels of biotin so that the rations had 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, 240 and 280 mcg/kg feed. Therefore a total of 14 treatments were tested. Each treatment was given to duplicate floor pens with 20 chicks each for a period of 28 days. Estimation of the live weights, live weight gain, feed intake, blood glucose and free fatty acid concentrations, lipid contents and weights of liver and kidney, and liver pyruvate carboxylase activity and the records of incidence of dermal lesions, fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS) mortality and leg deformities indicated that in the case of dehulled SSM, dietary biotin of of 160 mcg/kg feed was marginal while at least 200 mcg/kg appeared to be needed for optimum...
TL;DR: Six adult sheep were fed at maintenance level, successively over three experimental periods, 1100 g of a roughage-rich diet without supplement or containing 33 mg kg-1 of lasalocid or cationomycin, with similar effects.
Abstract: Six adult sheep were fed at maintenance level, successively over three experimental periods, 1100 g of a roughage-rich diet without supplement or containing 33 mg kg-1 of lasalocid or cationomycin. The feed was administered in eight equal meals daily, every three hours. Blood samples were taken in each animal from the jugular vein at 10.00 hours, 16.00 and 22.00 hours, one hour after the animals were fed. The ionophores did not affect the plasma concentrations of glucose, free fatty acids, total amino acids, insulin, acetate, Ca or Mg. They decreased beta-hydroxy butyrate content (P < 0.05) and increased that of albumin (P < 0.05). Lasalocid alone significantly decreased uremia, but the significant threshold was only reached at 16.00 hours (P < 0.01). With this exception, the two ionophores had similar effects. Samples taken in peripheral blood appear to be too far from nutrient absorption sites to give a clear indication of the effects of these molecules on the products absorbed or metabolised in the digestive tract.
TL;DR: In three trials with a total of 4120 male and female broilers, maize has been partly replaced by barley, rye or triticale and different combinations of enzymes were fed, the growth performance of broilers was insignificantly better and the addition of enzymes did not influence the proportion of different body fractions.
Abstract: In three trials with a total of 4120 male and female broilers, kept on floor or in cages maize has been partly replaced by barley, rye or triticale and different combinations of enzymes were fed. The supplementation of cellulases with mainly glucanase in barley based diets has had no significant influence on growth performance. In case of diets with 20% rye the addition of cellulases with mainly hemicellulases resulted in 5% higher live weight gains and a better feed efficiency (5%)on average of two trials. The negative influence of rye feeding on excrement constitution was lowered and the dry matter content of excrements increased by 1.3%. In diets based on triticale the growth performance of broilers was insignificantly better. The addition of enzymes did not influence the proportion of different body fractions as well as the crude nutrient content of edible carcass.
TL;DR: In growing bulls and wethers the energy metabolism was measured by means of indirect calorimetry on 3 steps of energy intake (deposition, maintenance, underfeeding) as a rule and the influence of q on energy maintenance requirement and energy utilization was analysed.
Abstract: In growing bulls (290-420 kg LW) and wethers (40-60 kg LW) the energy metabolism was measured by means of indirect calorimetry on 3 steps of energy intake (deposition, maintenance, underfeeding) as a rule with feeding 12 (growing bulls) resp. 8 rations (wethers) with a range of energy metabolizability (q) between 0.74 and 0.47. Investigations were carried out in oxen previously with 9 rations with a range of q between 0.65 and 0.56 were completed by measurements of the energy metabolism with underfeeding and also analysed for the influence of q on energy maintenance requirement and energy utilization. In all 3 animal categories the energy maintenance requirement was not dependent on q significantly. On the nutrition level maintenance the mean energy maintenance requirement amounted to 467 +/- 64 in growing bulls (n = 104), 533 +/- 53 in oxen (n = 44) and 323 +/- 59 kJ ME/kg LW0.75.d in wethers (n = 32). The partial utilization of the metabolizable energy for deposition was influenced significantly (alpha = 0.05) by q in growing bulls only (kpf = -0.1495 + 0.9933q +/- 0.050). A differentiation of the utilization of metabolizable energy for deposition was demonstrable in wethers only with mean values of 50.7% (kf) and of 64.2% (km); km was also independent on q.
TL;DR: There was no interaction between copper deficiency and iron metabolism, and the protein metabolism was unchanged.
Abstract: The objective of the present study was to investigate physiological effects of a marginal copper and iron supply on pigs. Therefore an experiment was conducted with 4 x 12 growing pigs of the crossbreed Pietrain x Deutsche Landrasse. The animals were fed for a period of 119 days with a diet poor of copper (1.5 mg Cu/kg diet) and/or poor of iron (35 mg Fe/kg diet). Control animals were supplied adequately with copper (4.8 mg Cu/kg diet) and iron (85 mg Fe/kg diet). The diet was given according to weight. After reaching an average weight of 102.6 +/- 3.5 kg the animals were slaughtered. Due to the activity of the coerulplasmin and katalase enzyme and the haematological parameters, the supply of copper and iron could be classified as marginal. There was no interaction between copper deficiency and iron metabolism. The protein metabolism was unchanged. Low copper intake reduced the copper concentrations in serum, liver, muscle and backfat, and low iron intake reduced the iron concentration in serum, liver and muscle. Marginal copper and iron supply had no relevant effect on either food intake and growth performance or carcass characteristics and meat quality.
TL;DR: On the high and middle nutrition levels the data of energy and nutrients digestibility in growing bulls and wethers were in good agreement, except the significant lower digestibility of crude protein in cattle.
Abstract: The energy metabolism was measured by means of indirect calorimetry in growing bulls with mean live weights of 290-420 kg and in wethers with mean live weights of 40-60 kg. The animals were fed 12 (bulls) and 8 rations (wethers) with high variation in the nutrients composition and with a range of energy metabolizability (q) between 0.74 and 0.47 on 3 steps of nutrition level (deposition, maintenance, underfeeding) as a rule. The energy digestibility of the 12 rations tested in growing bulls on the nutrition level maintenance was measured between 81.9 and 56.4% and that of the 8 rations tested in wethers was measured between 82.6 and 55.6%. On the high and middle nutrition levels the data of energy and nutrients digestibility in growing bulls and wethers were in good agreement, except the significant lower digestibility of crude protein in cattle. On the low nutrition level digestibility of energy, crude protein, crude cellulose and N free residual substances in wethers was 3-5 digestibility units lower than in bulls. The increase of nutrition level by 1 unit lowered the energy digestibility in bulls by 4.2 and the nutrients digestibility about 4-8%-units (0.7 for starch). In sheep the effect was not so high as in cattle. There were differences in the rumen physiological parameters between the animal species. In the growing bulls' rumen liquid the part of acetate was higher and the parts of propionate and butyrate were lower. The content of NH3 was higher in sheep. The increase of nutrition level caused higher amounts of volatile fatty acids in the two animal species with lowering the part of acetic acid and raising the parts of propionic and butyric acid.