Showing papers in "Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry in 1972"
TL;DR: I did not choose the title of this presentation, but had I done so, I would have been more careful in my selection of words.
Abstract: (1972). The Foetus as a Personality. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 99-105.
87 citations
TL;DR: The field of psychotherapy in the United States seems more chaotic today than ever, with the explosion of psychotherapeutic methods accompanied by a proliferation of healers with all types of training, or even none at all.
Abstract: (1972). Common Features of Psychotherapy. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 34-40.
30 citations
TL;DR: Six reports all claimed that rheumatoid arthritis and schizophrenia occurred together less commonly than they should, if chance were the sole determinant of their relationship.
Abstract: SCHIZOPHRENIA AND RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS During the last 40 years, several papers have been published suggesting the likelihood of a relat.ionship tetween schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis, and, more specifically, that these two syndromes, if not mutually exclusive, were less commonly concurrent than they should be if one did not confer some protection against the other. Nissen and Spencer (1936) reported their experiences in working with both arthritics and schizophrenics. In a 2,200 bed state hospital for mental diseases, they noted no arthritis. They examined 500 arthritics in a general hospital clinic and found that only three had mental disease. They considered that both syndromes were strikingly similar and represented alternative means of escaping reality. In terms of the present usage of the concepts of rheumatoid arthritis and schitophrenia, their observations were quite inadequate. However, they did present the idea that some severe types of arthritis and some forms of mental disease were mutually incompatible. The next report comes from Gregg (1939). Gregg sent questionnaires to the suFerintendents of state hospitals and United States veterans’ hospitals in Massachusetts asking them for information on patients with arthritis in their hospitals. He stated that among the 15,000 patients in these hospitals the superintendents’ reports indicated that only 20 suffered from serious arthritis. He compared this with what the State Commissioner of Health regarded as the community point prevalence of rheumatism and concluded that disabling arthritis was 17 times more common in the community than among psychotics in Massachusetts state hospitals. Gregg took further support for his thesis from the observations of the state pathologist who, during 30 years of performing post mortems on psychiatric patients, had noted no frankly arthritic joints. In 1950 Ross, Hay and McDowell, reported on the incidence of certain “vegetative disturbances” in relation to psychoses. They surveyed 1,600 patients in a Canadian mental hospital and found that only 0.25 per cent suffered from rheumatoid arthritis. Also in 1950, Appel and Rosen reported on psychotic factors in psychosomatic illness. One of their patients was reported as suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. She was observed to develop a paranoid psychosis during psychotherapy as her arthritis subsided. Trevathan and Tatum (1954) reported on one case of concurrence of rheumatoid arthritis and psychosis. This was in the context of 9,000 admissions to a neuropsychiatric centre over a five-year period. The first worker to examine physically his total population was Pilkington ( 1956). He examined 360 unselected, female, chronic mental hospjtal patients seeking evidence of rheumatoid arthrihs. One-third of these persons was schizophrenic and of these only one had rheumatoid arthritis. Rothermich and Philips (1963) obtained information on the criminal and the hospitalized insane in the State. of Ohio. They noted a prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis of 0.8 pef thousand. These six reports all claimed that rheumatoid arthritis and schizophrenia occurred together less commonly than they should, if chance were the sole determinant of their relationship. Udortunately, all the work suffers from major methodological inadequacies. In no cases did the writers say what was meant by the term schizophrenia; several spoke only of “psychotics”. The patients were never individually interviewed to assign diagnoses. No meaningful breakdown of the types of arthritis were made and, in particular, the criteria of the American Rheumatism Association (Ropes et al., 1959) were not used. Only Pilkington routinely examined his patients and his numbers were too small to give significant results. No workers used routine radiological and serological examinations as in the major population studies of the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (e.g., Lawrence, 1961; Mikkelsen el al., 1967). Age and sex specific prevalences, which are so important in rheumatoid arthritis, were never mentioned. A more recent survey (Mellsop ef al., 1972) has attempted to avoid these deficiencies. The prevalence of classical, definite and probable rheumatoid arthritis was sought in a group of 301 middle-aged females with chronic schizophrenia. Each member of this group was individually interviewed and examined, had sera tested for rheumatoid factor, and was referred for radiography, The results were compared with the prevalences established by previous population surveys in the United States and the United Kingdom. A highly significant negative association between rheumatoid arthritis and schizophrenia was demonstrated. This finding now seems reasonably established and should be taken account of by any theory of the aetiology of either of these two syndromes. That schizophrenia continues to occur at a similar rate even though the sufferers have a decreased life expectancy (Sjogren, 1948) and a decreased rate of reproduction (Hare, 1967) has posed something of an enigma. Perhaps protection from rheumatoid arthritis is an example of the selective advantages postulated by Huxley et al. (1964).
20 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that women experience as helpful supportive relationships which enable them to discuss their fears and positive and negative feelings about the operation, particularly its effects on their marital and feminine role functions.
Abstract: SYNOPSISThis paper provides a review of relevant literature on the outcome of hysterectomy and on affective, defensive, cognitive, reality and object relations aspects of the hysterectomy crisis. The development, from the literature review and from the pilot study, of the research instrument, the Hysterectomy Interview Schedule is described. Parameters of response in terms of significant interactions are recorded for 100 subjects. It is concluded that women experience as helpful supportive relationships which enable them to discuss their fears and positive and negative feelings about the operation, particularly its effects on their marital and feminine role functions. Appropriate explanation and practical help are also of value to them.
17 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that environmental deprivation may be one of the factors responsible for the delay in electroencephalographic maturation so frequently found in psychopaths.
Abstract: SYNOPSISThe clinical features of 100 patients with psychopathic personalities presenting to an acute psychiatric service are described. Neurotic symptoms were frequently found to co-exist with psychopathic traits. Fifty-three patients had abnormal electroencephalograms. The abnormalities were significantly negatively correlated with age, and positively with the occurrence of epileptic convulsions, but few other significant clinical correlates were found. It is suggested that an abnormal EEG may be positively misleading if misinterpreted as evidence of epilepsy or of an “organic” disorder. The medico-legal and therapeutic implications of this conclusion are discussed. It is suggested that environmental deprivation may be one of the factors responsible for the delay in electroencephalographic maturation so frequently found in psychopaths.
17 citations
TL;DR: The doctor's Illnesss and the Patient is a treatise on the relationship between the doctor and the patient and its application in the practice of medicine and clinical practice.
Abstract: (1972). The Doctor, his Illnesss and the Patient. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry: Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 209-213.
16 citations
TL;DR: By analysing unpublished data on homosexuals it is concluded that the latter can not be explained by a genetic factor and the implications of the observed increases in parental age and parental loss in these diseases are discussed.
Abstract: SYNOPSISThis paper begins by reviewing the problem of determining whether there is a genetic factor in schizophrenia and homosexuality by considering the problem explaining the resulting apparently stationary polymorphisms. By analysing unpublished data on homosexuals it is concluded that the latter can not be explained by a genetic factor. The implications of the observed increases in parental age and parental loss in these diseases are then discussed, together with their implications for the genetic hypotheses.
15 citations
TL;DR: Analysis of the data obtained allowed satisfactory replication of studies by Grinker et al. (1961) and Kiloh and Garside (1963) and this lends further support to the binary view of depressive illness.
Abstract: SYNOPSISIn recent years, interest in psychiatric classification has been focussed very largely on depressive illness. Techniques of multivariate analysis have been widely used.The methodology of a study of depressive illness is described with emphasis on the construction of a semistructured interview schedule. Analysis of the data obtained allowed satisfactory replication of studies by Grinker et al. (1961) and Kiloh and Garside (1963) and this lends further support to the binary view of depressive illness.
15 citations
TL;DR: A family history is presented which demonstrates both folie communiquée and folie imposée, two of the four subgroups summarized by Gralnick (1942) from the 19th century literature.
Abstract: Folie a famille is a rare variant of the folie a deux situation. A family history is presented which demonstrates both folie communiquee and folie imposee, two of the four subgroups summarized by G...
8 citations
TL;DR: It is 21 years this month that I first began to work as a trainee psychiatrist in one of the psychiatric hospitals of the State of New South Wales, and I believe that I am able to see, with a relative clarity, some at least of the major problems and challenges that face this College, and which face individual members of the College and those who will be educated under its auspices, in the years ahead.
Abstract: It is 21 years this month that I first began to work as a trainee psychiatrist in one of the psychiatric hospitals of the State of New South Wales, against virtually all the advice that I was gratuitously given by my friends, family and teachers. Had I but realized at the time the immensity of my ignorance, my anxiety and uncertainty would unquestionably have been even greater than they were if such indeed were possible. Now, having passed through the developmental crises of my psychiatric childhood and adolescence, I have unequivocally lost my psychiatric virginity through seduction as I recall it, rather than rape at the hands of those innumerable patients whom I have treated during these years. To these patients I will always be grateful; they have provoked, mystified, challenged and substantially altered me, finally completing my initiation into that most exciting and satisfying of all marriages of the intellect, that between a psychiatrist and his always tantalizing specialty. Now that I am technically speaking at the threshold of my psychiatric adulthood, I believe that I am able to see, with a relative clarity which may yet of course turn out to be illusory, some at least of the major problems and challenges that face this College, and which face individual members of the College and those who will be educated under its auspices, in the years ahead.
6 citations
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TL;DR: An historian examines the administration of the first Inspector of Lunatic Asylums in New Zealand, from 1876–1881, where Dr Frederick Skae killed himself in an endeavour to reform the asylums.
Abstract: SYNOPSISAn historian examines the administration of the first Inspector of Lunatic Asylums in New Zealand, from 1876–1881. Dr Frederick Skae killed himself in an endeavour to reform the asylums. Inadequate statutory powers, and lessons he learned while medical superintendent of a Scottish asylum, hindered and prevented his success. In New Zealand, he was ensnared by the problem of insufficient accommodation. The policies he selected to cope with this matter were surprisingly conservative. Aspects of his policies remain today, and Skae must be blamed for retarding the evolution of a successful mental health policy in New Zealand.
TL;DR: There is no consistent evidence yet that those with neurosis and personality disorder have reduced fertility, although there is a suggestion that infertile women are more likely to have a personality disturbance than fertile controls.
Abstract: SYNOPSISThis paper reviews the literature concerning the fertility of those with psychological illness. Conflicting views have been presented over the last hundred years, but more recent and better designed surveys show more consistent results. These demonstrate with reference to psychotics that schizophrenics, but not manic-depressives, have fewer children than control population groups. There is no consistent evidence yet that those with neurosis and personality disorder have reduced fertility, although there is a suggestion that infertile women are more likely to have a personality disturbance than fertile controls. Further well-controlled population surveys are needed in this neglected field.
TL;DR: Comment is made on the concept of “paradigm” in contrast with the attitude of mind implicit in Husserl's “phenomenological reduction”, and some interrelation is seen between Bion's and Schindler's ideas.
Abstract: Comment is made on the concept of “paradigm” in contrast with the attitude of mind implicit in Husserl's “phenomenological reduction”. Merleau-Ponty's development of Husserl's phenomenology brings into focus our intersubjective enmeshment with a shared world, a view denied by traditional emphasis on individuality and objectivity.An outline of the origins of group life and individual valency is sketched by consideration of child development and object-relations theory, broadened by the insights of R. D. Laing. W. R. Bion's formulations on the work and basic assumption groups are seen as a description of the group expression of primal patterns of instinctual life.R. Schindler of Vienna has distinguished pre-group from group and has described the binding power of the group's opponent (G) function. His description of fixated group positions represents a sophistication of the ethological concept of pecking-order. This institutionalization is seen as a step in the formation, maturation and decay of a group's st...
TL;DR: An attempt has been made to demonstrate, using the admission and mortality statistics over three quinquennia from the one hospital, that the routine use of prompt massive intravenous thiamine is lifesaving in a significant number of patients suffering from alcoholic psychoses.
Abstract: SYNOPSISAn attempt has been made to demonstrate, using the admission and mortality statistics over three quinquennia from the one hospital, that the routine use of prompt massive intravenous thiamine is lifesaving in a significant number of patients suffering from alcoholic psychoses and that the former common cause of death was in fact an acute thiamine deficiency cardiomyopathy.
TL;DR: A long-term psychotherapcutic group was conducted by a “substitute” therapist on each occasion that the senior therapist was absent, and the group reacted to these temporary absences in an indirect fashion.
Abstract: SYNOPSISA long-term psychotherapcutic group was conducted by a “substitute” therapist on each occasion that the senior therapist was absent. The group reacted to these temporary absences in an indirect fashion, and this became more apparent after the senior therapist finally terminated his association with the group. These phases are designated as “therapist substitution” and “therapist replacement”. The observations of the group's behaviour are discussed with reference to the changed nature and function of transference in group psychotherapy with multiple therapists.
TL;DR: This chapter discusses psychotherapy with university students in Australia and New Zealand in the 1970s, and some of the techniques used then and now are familiar to readers.
Abstract: (1972). Psychotherapy with University Students. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 120-124.
TL;DR: Objections to Cannabis use, and its enthusiastic advocacy, both have an irrational nature, and while use of the drug is increasing, the pharmacological and psychological research which could be undertaken to establish the safety of the substance is conducted piecemeal, and exposes researchers to some legal risk.
Abstract: Few topics have caused as much irrational polemic as has the use of Cannabis as an intoxicant. Legislative postures place the drug in the same category as heroin (N.S .W. Poisons Act, 1966-67), despite ample evidence that it does not have the behavioural or physiological consequences of opiate use.2 In general, comments on the drug have tended to be ‘political’ rather than scientific, in that they have been designed to influence public opinion through the manipulation of affect and by appeal to authority, rather than by reference to empirical studies. It is particularly unfortunate that while use of the drug is increasing, and while the active elements have now been identified as one or more of the isomers of tetrahydrocannabinol, probably the delta-1 form (Mechoulam et al., 1970), the pharmacological and psychological research which could be undertaken to establish the safety of the substance is conducted piecemeal, and exposes researchers to some legal risk. However, this situation is currently under review. The Federal government has made provision for research which does not involve human subjects, and while N.S.W. legislation still makes such research virtually impossible, special arrangements are in train. Human research, which is proceeding rapidly overseas, is still illegal in Australia. Sociological studies, while not placing the research worker in direct contact with illegal materials, frequently put him in the invidious position of having guilty knowledge, if not making him at least technically accessory to a crime. Objections to Cannabis use, and its enthusiastic advocacy, both have an irrational com-
TL;DR: The stresses to which patients and their families are exposed and their methods of coping with them are considered and the implications for a psychiatrist working with a Renal Unit are discussed.
Abstract: SYNOPSISThis paper describes some of the psychiatric aspects of the surgical transplantation programme at the Royal Melbourne Hospital Renal Unit. The stresses to which patients and their families are exposed and their methods of coping with them are considered. Various pathological reactions to stress are also described. The implications of these phenomena for a psychiatrist working with a Renal Unit are discussed.
TL;DR: This address is presented in Oakley Hospital, where the renowned John Connolly, former Superintendent of Hanwell Asylum, was connected with the hospital in later life and is honoured by the creation of the Connolly Room.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION In presenting this address, may I say how pleased I am that it is taking place in Oakley Hospital, where I spent a pleasant fortnight two years ago in relation to its Research Foundation. For me, Oakley has two links with social psychiatry. The first is an historical link, in that the renowned John Connolly, former Superintendent of Hanwell Asylum, was connected with the hospital in later life and is honoured by the creation of the Connolly Room, which contains, among other relics, a large portrait in oils and a handsome silver piece presented to him by grateful citizens. In 1853, in the first issue of the Asylum Journal of Mental Science, the then editor, Dr Charles Bucknill, wrote: From the time when Pinel obtained the permission of Couthon to try the humane experiment of releasing from fetters some of the insane citizens chained to the dungeon walls of the BicZtre to the date when Connolly announced that in the vast asylum [Hanwell] over which he presided, mechanical restraints in the treatment of the insane had been entirely abandoned and superseded by moral influence, a new school of medicine has been gradually forming. (Quoted in Brit. med. I . , 26 June, 1971, p. 724). The second and current link of Oakley Hospital with social psychiatry refers to its rehabilitation and community resettlement programme where, with the aid of long-acting injectable phenothiazines and social community supports, hundreds of patients who would otherwise have had to be permanently hospit* Presidential Address 8th Annual Congress A.N.Z.C.P., alized are being maintained as functioning members of society. October, 1971, deli&ed at Oakley Hospitgl Auckland. I. Chairman, Mental Health Authority, Victoria. Alan Stoller,
TL;DR: Although collective violence, especially in the form of war, represents the greatest threat, no matter how large the scale of violence or how impersonal it is, group forces are far more powerful determinants of behaviour than individual motives.
Abstract: Although collective violence, especially in the form of war, represents the greatest threat, no matter how large the scale of violence or how impersonal it is, violent acts are all committed by individuals some person has to throw the punch, wield the knife, fire the gun or launch the missile. Moreover, while, as we shall see, group forces are far more powerful determinants of behaviour than individual motives, the latter cannot be neglected.
TL;DR: It was concluded that weakness of inhibition as manifested by allusive thinking was significantly related to strength of inhibition in classical conditioning.
Abstract: SYNOPSISIn schizophrenic thought disorder, there is a relative inability to inhibit those aspects of a concept which the context makes irrelevant The thinking of many normal people shows a similar tendency and has been called allusive thinkingIn the present study of 62 students, it was found that allusive thinkers differed significantly from non-allusive thinkers in their pattern of conditioning The allusive thinkers showed less ability to delay conditioned responses and less ability to suppress irrelevant responses It was concluded that weakness of inhibition as manifested by allusive thinking was significantly related to weakness of inhibition in classical conditioning
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TL;DR: I believe restrictions will eventually be made only on the advertisement and distribution of certain books, and that offences will involve only such actions as booksellers deliberately displaying an open book showing an illustration depicting sexual union.
Abstract: sexual incontinence, deviance and moral corruption. This argument bears some similarity to Christ’s claim that the man who lusts after a woman in his heart has already committed adultery. There is no distinction made between feeling and thought as against behaviour, and such lack of distinction surely qualifies as a feature of immaturity. One of the features of a mature personality is surely the ability to distinguish feelings from behaviour and to experience an anti-social feeling or thought without undue guilt and without acting on it. This distinction is recognized in other contexts. Most of us thrived on the stories of the brothers Grimm and Hans Andersen as children, yet preserved our sense of reality and never murdered or indulged in cannibalistic feasts. Many of our most peaceful and law-abiding citizens vicariously enjoy the sadism of James Bond and Mickey Spillane. But the same vicarious enjoyment is not permitted in the sexual sphere, the argument presumably being that sexual themes will have an aphrodisiac effect. Censors should awaken to the real threat and realize that the aphrodisiac effect of books and films is far weaker than the effects of dancing, clothes and perfume, and that the worst aphrodisiac stimulus of all is the mingling together of the two sexes. A variant argument on this aphrodisiac theme is that sexual themes do not have an adverse effect on the average adult but are dangerous for a particularly vulnerable individual, usually postulated as an adolescent. My view is that this is an unsupported attack on adolescents. Censorship in some respects has more in keeping with the psychology of middle-aged and elderly adults than of adolescents; adolescents traditionally do not complain about being confronted by anxiety provoking new notions and themes. The people who traditionally cry out for censorship and for the protection of ignorance are the middle-aged and the elderly. The Babbits of society are traditionally senior citizens, and in our society are frequently masked alcoholics, in my view. A book does not have to be bought and can be closed if it disturbs us. We may walk out of a theatre if we wish, and switch to another T.V. station if we can stagger to the set. Eventually, I believe there will be almost no restriction on book publication, except under unusual circumstances such as war or when a book deals with a specific topicfor instance, poisons which cannot be detected. I believe restrictions will eventually be made only on the advertisement and distribution of certain books, and that offences will involve only such actions as booksellers deliberately displaying an open book showing an illustration depicting sexual union. It is to be hoped that Denmark will eventually convince the world of the social neuroticism implicit in much censorship as it is known in our society.
TL;DR: The clinician's role in the diagnostic process, and more particularly, his functioning as a diagnostic instrument, is examined in the setting of the initial screening of psychologically disturbed children and adolescents.
Abstract: SYNOPSISThe clinician's role in the diagnostic process, and more particularly, his functioning as a diagnostic instrument, is examined in the setting of the initial screening of psychologically disturbed children and adolescents. The clinician's functioning as an observer of patients as well as of himself is discussed. The screening method adopted distinguishes between gross and less serious psychiatric disorders. This distinction is defined, and four significant factors underlying the process are described. The method of screening is briefly outlined. Details of a clinical study of 112 children and adolescents assessed by this method are presented.
TL;DR: The author draws attention to the increase in activities, in Australia as elsewhere, which might be subsumed under the rubric “The Human Relations Movement”.
Abstract: SYNOPSISThe author draws attention to the increase in activities, in Australia as elsewhere, which might be subsumed under the rubric “The Human Relations Movement”. Various authors have commented on the dangers to naive participants in some “human relations” activities, whilst other authors point to the apparently valuable outcomes of such activities, even for professional trainees of various kinds. It seems likely that the “Human Relations Movement” and the body of psychiatrists have much to teach and to learn from one another.
TL;DR: Ryle (1960) has reviewed the early relevant studies of psychiatric disorders carried out by practitioners and by other workers using general practice populations, and rates of psychiatric morbidity in general practice vary greatly, according to the method of evaluation.
Abstract: There have been a very large number of studies of psychiatric illness in general practice. One of tne earliest of these surveys was that by Bremer (1951) in a small Scandinavian village during the war years. Ryle (1960) has reviewed the early relevant studies of psychiatric disorders carried out by practitioners and by other workers using general practice populations. Most of the epidemiological studies in general practice have come from Britain since the institution of the National Health Service, as 97.5 per cent of the population are registered with a general practitioner (Shepherd ct a/. , 1966). Rates of psychiatric morbidity in general practice vary greatly, according to the method of evaluation (Giel and van Luigh, 1969). Shepherd et al. (1966), in a review of the literature, reported rates in terms of percentages of all consultations varying from 5 per cent to 47.6 per cent.
TL;DR: The relationship between psychiatry and political science and the incorporation of psychiatric and particularly psychoanalytic concepts into political theory is exemplified by a brief inquiry into the writings of Herbert Marcuse.
Abstract: SYNOPSISThe relationship between psychiatry and political science, two major areas of human knowledge, is explored. The basic belief is expressed that psychiatry's concern with the individual as part of the social matrix can be extended to society itself. An attempt is made to define and analyse political processes in psychological terms. The potential contribution of psychiatry to politics—preventive, interpretative, and predictive—is discussed. Finally, the incorporation of psychiatric and particularly psychoanalytic concepts into political theory is exemplified by a brief inquiry into the writings of Herbert Marcuse.
TL;DR: Depression and hypomania were negatively related clusters, rather than complementary aspects of a single dimension, and various treatments appeared to modify, but did not prevent, the periodic changes in mood.
Abstract: SYNOPSISSymptom intensities for a manic-depressive patient were recorded over a period of ten months, with 83 occasions of testing. On each occasion, a personal questionnaire covering twenty symptoms was presented, following Shapiro's method. Three clusters were obtained which involved symptoms of depression, agitation and hypomania. The time series for each cluster showed somewhat irregular cyclic trends. Various treatments appeared to modify, but did not prevent, the periodic changes in mood. Depression and hypomania were negatively related clusters, rather than complementary aspects of a single dimension. Agitation was correlated with depression, but nevertheless showed a distinct trend as a separate cluster. Implications for the symptomatology of depression were found.
TL;DR: The treatment of obesity in institutions presents special difficulties with sometimes drastic consequences, and heavy handed procedures such as lipectomy and the various ‘intestinal bypass procedures have been practised or considered from time to time, as has total fasting a frequently useful initial step.
Abstract: (1972). Sonic Environment and the Psychiatric Patient. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 155-157.
TL;DR: The question becomes whether the unskilled working population, because of their limited education, skills, and poor command of English, together with the physical limitations imposed by increasing age, represents an extreme case of the social group most vulnerable to accident neurosis, or whether independent cultural variables are also involved.
Abstract: larger proportion of the unskilled working population so commonly injured in industrial accidents and eligible as ‘workers’ under the former provisions of the Workers’ Compensation Acts. Even having regard to this, they figure disproportionately amongst those suffering from hysterical reactions (the equivalent of accident neurosis), and the question becomes whether this is to be attributed to the fact that because of their limited education, skills, and poor command of English, together with the physical limitations imposed by increasing age, they represent an extreme case of the social group most vulnerable to accident neurosis, or whether independent cultural variables are also involved. The problems of the immigrant have been discussed by Minc (1963), and more recently by Ellard (1969), and cultural factors are not to be lightly dismissed.
TL;DR: It is confirmed that a simple proverbs test elicits disordered thinking, but may not discriminate between that of thought disordered schizophrenics and of manics.
Abstract: SYNOPSISRecent papers have questioned the clinical value of the proverbs test as a test of thought disorder. This paper confirms that a simple proverbs test elicits disordered thinking, but may not discriminate between that of thought disordered schizophrenics and of manics. except that the manics tend to be more verbose.