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Showing papers in "Canadian Public Administration-administration Publique Du Canada in 1995"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The new public management philosophy holds obvious appeal. It promises to provide the "Big Answer" to real and imagined shortcomings in public bureaucracy as discussed by the authors. But how else does one explain such telling titles as "Reinventing Government" and "Getting Government Right"?
Abstract: The new public management philosophy holds obvious appeal. It promises to provide the “Big Answer” to real and imagined shortcomings in public bureaucracy. How else does one explain such telling titles as “Reinventing Government” and “Getting Government Right”?

168 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sommaire et al. as discussed by the authors examine the role of ideas in the policy process of the Canadian forest sector and argue that captured and clientelistic policy networks have been able to resist criticisms emerging from fractious policy communities.
Abstract: Conflict and controversy have been a prominent feature of the politics of the Canadian forest sector for over a decade, but with little apparent effect on Canadian forest policies. To help understand the role of ideas in the policy process, this paper focuses on the configuration of policy subsystems in the sector, arguing that “captured” and “clientelistic” policy networks have been able to resist criticisms emerging from fractious policy communities. Until such time as a coherent and consistent alternative forest policy paradigm emerges to unify the community, it is likely that the present disjuncture between ideas and interests in the forest sector will continue to characterize forest policy development. Sommaire: Depuis plus d'une decennie, le debat politique dans le secteur forestier au Canada a ete fortement marque par le conflit et la controverse, sans toutefois avoir beaucoup d'impact visible sur les politiques forestieres du pays. Pour mieux cerner le role des idees dans la definition des politiques, cet article examine la configuration des sous-systemes decisionnels du secteur et soutient que les structures decision-nelles captives et favorisant la clientele ont resiste aux critiques des groupes antago-nistes. L'actuelle divergence entre les idees et les interets dans le secteur forestier caracterisera probablement la definition des politiques forestieres jusqu'a ce qu'on leur trouve une solution de rechange coherente capable de faire l'unanimite au sein des collectivites interessees.

60 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sommaire as mentioned in this paper argues that organizations under the federal Employment Equity Act have not progressed towards employment equity, not because they have failed to implement the policy according to its legal provisions, but because the act itself is fundamentally flawed.
Abstract: Policy analysts have frequently noted the gap between the intentions of policy makers and the effects of a program of change. This paper questions the ability of the implementation process to achieve the objectives of the federal Employment Equity Act. It argues that organizations under the act have not progressed towards employment equity, not because they have failed to implement the policy according to its legal provisions, but because the act itself is fundamentally flawed. While collecting statistics from the workplace may be useful in identifying discriminatory practices and problem areas and in identifying weaknesses in the evaluative and corrective mechanisms in the act, the reliance on data collection as the sole measure of effective implementation is highly simplistic. The usefulness of the data is compromised by the extent to which they actually reflect decreased discrimination. Furthermore, it is erroneous to suppose that employers of their accord will sanction themselves when statistics reveal an unrepresentative internal workforce. Sommaire: Les analystes de politiques ont souvent note l'eart entre les intentions de ceux qui definissent les politiques, d'une part, et les effets d'un programme porteur de changement, d'autre part. Cet article met en cause la capacite des processus de mise en oeuvre a realiser les objectifs de la loi federale sur l'equite en matiere d'emploi. Selon l'article, les organismes soumis a la Loi n'ont pas fait de progres vers l'eAquite en matiere d'emploi, et ce, non pas parce qu'ils ont manque d'appliquer la politique conformement a ses clauses legales, mais plutot parce que la loi elle-meme a des lacunes fondamentales. Recueillir des donnees statistiques sur les lieux de travail est peut-ere utile lorsqu'il s'agit d'identifier les pratiques discriminatoires et les faiblesses des mecanismes d'evaluation et de correction prevues par la loi, mais il serait par trop simpliste de se fier aux donnees comme indicateur unique d'une mise en oeuvre reussie. L'utilite des donnees est relative dans la mesure oh elles refletent simplement une diminution de la discrimination. De plus, il est incorrect de supposer que les employeurs se sanctionneront deux-memes lorsque les donnees statistiques revelent l'inobservation de la loi.

21 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sommaire et al. as discussed by the authors developed a taxonomy of government services based on user experience with the service and heterogeneity of consumer needs, and measured citizens' satisfaction with municipal services.
Abstract: The “will of the people‘’ is considered to be the highest authority in a democracy and said to be the driving force behind public policies. Yet not many past studies have assessed the level of citizen satisfaction with government services and identified ways of improving service delivery. At a municipal level, there is even less emphasis on measuring consumer satisfaction. This study measures citizens' satisfaction with municipal services in a town in Atlantic Canada. A taxonomy of government services based on user experience with the service and heterogeneity of consumer needs was developed and tested. Results indicate that while consumer satisfaction with municipal services is high, it does vary based on the nature of the service. Some action guidelines are suggested at the end of the paper to improve town service delivery. Sommaire: La «volonte du peuple» est consideree comme etant la plus haute autorite dans une democratice, et l'on dit meme que c'est elle qui est a l'origine des politiques publiques. Pourtant, peu d'etudes ont examine le niveau de satisfaction du citoyen en ce qui concerne les services gouvernementaux et ont tente de cerner les moyens permettant d'ameliorer ces services. Au niveau municipal, on fait encore moins d'efforts pour mesurer la satisfaction des consommateurs. La presente etude mesure la satisfaction des citoyens a l'egard des services municipaux dans une ville situee dans la region Atlantique du Canada. Une taxonomie des services gouvernementaux basee sur l'experience des utilisateurs et sur l'heterogeneite des besoins des consommateurs a ete mise au point et testee. Les resultats indiquent que, bien que la satisfaction des consommateurs face aux services municipaux soit elevee, elle varie selon la nature de services. A la fin de l'article, on suggere quelques lignes directrices pour ameliorer la prestation de services des villes.

18 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sommaire et al. as mentioned in this paper examined the accessibility and receptivity of municipal services for ethnocultural populations in Toronto and Montreal and found that Toronto had higher accessibility than Montreal.
Abstract: The inmasing density and residential concentration of some ethnocultural groups in some Canadian cities raises challenges for the planning and delivery of municipal services. This study examines the accessibility and receptivity of municipal services for ethnocultural populations in Toronto and Montreal. The analysis centres principally on a comparison of the Toronto Multicultural Access Program (map) and the Bureau interculturel de Montreal (bim) and their relationships with selected municipal departments and political bodies. Results show that, as expected, Toronto, with a higher proportion of different ethnocultural populations, had greater accessibility and receptivity of municipal services than Montreal did: map was found to have a narrow mandate focused on improving accessibility of services, wheas bim was found to be responsible for a wider range of services affecting ethnocultural populations. Public relations work occupied a large proportion of bim resources. While map addressed the improvement of accessibility in a systematic and structured way that involved all departments in the administration, bim tended to intervene in a more varied manner based on the needs of particular groups, districts or departments. A discussion of the possible reasons for the different approaches and their implications for urban development and planning is presented along with suggestions for future study in this area. Sommaire: La densite missante et la concentration residentielle de certains groupes ethnoculturels dam certaines villes canadiennes posent des defis a la planification et a la distribution des services municipaux. Cette etude se penche sur l'accessibilite et la receptivite des services municipaux pour les populations ethnoculturelles de Toronto et de Montreal. L'analyse pork essentiellement sur une comparaison enhe le Programme d'acces multiculbrel (pam) de Toronto et le Bureau interculturel de Montreal (bim), ainsi que sur leurs rapports avec certains departements municipaux et organismes politiques. Tel que prevu, les resultats montrent que Toronto, ayant une proportion plus elevee de groupes ethnoculturels differents, a plus d'accessibilite et de receptivite des services municipaux que Montreal. On a constate que le pam avait un mandat restreint visant l'amelioration de l'accessibilite des services, tandis que le bim etait charge d'une plus vaste gamme de services concernant les populations ethnoculturelles. Une forte proportion des ressources du bim etait consacree au travail de relations publiques. Le pam procedait de manierr systematique et structuree a ameliorer l'accessibilite, faisant participer tous les secteurs de 1'administration, tandis que le bim avait tendance a intervenir de facon plus variee, en fonction des besoins des groupes, districts ou services particuliers. L'article presente une discussion sur les raisons possibles qui justifient ces approches differentes ainsi que leurs repercussions sur le developpement et la planification urbaine. Des suggestions d'etudes futures dans le domaine sont egalement proposees.

15 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sommaire et al. as discussed by the authors conducted a detailed study of the practice of contracting out local government services in municipalities and regional districts in British Columbia and found that contractors were involved in the production of 32 per cent of all services.
Abstract: This article discusses the findings of a detailed study of the practice of contracting out local government services in municipalities and regional districts in British Columbia. No similar study has been conducted in Canada to date, and comparable research in the United States has only examined the contracting of selected local government services. The findings are important for local government managers and elected officials because they indicate widespread reliance on contractors. Of all 124 local governments participating in the study, contractors were involved in the production of 32 per cent of all services. Of these, engineering services were the most likely to be produced by contractors (40.4 per cent). Specific comparisons of the B.C. findings with those in U.S. studies suggested that contracting for services was actually more widespread in B.C. than in the U.S. Further, reliance on contracting in B.C. had apparently increased over time. In 1980, 25 per cent of municipalities with a population over 10,000 contracted out the collection of residential solid waste. By 1989, that figure had increased to 54.8 per cent. Local government managers themselves saw no future reduction of the reliance on contracting; in fact, 22.8 per cent predicted an increase over the next five years. Sommaire: Cet article examine les constatations d'une etude detaillee sur la pratique des contrats de services parmi les municipalites et les districts regionaux de la Colombie-Britannique. Une telle etude n'a encore jamais ete effectuee au Canada, et des recherches comparables aux Etats-Unis n'ont examine que les contrats relatifs a certains services des gouvernements locaux. Les constatations sont importantes pour les gestionnaires et les elus des gouvernements locaux parce qu'elles revelent le role tres important des entreprises dans la prestation de services. Si l'on considere l'ensemble des 124 gouvernements locaux ayant participea l'etude, les entrepreneurs sont impliques dans la production de 32 pour cent de tous les services. Parmi les services fournis, ce sont les services d'ingenierie dont la plus forte proportion etait assuree par des entrepreneurs (40,4 pour cent). Les coniparaisons specifiques des ronstatations faitcs en Colornbie-Britannique a celles des etudes americaines suggerent que la Colornbie-Britannique fait davantage appel aux services sous-traites clue les Etats-Unis. Par ailleurs, la sous-traitance en Colombie-Britannique s'est apparernment accrue au fil des annees. En 1980, 25 pour cent des municipaliteAs ayant une population de plus de 10 000 personnes avaient sous-traite le rarnassage des dechets solides residentiels. En 1989, ce chiffre cyt passea 51.8 pour cent. Les gestion-naires des gouvernements locaux eux-memes ne prevoient aucune reduction de la sous-traitance; en fait, 22,8 pour cent prevoient une augmentation au cours des cinq prochailies annees.

9 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sommaire et al. as discussed by the authors investigated the influence of mayors and caos on municipal budget allocations in Ontario over a fourteen-year period and found that the power of caos is somewhat greater than that of mayors.
Abstract: The degree to which leaders can influence organizational outcomes has long been a matter of controversy in the theoretical and empirical literature. This issue is especially complex in government organizations where both political and administrative leaders can influence policy and its implementation. The power of administrators may potentially exceed that of their political “masters,” particularly in municipal government in Canada where the typical structure combines a weak mayor, non-partisan elections and a chief administrative officer (cao). Annual data on municipal budget allocations, turnover of mayors and caos in forty-nine Ontario municipalities were examined over a fourteen-year period in order to assess the relative impact of changes in these two leadership positions on variations in expenditures for six categories of services, as well as two income variables. Our methodology replicated and expanded on the analysis of variance approach used by Salanick and Pfeffer (1977) in a study of the influence of mayors on municipal budgets in the United States, and by Lieberson and OConnor (1972) who studied the impact of presidents and board chairs on financial indicators in 167 US. manufacturing corporations. Our analysis, like these two previous studies, shows that leadership turnover has an insignificant influence on variation in municipal income and budget allocations, while the decision-making environment - the city itself and the year - accounts for most of the variation. Although neither mayors nor caos have a significant influence on municipal budget allocations in Ontario, the results suggest that the power of caos is somewhat greater than that of mayors. Our concluding discussion explores implications of this limited study for debates about the power of leaders in organizations, and about the relative influence of politicians and administrators in local government in Canada. Sommaire: II y a longtemps que regne la controverse, dans la litterature theorique et empirique, pour savoir dans quelle mesure les leaders peuvent influer sur les resultats d'une organisation. Cette question est particulierement complexe dans les organismes gouvernementaux, ou des leaders tant politiques qu'administratifs peuvent influencer les politiques et leur mise en oeuvre. Le pouvoir des administrateurs risque de depasser celui de leurs maitres politiques, particulierement au niveau des gouvemements municipaux au Canada, dont la structure type combine un maire faible, des elections non partisanes et un directeur administratif (DG) a la tete de l'administration. On a examine sur une periode de 14 ans les donnees annuelles sur les allocations budgetaires municipales et le roulement des maires et des DG de 49 municipalites ontariennes; notre but etait d'evaluer l'impact relatif qu'avaient les changements survenus dans ces deux postes de direction sur la variation des depenses dam six categories de services, ainsi que sur deux variables de revenu. Notre methodologie a repris et elargi l'analyse de variance utilisee par Salanick et l'feffer (1977) dans une etude concernant l'infiuence des maires sur les budgets municipaux aux Etats-Unis, et par Lieberson et O'Connor (19721, qui ont etudie l'effet qu'avaient les presidents et les presidents des conseils d'administration sur les indices financiers de 167 societes manufacturieres americaines. Comme ces deux etudes precedentes, notre analyse indique que le changement de chefs n'a pas d'effet significatif sur ia variation du revenu et des allocations budgetaires municipales, tandis que le contexte decisionnel (c'est-a-dire la ville elle-meme et l'annee en cause) est a l'origine de la plus grande partie des variations. Bien que ni les maires, ni les DG n'aient une influence significative sur les allocations budgetnires, les resultats suggerent que le pouvoir des DG est quelque peu superieur a celui des maires. La conclusion explore les consequences de cette etude sectorielle sur le debat concernant le pouvoir des leaders dans les organisations et concernant l'influence relative des politiciens et des administrateurs au niveau des gouvernements locaux au Canada.

7 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sommaire et al. as mentioned in this paper examined the manner in which the Ontario Municipal Board has treated the issue of wetlands protcction in hearings on land-use disputes in the provinw.
Abstract: There has been a continued loss of wetlands in Ontario as pressurcs from conflicting land uses escalate. This paper examines the manner in which the Ontario Municipal Board has treated the issue of wetlands protcction in hearings on land-use disputes in the provinw. Bastul on a review of nine wetlands caws dating from 1980 to 1993, the decision-making process of the Ontario Municipal Board was examined with regard to wetlands prokxtion. Analysis of the cases revealed a number of issues: the lack of relevant information at hearings; the role of policy and legislation in thc decision-making process; the use of negotiation and mediation in the hearing process; and the significance of private property rights versus the public interest in wetlands protection. This paper dismsses these issues in the context of the role of the Ontario Municipal Board in the planning and management of wetlands in Ontario. Sommaire: AG mesure qu'augmentent les pressions resultant des utilisations contra-dictoires des terres, la pcrte de terres humides continue en Ontario. Cct article examine la maniere dont la Commission des affaires municipales de l'Ontario a traite cette question au cours des audiences sur les disputes concernant l'utilisation des terres dans la province. En analysant neuf cas relatifs aux teres humides datant de 1980 a 1993, on a examine le processus decisionnel de la Commission en ce qui concerne leur protection. L'analyse des cas a revele plusieurs questions telles que le marque d'informations disponibles pendant les audiences, le role des plitiques et des lois dans le processus decisionnel, l'emploi de la negcriation et de la mediation dans le processus d'audience et enfin, la prise en compte des droits fonciers prives par rapport a l'interet public dans la protection des terres humides. L'articlc examine ces questions dans le contexte du role que joue la Commission des affaires municipales de l'Ontario dans la planification et la gestion des terres humides dam cette province.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sommaire et al. as mentioned in this paper report on the relative influence of different categories of actors with regard to Canadian broadcasting policy in light of the resources they enjoy and the strategies they use to maximize their use.
Abstract: The policy-making process in Canadian broadcasting involves a wide array of groups from institutional, industrial and sociocultural sectors. The policy review leading up to adoption of a new federal Broadcasting Act in 1991 saw these groups deploy a range of tactics in attempting to influence broadcasting policy in line with their respective interests. In this article, we report on the relative influence of different categories of actors with regard to Canadian broadcasting policy in light of the resources they enjoy and the strategies they use to maximize their use. For non-industrial public interest and sociocultural interest groups, the fact that an important part of the policy process unfolded in public was an important factor for gaining access, through legislative change, to the broadcasting system itself. Where economic interests were concerned, however, the means deployed were radically increased and sought to address policy makers directly. The resulting policy outcomes demonstrated that, depending on the particular issue and the interest base promoting it, both public action and direct pressure could be effective levers of influence. In short, influence on the policy process was shown to be relative, depending on the degree of access to the decision making process enjoyed by the various parties. Sommaire: Le processus de definition des politiques de radiodiffusion au Canada implique un large eventail de groupes institutionnels, industriels et socio-culturels. Lors de la revision des politiques qui a precede l'adoption, en 1991, d'une nouvelle Loi sur la radiodiffusion federale, ces groupes ont adopte toute une gamme de tactiques pour essayer d'influer sur la politique en matiere de radiodiffusion, con-formement a leurs interets respectifs. Dans le present article, nous exposons l'influence relative des diverses categories d'intervenants en ce qui conceme la politique de radiodiffusion canadienne, en tenant compte des ressources a leur disposition ainsi que des strategies qu'ils ont utilisees afin de maximiser l'utilisation de ces ressources. Pour les gmupes d'interet socio-culturel ou d'interet public non industriel, le fait meme qu'une partie importante du processus d'elaboration des politiques ait eu lieu en public fut un element important afin d'acceder, par voie de modification legislative, au systeme de radiodiffusion lui-meme. Cependant, lorsque des interets economiques etaient en cause, les moyens utilises etaient nettement superieurs et visaient directement les decideurs. Les resultats en termes de politique adoptee ont demontre que, selon la question concernee et le groupe d'interet qui la preconisait, tant l'intervention publique que la pression directe pouvaient exercer une influence efficace. En bref, il s'avere que l'influence sur le processus de definition des politiques est relative et defend le degre d'acces qu'avaient les diverses parties au processus decisionnel.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, Sommaire et al. expose some causes of inequalities in the achievement of organizations in these regions and expose the actual tendencies of inequalities, and exposent les causes des inegalites ainsi que les tendances actuelles.
Abstract: Sommaire: En visant le developpement regional, l'Etat quebecois est passe dune phase d'amenagement du territoire a une phase de management regional de programmes nationaux ainsi que de biens et de services collectifs. L'emergence ou la localisation d'organisations publiques, parapubliques et collectives entre l'Etat et les municipalites traditionnelles ont occasionne, en fait, la construction institutionnelle des regions. Douze composantes caracterisent cette construction et offrent des criteres de differenciation entre les deux echeions que sont les regions administratives et les regions mrc. Grke a la mesure de l'occupation institutionnelle de ces deux niveaux regionauu, l'article illustre plusieurs phenomenes, dont le degre de construction de cliaque region du Quebec. Les auteurs exposent les causes des inegalites ainsi que les tendances actuelles. Abstract: In its efforts towards regional development, Quebec has gone from a phase of physical planning to a phase of regional management of national programs as well as collective goods and services. The emergence or the placing of public organizations at the levels between local municipalities and the state has in fact given rise to the institutional organization of regions. This concept is characterized by twelve components which differentiate between the tier of administrative regions and the tier of the mrc regions. With the degree of the institutional occupation of these two regional levels, this ptper illustrates several phenomena, in particular the degree of achievement in the organization of Quebec regions. The authors expose some causes of inequalities in the achievement of organizations in these regions and the actual tendencies.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sommaire et al. as discussed by the authors applied the concept of agency theory to evaluate government programs seeking to promote technology start-ups, and proposed a new program associated with the Innovation Ontario Corporation, which utilizes equity joint ventures between government and small technology-oriented firms.
Abstract: Understanding the proper role of government in the promotion of small technology-oriented firms is a priority given the potential benefits to society as a whole and the inability of traditional market mechanisms to adequately nurture such firms. Further, designing the appropriate public policies to sufficiently satisfy the involved stakeholders has typically proven to be an elusive pursuit. With these issues in mind, this paper applies the concept of agency theory to evaluate government programs seeking to promote technology start-ups. A new program associated with the Innovation Ontario Corporation, which utilizes equity joint ventures between government and small technology-oriented firms, is described and evaluated using the agency perspective. Suggestions are made for further inquiry and analysis. Sommaire: Il importe de cerner le role adequat du gouvernement dans la promotion des petites entreprises technologiques, etant donne, d'une part, les avantages potentiels pour la societe dans son ensemble, et d'autre part, l'incapacite des mecanismes classiques du marchea favoriser comme il le faut l'evolution de ces entreprises. De plus, en regle generale, les efforts visant aelaborer des politiques publiques appropriees et satisfaisantes pour les intervenants en question se sont reveles aleatoires. Compte tenu de tout cela, le present article applique la theorie des agences pour evaluer les programmes gouvemementaux qui visent a faciliter le demarrage d'entreprises technologiques. Nous decrivons et nous evaluons ici, dans la perspective des agences, un nouveau programme associea la Societe Innovation Ontario, qui fait appel aux co-entreprises avec participation au capital pour le gouvernement et les petites entreprises technologiques. Nous proposons aussi des suggestions pour des enquetes et analyses plus poussees.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sommaire et al. as discussed by the authors examined the involvement of Ontario-based environmental organizations in the debate over NAFTA and their relationship with various ministries at Queen's Park responsible for developing policy on the agreement.
Abstract: This paper examines the involvement of Ontario-based environmental organizations in the debate over NAFTA and their relationship with various ministries at Queen's Park responsible for developing policy on the agreement. More specifically, this study seeks to explain why and how the Ontario government relied on a select group of environmental organizations to advance its anti-NAFTA campaign. The paper concludes by arguing that while a handful of environmental organizations played an important role in increasing public awareness about the potential environmental implications of NAFTA, these organizations also served as effective vehicles for conveying Ontario's opposition to the agreement. Sommaire: Dans cet article, nous examinons la participation des organismes environ-nementaux de I'Ontario au dkbat concernant l'ALENA ainsi que leur rapport avec divers ministeres ontariens charges d'elaborer les politiques relatives a cet accord. Plus particulierement, cette etude cherche a expliquer pourquoi et comment le gouvernement de l'Ontario a utilise divers organismes environnementaux dans sa campagne anti-ALENA. L'article conclut que, si certains organismes environnementaux ont joue un role important dans la sensibilisation du public au sujet des repercussions environnementales potentielles de l'ALENA, ils ont aussi, par contre, vehicule l'opposition de l'Ontario a cet accord.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sommaire et al. as mentioned in this paper focused on why mbbs exist, their characteristics, where they work best, and how they compare with other municipal debt credit enhancement techniques, concluding with a discussion of the future role these organizations will have in providing long-term capital funding to municipalities in Canada and the United States.
Abstract: The municipal bond bank (mbb) innovation began in Canada in 1956 and in the United States in 1970. This paper concentrates on why mbbs exist, their characteristics, where they work best, and how they compare with other municipal debt credit enhancement techniques. It concludes with a discussion of the future role these organizations will have in providing long-term capital funding to municipalities in Canada and the United States. Sommaire: Le principe de la Banque d'obligations municipales (BOM) fut introduit en 1956, au Canada et, en 1970, aux Etats-Unis. Cet article explore la raison d'etre des BOMS, leurs caracteristiques, leurs conditions de succes maximum et les compare a d'autres techniques pour rehausser le credit de la dette municipale. L'article se termine par une discussion sur le role que ces organisations auront a l'avenir dam le financement capital a long terme des municipalites au Canada et aux Etats-Unis.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sommaire et al. as discussed by the authors presented a synthetic analytical framework of provincial economic accounts, and the sustainability of an independent Quebec budget is assessed, concluding that the room in which an independent Québécois budgetary authority could manoeuvre is likely to be extremely narrow, in most scenarios regarding the division of federal debt and the evolution of interest rates and economic growth.
Abstract: Sommaire: Le but de la presente etude consiste a faire ressortir certains faits importants concemant l'incidence de la separation sur le budget du gouvemement du Quebec. Un cadre d'analyse synthetique des comptes economiques provinciaux est esquisse. Certaines hypotheses sur le partage de la dette federale, les taux d'interet et la croissance de 1'economie sont avancees pour evaluer dans quelle mesure la situation budgetaire d'un Quebec souverain pourrait etre soutenable. On conclut que la maige de manoeuvre du gouvernement d'un Quebec souverain assumant une part substantielle de la dette federale serait extremement etroite. Dans la plupart des scenarios, les impots devraient ere releves et/ou les transferts aux particuliers diminues avant meme qu'un seul fonctionnaire du government federal ne soit embauche. Dam me perspective historique, l'analyse montre que les resultats auraient ete tres differents dans les annees 60, periode ou le Quebec contribuait largement au federalisme canadien et ou la dette du gouvemement federal etait faible. Abstract: The purpose of this study is to highlight important facts regarding the consequences of separation on the Quebec budget. A synthetic analytical framework of provincial economic accounts is presented, and the sustainability of an independent Quebec budget is assessed. This analysis suggests that the room in which an independent Quebec budgetary authority could manoeuvre is likely to be extremely narrow. In most scenarios regarding the division of federal debt and the evolution of interest rates and economic growth, taxes would have to be raised and/or transfers cut before a single federal civil servant could be hired by an independent Quebec government. Results would have differed if the same type of analysis had been performed in the 1960s. During that period, Quebec was an important net contributor to fiscal federalism, and the federal public debt was low.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sommaire et al. as mentioned in this paper examined the Correctional Service of Canada's attempts to overcome these tensions in four cases of community consultation conducted in the 1990s, concluding that the Service initially underestimated the tensions between bureaucratic and consultative practice, as well as the extent of the organizational changes required for meaningful consultation.
Abstract: The question of how the “participatory” climate of the 1900s has affected government decision-making processes in Canada has caught the attention of many students of public administration. The Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) has made a commitment over the last decade to greater public involvement in its operations. However, the csc initially underestimated the tensions between bureaucratic and consultative practice, as well as the extent of the organizational changes required for meaningful consultation. The result was a delayed adaptation to the requirements of consultation, which impaired the csc's ability to communicate with the public. The first part of this paper delineates the tensions between bureaucratic and consultative practice that manifest themselves in different assumptions concerning who should make policy decisions, what criteria should be used in decision making, who should be informed and, finally, how the decision-making organizations should be designed. In the second part, the csc's attempts to overcome such tensions are examined in four cases of community consultation conducted in the 1990s. Sommaire: De nombreux etudiants en administration publique se sont penches sur la question de savoir comment le climat «participatif» des annees 1990 a influe sur le processus decisionnel gouvernemental au Canada. Le Service correctionnel du Canada (scc) s'est engage au cours de la derniere decennie a faire participer davantage le grand public a ses operations. Cependant, le scc avait sous-estime au depart la tension qui regnait entre l'approche bureaucratique et l'approche consultative, ainsi que l'ampleur des changements organisationnels necessaires pour avoir une consultation valable. Par consequent, l'adaptation aux exigences de la consultation a tardea se produire, ce qui diminua l'aptitude du scc a communiquer avec le public. l.a premiere partie de cet article decrit les ecarts entre les deux approches mentionnees plus haut, ecarts qui se manifestent par des idees divergentes concernant quidevrait prendre les decisions en matiere de politique, quels criteres devraient guider les decisions, qui devrait ere mis au courant et enfin, comment les organismes decisionnels devraient etre concps. La deuxieme partie de l'article examine quatre cas de consultation communautaire realisees dans les annees 1990, Afin de cerner les efforts du SCC visant aeliminer ces tensions.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sommaire et al. as mentioned in this paper report on a study of public funding for provincial human rights legislation and programs across Canada and identify factors responsible for different levels of human rights funding on the basis of a per capita spending comparison.
Abstract: This paper reports on a study of public funding for provincial human rights legislation and programs across Canada. In the field of human rights legislation, much has been said of legal cases but little of funding and enforcement issues. Our purpose was to identify factors responsible for different levels of human rights funding on the basis of a per capita spending comparison among the provinces. The aim was also to link our findings to the applicability of theories of public policy. Factors examined were provincial revenues, the size of minority groups, interest group pressures, the administrative structure of commissions, the number of women in cabinet and the political party in power. Our findings point to the importance of party and ideology and to the applicability of the state-centred theory of public policy. Sommaire: Cet article est le compte rendu d'une etude sur le financement public des lois et programmes pmvinciaux concernant les droits de la personne a travers le Canada. En ce qui concerne les lois regissant les droits de la personne, de nom-breuses etudes ont porte sur les questions juridiques, mais peu ont touche les questions de financement et de mise en application. Nous avons voulu cerner les fadeurs a l'origine des divers niveaux de financement des activites de droits de la personne a partir d'une comparaison des depenses par habitant, parmi les provinces. Nous voulions egalement rattacher nos constatations a l'applicabilite des theories de politique publique. Nous awns examine les facteurs suivants: revenus provinciaux, importance des minorites, force des groupes d'interet, structure administrative des Commissions, presence de femmes au Conseil des ministres et enfin, parti politique au pouvoir. Nos constatations soulignent l'importance du parti, de l'ideologie et de la theorie des politiques publiques axee sur l'Etat.





Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compare the decisions of an expert system with those of a human decision maker, making an empirical evaluation of the system possible, and the results show strong levels of agreement with the human decision makers.
Abstract: The introduction of expert systems to public administration has been viewed with both excitement and scepticism, and there has been considerable discussion and description of potential or actual applications. Much less common are reports that compare the decisions of an expert system with those of a human, making an empirical evaluation of the system possible. Such a comparison is described in this report. In 1990 the School of Public Administration at the University of Victoria began an experiment on the application of expert system technology to an administrative decision-making process. The process chosen for the test was that of evaluating applicants for admission to the School's Master of Public Administration program. The experiment was set up so that the expert system's decisions could be compared with those of human decision makers, and those of the human decision makers compared with one another. The resulting system was tested on three groups of applicants, spanning a period of five years. In all three cases the results showed strong levels of agreement with the human decision makers. In fact, the expert system showed as high or higher levels of agreement with human decision makers as the human decision makers did with each other. Across the tests the system displayed three attributes that might be required of a viable operational system. It appears to be reliable, stable across time, and it does not require highly qualified or experienced staff to run it. It also appears to have the potential to treat applicants with greater consistency than might two different human decision makers. Sommaire: L'introduction de systemes experts dans l'administration publique a ete percue a la fois avec enthousinsme et scepticisme. De nombreuses discussions et descriptions des applications effectives ou potentielles ont eu lieu. Les rapports comparant les decisions d'un systeme expert a celles des decideurs humains pour evaluer les systemes de facon enipirique sont nettement nioins nombreux. Le present rapport s'attaque a cette comparaison. En 1990, l'Ecole d'administration publique amorca une experience sur l'application de la technologie des systemes experts au processus decisionnel administratif en selectionnant de cette facon les candidats ati programme de maitrise en administration publique. L'experience a ete organisee de maniere a pouvoir comparer les decisions du systeme expert a celles des decideurs huniains et a pouvoir comparer entre elles les decisions de ces derniers. Le systeme ainsi Cree a ete teste sur trois groupes de candidats sur Line periode de cinq am. Dans les trois cas, les resultats ont revele une forte concordance avec les decideurs Iiumains. En fait, le systeme expert se conformait autant ou plus aux decisions huniatnes que fes decisions humaines ne se conformaient les unes aux autres. Dans ces tests, le systeme a fait preuve de trois attributs que l'on devrait exiger de tout systeme fonctionnel viable. Il senible etre fiable et stable dam le temps et n'exige pas, pour son operation, un personnel hautenient qualifie ou experimente. Par ailleurs, il semble avoir le potentiel de traiter les candidats de maniere plus coherents que ne pourraient le faire deux decideurs humains.