Showing papers in "Central Asian journal of medical hypotheses and ethics in 2022"
TL;DR: This study aimed to contribute to the development of a research case definition for post-acute sequelae of SARS CoV-2 infection using a PASC data set and experiences from case definitions developed for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome.
Abstract: This study aimed to contribute to the development of a research case definition for post-acute sequelae of SARS CoV-2 infection (PASC) using a PASC data set and experiences from case definitions developed for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Our database included patients with PASC who provided self-report symptomology during the onset of infection and the time of survey completion (post-infection). We found that we could distinguish between those with mild, moderate, and severe PASC. Regarding the proportion meeting an ME/CFS case definition, we found 0% in the mildly impaired group, 30.6% to 62.6% in the moderately impaired group, and 74.3% to 89.0% in the severely impaired group. Based on these preliminary data, we propose a 5-part classification system for PASC. Axis 1 involves the variant of the COVID infection and the type of documentation of the infection. Axis 2 involves the time elapsed since infection. Axis 3 involves the type of medical collateral damage to different organs. Axis 4 involves functional impairment classified into three categories: mild, moderate, or severe. Finally, Axis 5 is the identified symptoms. Finally, if the patient has been sick for 6 or more months, it is important to determine whether the person has met the ME/CFS criteria. This proposed 5-part classification system for PASC might bring considerable clarity to diagnosing PASC.
5 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the authors discuss a clear concept about plagiarism from its origin to its consequences, with special considerations about its status in the COVID-19 pandemic, and highlight the main reasons for this malpractice were pressure for publication under a limited time frame and a lack of training for scientific writing.
Abstract: Background: Plagiarism, in simple words meaning theft of ideas or text, is a grave scientific misconduct that is talked about frequently, however is notable in its conspicuous absence from the formal educational curriculum. Students and young researchers tend to engage in this malpractice, intentionally or unintentionally, due to various reasons.
Aim: In this review, we aim to discuss a clear concept about plagiarism from its origin to its consequences, with special considerations about its status in the COVID-19 pandemic. This lucid conceptualization will help young authors invest in original research in terms of both the idea and the script, avoiding unnecessary rejections and breach in medical ethics.
Search Strategy: An electronic search strategy was performed on MEDLINE using the following keywords: “Plagiarism” OR “Plagiarism AND reasons” OR “Plagiarism AND consequences OR retractions” OR “Plagiarism AND detection”.
Results: Of 2112 articles obtained, 36 were selected for the review. The main reasons for this malpractice were pressure for publication under a limited time frame along with a lack of training for scientific writing.
The forms of plagiarism observed include intentional and unintentional, theft of ideas, copying verbatim, graphics, self-plagiarism and translational plagiarism. Use of various software are available for detection of plagiarism like iThenticate, Turnitin Feedback Studio, Grammarly etc along with careful reviewing by authors, reviewers and editors can detect this menace and help maintain originality in science. The consequences can be severe, ranging from defamation to monetary to legal action against the authors. Conducting interactive workshops on scientific writing along with promoting creativity in thought at the level of grass-root education is the key to preventing the scientific misconduct of plagiarism amongst students and young researchers.
Conclusion: Plagiarism is a serious scientific misconduct that must be discussed with students and young researchers, and its prevention is the key to fostering growth in medical science and academics.
3 citations
TL;DR: DYSTOPIAN CASES OF ORCIDENTIFIERS: ANIMAL-ASSOCIATED ACCOUNTS as mentioned in this paper , reported by the Animal-Association of Colony Associations.
Abstract: DYSTOPIAN CASES OF ORCID IDENTIFIERS: ANIMAL-ASSOCIATED ACCOUNTS
2 citations
TL;DR: This hypothesis suggests that in patients with SSc, OAB may be associated with IC, and the role of IC leading to overactive bladder (OAB) is unclear.
Abstract: Patients with chronic inflammatory disease of the bladder, known as interstitial cystitis (IC), tend to have autoimmune diseases, such as Sjogren’s syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis and, rarely, systemic sclerosis (SSc). SLE patients with IC are prone to present with overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms. Lower urinary tract involvement is less usual in SSc but OAB symptoms are quite common among SSc patients with lower urinary tract involvement. The underlying mechanisms of lower urinary tract involvement, including OAB, in SSc could be as follows: i) vasculopathy, ii) fibrosis and/or sclerosis of bladder wall, iii) systemic sclerosis-associated myopathy, and iv) autonomic dysfunction. However, the role of IC leading to OAB is unclear. This hypothesis suggests that in patients with SSc, OAB may be associated with IC.
1 citations
TL;DR: YouTube can be considered an important source of gonorrhea videos and there were significant differences in video length between the high, intermediate, and low-quality groups.
Abstract: Introduction: The purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate the quality of videos on YouTube related to gonorrhea.
Methods: Using the search term “gonorrhea”, the first 200 relevant videos on YouTube were saved to a file. All video parameters, including the number of views, likes, dislikes and comments were recorded. The Global Quality Scale (GQS) was used to evaluate the quality of the videos.
Results: After exclusions, 144 videos were selected and evaluated by two independent observers. The median duration of the videos was calculated as 3.97 minutes. Most videos were provided by physicians (59 videos). According to the GQS scores, 47.9% (n=69) of the videos were evaluated as high quality, 19.4% (n=28) as intermediate quality, and 32.6% (n=47) as low quality. There were significant differences in video length between the high, intermediate, and low-quality groups (p<0.001).
Conclusion: YouTube can be considered an important source of gonorrhea videos.
1 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a new questionnaire called the DePaul Symptom Questionnaire-COVID was used to assess self-reports of the frequency and severity of 38 Long COVID symptoms experienced over the most recent month.
Abstract: An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) can provide a window into the latent dimensions of a disease, such as Long COVID. Discovering the latent factors of Long COVID enables researchers and clinicians to better conceptualize, study and treat this disease. In this study, participants were recruited from social media sites dedicated to COVID and Long COVID. Among the 480 participants, those who completed at least 90% of the survey, reported symptoms for two or more months since COVID-19 symptom onset, and had not been hospitalized for COVID were used in the EFA. The mean duration since initial symptom onset was 74.0 (37.3) weeks. A new questionnaire called The DePaul Symptom Questionnaire-COVID was used to assess self-reports of the frequency and severity of 38 Long COVID symptoms experienced over the most recent month. The most burdensome symptoms were “Symptoms that get worse after physical or mental activities (also known as Post-Exertional Malaise),” “Fatigue/extreme tiredness,” “Difficulty thinking and/or concentrating,” “Sleep problems,” and “Muscle aches.” The EFA resulted in a three-factor model with factors labeled General, PEM/Fatigue/Cognitive Dysfunction, and Psychological, consisting of 16, 6, and 3 items respectively (25 items in total). The reliability of the items in the EFA was .90 using a split-half reliability test. Finally, participant self-reported level of functional impairment was analyzed across the three EFA factors. Interpretations and applications to research and practice are provided.
1 citations
TL;DR: Kazakhstan was first among the five Central Asian countries in terms of the number of retracted publications and plagiarism, peer review issues, and duplication were at the forefront of the retraction reasons.
Abstract: Introduction: Retraction is a mechanism to prevent the dissemination of erroneous, misleading, or biased data and information. Various factors can cause retraction. In this article, we focused on Kazakhstan data and aimed to present an analysis of retracted publications from Kazakhstan.
Methods: Data for this descriptive cross-sectional article were obtained from the 'Retraction Watch’ database without time restriction. Among the country selections, 'Kazakhstan,' 'Tajikistan,' 'Uzbekistan,' 'Kyrgyzstan,' and 'Turkmenistan' were chosen, and the number of retracted articles was recorded. For detailed analysis, Kazakhstan data were focused on and further analyses were performed on Kazakhstan data. Article title, authors, time interval (in days) from publication to retraction, date of retraction, source of publication, subject area of publication, publication type, and retraction reason were recorded in an Excel file.
Results: The number of retracted publications was detected as 64 from Kazakhstan, 49 from Tajikistan, 17 from Uzbekistan, 12 from Kyrgyzstan, and 1 from Turkmenistan. Kazakhstan data were as follows: The median time interval between publication date and retraction date was 475 (46 - 2074) days. Retraction reasons were listed as: Plagiarism (n = 22), peer review issues (n = 21), duplication (n = 11), author disagreements and conflict (n = 5), error (n = 5), fraud (n = 2), ethical issues ( n = 1), publication issues (n = 1), and unknown (n = 1). The three areas with the most retracted articles were engineering (n = 22), education (n = 21), and technology (n = 12).
Conclusion: Kazakhstan was first among the five Central Asian countries in terms of the number of retracted publications. Plagiarism, peer review issues, and duplication were at the forefront of the retraction reasons. There is a need for approaches to increase the knowledge of researchers in Kazakhstan about the retraction reasons and ethical research conditions.
1 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors present a Quality Peer Review (QPR) for SCHOLARLY PUBLISHING, which is an evaluation of the quality of a publication.
Abstract: QUALITY PEER REVIEW IS ESSENTIAL FOR SCHOLARLY PUBLISHING
1 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the authors evaluated the potential of the new metric Research Interest Score created by ResearchGate (RG) and conducted a regression analysis to examine how scientometric indices from the Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar predict the research interest score.
Abstract: Introduction: Scientists have long searched for the best way to evaluate scientific performance and have come up with numerous indices. Probably, the most famous index is the h-index, a metric that has been used widely in science metrics ever since it appeared. In this study, I evaluated the potential of the new metric Research Interest Score created by ResearchGate (RG).
Methods: I analyzed the different metric indices for 88 most cited researchers at the University of Sarajevo. In particular, the number of citations and h-indexes were taken from the Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases for these researchers and were correlated with their Research Interest Scores. As a measure of correlation, Pearson correlation coefficients was used. In addition, I conducted a regression analysis to examine how scientometric indices from the Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar predict the Research Interest Score.
Results: The Research Interest Score was most strongly correlated with the number of Google Scholar Citations, followed by the Web of Science citations. Interestingly, the Research Interest Score was not highly correlated with any of the h-indexes. The regression model was statistically significant and explained 90% of the variance in the Research Interest Scores predicted by the Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar metric indices. The strongest predictor of the Research Interest Score was the number of Google Scholar citations.
Conclusions: The Research Interest Score, a new scientometric measure created by ResearchGate, certainly has a potential to be used as a valid measure of scientific impact.
1 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the authors describe their life as a RESEARCHER and editor, and their work as a researcher and a writer, and discuss their work with animals and animals.
Abstract: MY LIFE AS A RESEARCHER AND EDITOR
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors assessed the main message of available materials about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines on YouTube and found that negative and ambiguous messages were more attractive to YouTube users.
Abstract: Introduction: YouTube is a very important source of information. The videos in YouTube provide a message with information. The purpose of this article was to assess the main message of available materials about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines on YouTube.
Methods: In this study, the four search terms "COVID-19 vaccine", "COVID-19 vaccination", "Coronavirus vaccine", "Coronavirus vaccination" were scanned on the YouTube (www.youtube.com) media platform on 9 February 2021. We examined video parameters i.e., durations, view counts, likes, dislikes, comments, messages and sources of the 83 videos about COVID-19 vaccine.
Results: The messages were defined as 52 (62.6%) positive, 12 (14.5%) negative, and 17 (20.5%) ambiguous about getting vaccinated. Significant differences were determined between the message category groups in respect of the like ratio (p = 0.014). Positive group videos were less liked.
Conclusion: More negative messages about the COVID-19 vaccine were found in media-sourced videos. Negative and ambiguous videos were more attractive to YouTube users. Scientists, policymakers, and community leaders should play a role in disseminating information about COVID-19 vaccine and vaccination.
TL;DR: The COVID-19 pandemic is still raging all over the world and the lungs are the main targets of the pandemic coronavirus, which requires the search for reliable predictive markers of severe and complicated course of the disease.
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic is still raging all over the world. New variants of the coronavirus emerge and infect recovered from previous infections, vaccinated, and unvaccinated subjects. One aspect remains unchanged that is the lungs are the main targets of the pandemic coronavirus. This challenging situation requires the search for reliable predictive markers of severe and complicated course of the disease. Serum surfactant proteins are known to correlate with pulmonary injury severity in numerous diseases. Measurement of such protein levels may help timely predict the risk. Surfactant proteins can also be helpful diagnostic purposes in COVID-19.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors summarized the current literature focusing on the underlying factors determining differences in the BD phenotype according to sex, including genetic factors, hormones, and environmental and epigenetic factors.
Abstract: Behçet's disease (BD) is a multisystem vasculitis affecting both arteries and veins. Although the disease affects both sexes equally, males and females may express different phenotypes. The exact association between sex-related factors and BD phenotype is not clear, while many factors, such as genetic factors, hormones, and environmental and epigenetic factors may be the underlying factors of sex-related differences. This article summarizes the current literature focusing on the underlying factors determining differences in BD phenotype according to sex.
TL;DR: By implementing an ethical guideline for hospital-media relationship in Iran to maintain a proper and ethical relationship by emphasizing on patients’ privacy and confidentiality, the patients” right would be respected and the public trust to the healthcare system will be fostered.
Abstract: The hospital-media relationship could be mutually beneficial. Appealing to maximum readers and surviving in business are priorities in journalism. Without adherence to an ethical framework and main ethical principles including privacy and confidentiality, some detrimental impacts may occur. Thus, we aimed at codifying an ethical guideline for hospital-media relationship in Iran to maintain a proper and ethical relationship by emphasizing on patients’ privacy and confidentiality. The study was performed using the qualitative approach in two phases. The current policies and relevant reports in the literature were reviewed and their contents were analyzed. Subsequently, the first draft of the guideline was codified which was followed by the second phase in which the draft was finalized by two focus groups. Finally, a draft of an ethical guideline consisting of 79 articles in 6 themes was developed including the general principles, work flow in hospital-media relationship, duties of hospital representative, physicians’ guide, media guide, and patients’ guide. The guideline focuses on patients’ privacy, confidentiality and the privacy of the healthcare system in mutual hospital-media relationships. It is suggested that by implementing the guideline, the patients’ right would be respected and the public trust to the healthcare system will be fostered.
TL;DR: A selection of short stories by some of the leading authors of the 20th Century, as well as new works by well-known authors such as Salman Rushdie and JK Rowling.
Abstract: MAY AUTHORS’ PUBLISHED ARTICLES LAST FOREVER!
TL;DR: In this article , the ground-glass opacity (GGO) in typical interstitial pneumonia (IP) was detected on high-resolution computed tomography, however, some important issues, such as the co-existence of GGO and typical IP, still require further investigation by biopsy.
Abstract: Typical interstitial pneumonia (IP) is mainly the fibrotic form of interstitial lung disease. In some cases with typical IP, a certain amount of ground-glass opacity (GGO) can be detected on high-resolution computed tomography, however, some important issues, such as the co-existence of GGO and typical IP, still require further investigation by biopsy. After the diagnosis of typical IP, anti-fibrosis treatment is usually considered. Here, we hypothesized that GGO in typical IP could be a manifestation of an acute inflammatory attack requiring immunosuppressive therapy or an indicator of ongoing contact with trigger factors that initiate pathological reactions in typical IP.
TL;DR: My Life as a VITAMIN D RESEARTERMINATOR as mentioned in this paper , a life as a Visiting Professor at MIT's MIT's Media Lab, was described in detail.
Abstract: MY LIFE AS A VITAMIN D RESEARCHER
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TL;DR: The BLARING SILENCE as discussed by the authors ) is an example of such a scenario, but with a slightly different setting, i.e., noisy silence, e.g., silence.
Abstract: THE BLARING SILENCE
TL;DR: In this paper , the use of citations in academic assessment, citations in original vs. review articles, convenience and country of origin biases, and some related issues are discussed, and formal instruction on citation practices and their implications should be included in graduate programs and enduringly reinforced by mentors in laboratories.
Abstract: In writing scientific papers, proper citation and referencing are crucial and thereby should be taught to graduate students and novice researchers as tools for counteracting the pervasive errors in citing, quoting, and referencing. Although the relevance of citation counts and derived indicators such as the h-index in assessing research performance is out of question, this emphasis has resulted in an “impact or perish” culture featuring post-production misrepresentation and related misbehaviors. Herein, I appraise the use of citations in academic assessment, citations in original vs. review articles, convenience and country of origin biases, and some related issues. The current landscape highlights that formal instruction on citation practices and their implications should be included in graduate programs and enduringly reinforced by mentors in laboratories.
TL;DR: In this paper , the effect of hypertension on pain sensitivity in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain complaints was analyzed, showing that the pain complaint increases as the blood pressure and weight increase.
Abstract: Introduction: Little is known about the relationship between pain and hypertension (HT). This study aimed to analyze the effect of HT on pain sensitivity in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain complaints.
Methods: This analytical, cross-sectional study included 45 patients aged 29–75 years with HT. The control group comprised 44 normo/hypotensive patients aged 19–66 (P = 0.107). Education status, age, gender, height, weight, smoking, presence of diabetes mellitus, physical activity level, blood pressure measurement, anti-HT drug use, vital parameters, including heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature, were recorded for all participants.
Results: The pain score was significantly higher in the HT group, with a mean of 72.1 ± 30.2 points (P = 0.008). Also, the HT group’s systolic blood pressure and pain score were significantly positively correlated (rho = 0.245, P = 0.02). The pulse rate was found to be significantly related to the pain score and pain threshold (P < 0.001); it was negatively correlated with algometer values (rho = –0.286, P = 0.015). Systolic pressure (P = 0.033) and BMI ( P < 0.001) were significantly different among the groups according to physical activity level. The Spearman correlation analysis showed a positive correlation of diastolic blood pressure with the body mass index (rho = 0.224, P = 0.036) and pain score (rho = 0.456, P < 0.001).
Conclusion: The present study showed that the pain complaint increases as the blood pressure and weight increase. Also, the pain threshold decreases as the heart rate increases. The pain threshold was lower in women than in men, independent of tension.
TL;DR: In this article , a short review looks at the ideal peer review along with inherent challenges and makes suggestions on how novice and intermediate reviewers can improve their contributions as well as introduces various resources relevant for peer review.
Abstract: Peer review is an integral part of an ethical scientific publication process. Though not perfect, it has not been replaceable in the last couple of centuries since the advent of scientific journals. Recent innovations include online anonymized credits for peer review that can be used to augment an academician’s resume. Submissions and retraction are ever growing, increasing the demands from peer reviewers. The rewards may not seem commensurate but any person of science should contribute to peer review as a guardian of science. This short review looks at the ideal peer review along with inherent challenges. It makes suggestions on how novice and intermediate reviewers can improve their contributions as well as introduces various resources relevant for peer review.
TL;DR: A narrative review of the most basic FDA-approved ACTH indications can be found in this article , where a special emphasis was given on rheumatologic indications of ACTH, and more large data studies need to be performed to assess ACTH usefulness, efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness as a drug.
Abstract: ACTH is a pituitary hormone important for proper function of adrenal glands, cortisol production as well as human physiology in general. It is involved in the pathogenesis of several endocrine disorders like Cushing syndrome and can be a useful diagnostic tool for diseases like primary adrenal insufficiency. Although popular as a hormone in endocrine system physiology and testing, ACTH has been used as a drug since the 1950s. Except for steroid-releasing properties, its mechanism of action involves a steroid-independent anti-inflammatory and possible immune-modulatory effect. Pharmaceutic ACTH has a wide range of indications approved by FDA and usually comes in the form of subcutaneous injections. In this narrative review, we accumulated what we considered as important data from reviews, cases and trials involving the most basic FDA-approved ACTH indications. A special emphasis was given on rheumatologic indications of ACTH. More large data studies need to be performed to assess ACTH usefulness, efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness as a drug.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors describe their life as a student and researcher and their work as a teacher and researcher, and their life's journey as a researcher and a teacher, respectively.
Abstract: MY LIFE AS A STUDENT AND RESEARCHER
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors provide some arguments about the positive role of social media in the life of a scientist, highlighting at the same time the caveats that are encountered, but they do not discuss the benefits of using social media for research.
Abstract: Day by day, social media are entering our lives changing our every-day life and habits. This could not leave science unaffected. Over the last years, a lot of scientists have started using social media, exchanging ideas and sharing knowledge. Scientific journals have also followed being active participators in the social media world. In this opinion article we provide some arguments about the positive role of social media in the life of a scientist, highlighting at the same time the caveats that are encountered.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors provide a concise argument on the importance of ethics in scientific endeavors, emphasizing the need to consider all aspects of a research project, including, study design, approval process, execution, and publication.
Abstract: This review aims to provide a concise argument on the importance of ethics in scientific endeavors. Consideration should be given to all aspects of a research project, including, study design, approval process, execution, and publication. In addition, parameters such as human roles in research and human rights are noted. Furthermore, critical questions such as confidentiality, beneficence, and non-maleficent research are emphasized. Apart from the significance of data analysis, the adverse consequences of unethical behaviors such as plagiarism, data falsification, and research bias are investigated.
TL;DR: It appears that smoking predisposes TAO patients toward the potential harmful effects of the main aetiology and helps the mainAetiology to develop vascular lesions, and the possible role of smoking in TAO pathophysiology is discovered.
Abstract: Early after the definition of thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO), it was noticed that TAO patients are almost always tobacco smokers. Later on, the relationship between continued smoking and TAO prognosis was documented. Consequently, smoking came to be considered as the main cause of TAO. However, it is still unknown why, amongst millions of smokers, only a small number develop TAO. It also remains unknown why, of the TAO patients who continue smoking, only half of them show aggravation and undergo amputations. The aims of this review are to investigate evidence in support of or against the relationship between TAO and smoking, according to the TAO-related literature published from 1908 to January 2022, and to discover the possible role of smoking in TAO pathophysiology. Taken together, it appears that smoking predisposes TAO patients toward the potential harmful effects of the main aetiology and helps the main aetiology to develop vascular lesions. Therefore, smoking cessation would almost always be helpful for improving the prognosis of TAO patients and reducing disease manifestation. However, concluding that smoking is not the main aetiology of TAO would open a new door to finding the true main aetiology of TAO and to discovering the appropriate treatment and medical management of patients who fail to stop smoking.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors discuss the necessity to strengthen action to achieve universal health coverage (UHC), which has been slowed down by the COVID-19 pandemic, considering policy concepts.
Abstract: The article discusses the necessity to strengthen action to achieve universal health coverage (UHC), which has been slowed down by the COVID-19 pandemic, considering policy concepts. The dynamics of the UHC index in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan for 2000-2019 is regarded. Several global activities for the development of primary health care and UHC in Kazakhstan are described, confirming the possibility of effective usage of political power to promote the ideas of primary health care, and this experience should be taken into account by other countries around the world.
TL;DR: Whether clinical findings in BD patients are related to the seasons in terms of activation is discussed, and the relationship, if any, between the seasonal changes and the symptoms and organ involvements of BD has yet to be determined.
Abstract: Behçet’s disease (BD) is a systemic vasculitis with mucocutaneous manifestations such as recurrent oral ulcers and genital ulcers in addition to major organ involvements including the vascular and central nervous systems. Many studies have found that the prevalence of clinical symptoms of BD varies by geographical region. The course of BD is characterized by relapses and remissions. Infectious agents and altered microbiomes have been blamed for exacerbations of the disease. Stress, physical exhaustion, mechanical oral trauma, and hormonal effects have been specifically associated with flare-ups. A seasonal pattern in the activation of certain diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, has been reported. However, the relationship, if any, between the seasonal changes and the symptoms and organ involvements of BD has yet to be determined. In this review, we discussed whether clinical findings in BD patients are related to the seasons in terms of activation.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors designed and evaluated the psychometric attributes of the "Physicians' attitudes toward establishing personal and friendly communication with patients" scale, which was used to evaluate the physician-patient communication.
Abstract: The physician-patient communication is one of the most important forms of communication in the health system. If this communication loses its moral aspects for different reasons, it will lead to mistrust. Therefore, this research was conducted to design and evaluate the psychometric attributes of the "Physicians' attitudes toward establishing personal and friendly communication with patients" scale. The present methodological research was conducted in three phases. In the first phase, conventional content analysis was used. In the second phase, the terms of the questionnaire were developed using the results of the qualitative part. In the third stage, the psychometric attributes of the questionnaire were determined using face validity, content, and reliability of internal consistency and stability. The score of all items of the questionnaire using the effective item selection method was more than 1.5. The CVR of 15 items was more than 0.62 and the CVI of all items was higher than 0.79. Cronbach's alpha of 0.749 was obtained to measure the internal consistency of the questionnaire using SPSS-v24 software. The used questionnaire has appropriate internal validity and reliability. Based on the results, there was no comprehensive and unified attitude towards establishing personal and friendly relations between a physician and a patient among experts.
TL;DR: Open Science movement is not only about open-access journals but also includes open source, open data and methodology, open peer review, open access indexing, and archiving as mentioned in this paper .
Abstract: Scientific knowledge needs to be widely disseminated across the globe, for it to be critically analyzed or to be built upon for future studies. The conventional publication model has been less accessible due to prohibitive subscription costs and hence the need arose for the open access model where the readers would have free access. The Open Science movement is not only about open-access journals but also includes open source, open data and methodology, open peer review, open-access indexing, and archiving. The prototype open access model is the gold model where researchers (themselves or supported by grants or funding agencies) pay certain article processing charges and the readers have free access to the content without any restrictions. Additionally, there is a need for free-to-use open-access platforms or repositories like PubMed Central to archive the open-access content. Institutional repository is another way for collecting, archiving, and distributing the scholarly contents of an academic institution. Preprint servers allow archiving manuscripts before they are submitted to or undergo review for publication, and they offer an important platform for freely sharing knowledge. While open-access model looks attractive, it has its challenges. Currently, the change to open-access model has meant the transfer of the financial burden, earlier borne by the readers, to the authors in the form of APCs. Irrespective of the model, there is a need to reconsider the high subscription costs and the article processing charges which are often prohibitive for many. Science must be accessible to the researchers and the public at a reasonable cost without delay.