Showing papers in "Coastal Management in 1997"
TL;DR: Integrated coastal management (ICM) is a global practice involving approximately 90 coastal nations and semisovereign states which have been engaged in at'least 180 programs, projects, or feasibility studies.
Abstract: Integrated coastal management (ICM) is a global practice involving approximately 90 coastal nations and semisovereign states which have been engaged in at'least 180 programs, projects, or feasibility studies. Despite the continual growth of ICM over the past three decades, relatively little information has been generated on what works, what does not work and why. Improving the state of the art and increasing successes while diminishing failures depend on a number of factors, such as formulation of a better consensus on definitions, concepts, and measuring achievements; determination of lessons that can be derived from cross‐national comparisons and the transferability of these lessons to international, national, and subnational institutions; and development of new as well as improved information exchange networks. This article addresses these factors and recommends an agenda for improving the practice of ICM.
190 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors address the functioning of deltas, human impacts, and the concept of sustainable management of DELTs. But, they do not address the impact of human impacts on the delta's natural pulsing energies.
Abstract: Deltas are very important ecologically and economically, and much of the world's coastal wetlands are located in deltas. These areas are in crisis because various human impacts have led to deterioration of deltas. In this article, we address the functioning of deltas, human impacts in deltas, and the concept of sustainable management of deltas. It is implicit in this discussion that only management that is based on the functioning of deltas is sustainable. In spite of sea‐level rise and subsidence, deltas have greatly increased in area because of riverine sediment delivery over the past several thousand years. Recently, human impacts have altered natural pulsing energies and sediment distribution. It is clear that deltas are not being managed in a sustainable manner and there is a need to move toward more sustainable management. Such management must be based on a carefully controlled return to the natural functioning of deltas by utilizing, rather than diminishing, beneficial natural pulsing energies. We ...
187 citations
TL;DR: The development phases of coastal management in tropical countries are described in this paper, and the concept of collaborative management is now accepted as a description of variations in joint management arrangements between government and community or with the private sector stakeholders.
Abstract: The development phases of coastal management in tropical countries are described. Precolonial, centralized, community based, and collaborative coastal management are identified as forms of management which have evolved to what today is called integrated coastal management. Centralized management began during colonial times when any attempt at management was orchestrated from the top of government. Community based coastal management, in response to the failures of more centralized approaches, began in the Philippines through several projects, the experience of which spread to other countries in Southeast Asia and to Ecuador in the 1980s. The concept of collaborative management is now accepted as a description of variations in joint management arrangements between government and community or with the private sector stakeholders. It is suggested that collaborative management and integrated coastal management are more or less synonymous. The trends identified within tropical coastal management include interdi...
178 citations
TL;DR: The case for restoration, or rehabilitation to a sustainable use, is strong and consideration must be given to the causes of production failure, the environmental conditions remaining following disuse, the needs and preferences of pond owners and coastal managers, and the flora and fauna composition of the pond area.
Abstract: Associated with the rapid increase in the production of cultured marine shrimp has been large‐scale conversion of mangroves to shrimp ponds. Production in many regions has proved to be unsustainable, largely due to inappropriate construction methods, poor environmental conditions, overstocking, and disease. A number of shrimp ponds consequently are unproductive and lie idle. Accurate assessments of pond disuse are difficult to obtain; however, unofficial estimates have suggested that as many as 70% of ponds may be disused after a period in production. Pond construction, shrimp culture, and pond disuse lead to alterations to the physical and chemical properties of soil, hydrological conditions, and the flora and fauna composition of the pond area. The case for restoration, or rehabilitation to a sustainable use, is strong. Consideration must be given to the causes of production failure, the environmental conditions remaining following disuse, the needs and preferences of pond owners and coastal managers, a...
83 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a model to select and manage protected areas in the Pacific Islands that proposes two changes to traditional concepts of protected areas where the aims primarily have been to provide recreational opportunities, protect areas with aesthetics, and protect nature from humans.
Abstract: Overuse and misuse of coastal systems in the Pacific Islands are causing natural resources to dwindle. During the past two decades, governments have attempted to establish protected areas in recognition of the limits to growth on islands and the negative impacts to the coastal zone from anthropogenic activities. However, protected areas have not always been successful because most models used by these governments to create protected areas have been flawed. This article presents a model to select and manage protected areas in the Pacific Islands that proposes two changes to traditional concepts of protected areas where the aims primarily have been to provide recreational opportunities, protect areas with aesthetics, and protect nature from humans. The two new concepts proposed by this model are community based decision making and permitting multiple purpose protected areas whose main goals are determined by the local community: (1) Representatives of interest groups and local level agencies collaborate to ...
57 citations
TL;DR: The Rapid Appraisal of Fisheries Management Systems (RAFMS) as mentioned in this paper is a diagnostic tool designed to quickly document and evaluate the operating fisheries management systems, both formally and informally, at the community level.
Abstract: Among the recent attempts to use Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) techniques traditionally employed in agriculture and other terrestrial resource systems is in the evaluation of the coastal and marine fisheries environments. One of these approaches is called Rapid Appraisal of Fisheries Management Systems (RAFMS). which was developed at the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM). The RAFMS is a diagnostic tool designed to quickly document and evaluate the operating fisheries management systems, both formally and informally, at the community level. As a critical first step in diagnosing the existing types of community‐level fisheries management systems, the RAFMS shall provide general information on their essential features, operations, and impacts. Given limited funds, time, and research personnel, it is not always possible to conduct in‐depth studies of community based fisheries resource management systems at a specific site or across a country. While the RAFMS is no substitute ...
47 citations
TL;DR: Turtle excluder devices (TEDs) are being trialed on a voluntary basis in many Australian prawn (shrimp) trawl fisheries to reduce sea turtle captures.
Abstract: Turtle excluder devices (TEDs) are being trialed on a voluntary basis in many Australian prawn (shrimp) trawl fisheries to reduce sea turtle captures. Analysis of TED introductions into shrimp trawl fisheries of the United States provided major insights into why conflicts occurred between shrimpers, conservationists, and government agencies. A conflict over the introduction and subsequent regulation of TEDs occurred because the problem and the solution were perceived differently by the various stakeholders. Attempts to negotiate and mediate the conflict broke down, resulting in litigation against the U.S. government by conservationists and shrimpers. Litigation was not an efficient resolution to the sea turtle-TED-trawl conflict but it appears that litigation was the only remaining path of resolution once the issue became polarized. We review two major Australian trawl fisheries to identify any significant differences in circumstances that may affect TED acceptance. Australian trawl fisheries are structured differently and good communication occurs between industry and researchers. TEDs are being introduced as mature technology. Furthermore, bycatch issues are of increasing concern to all stakeholders. These factors, combined with insights derived from previous conflicts concerning TEDs in the United Stares, increase the possibilities that TEDs will be introduced to Australian fishers with better acceptance.
34 citations
TL;DR: Fishers from Caye Caulker, Belize, practice a territorial folk management system, which has contributed to the level production of lobsters for over 30 years.
Abstract: Fishers from Caye Caulker, Belize, practice a territorial folk management system, which has contributed to level production of lobsters for over 30 years This, in association with cooperative organization, has brought high economic returns to fishers Tourism development on the caye has created a new market for lobsters, which has motivated some fishers to harvest undersized, prereproductive lobsters to sell to local restaurants Data from interviews and observations suggest that this local system of resource management may be threatened, because of a local market for lobsters which has emerged with the growth of tourism at Caye Caulker These unsustainable practices, coupled with an underfunded, understaffed, and in the fishers ‘ experience, usually uncooperative Fisheries Department makes enforcement of state‐level fisheries laws next to impossible Caye Caulker fishers face challenging questions concerning how they will practice in and perceive the fishery, which includes participation with and percep
20 citations
TL;DR: Coastal management in Australia has been through a period of unprecedented change during the past three years as discussed by the authors and all six state governments have undergone major reforms of their coastal management programs during this time.
Abstract: Coastal management in Australia has been through a period of unprecedented change during the past 3 years. All six state governments have undergone major reforms of their coastal management programs during this time. These reforms have been promoted by numerous changes in the political complexion of state governments, periodic reviews as state systems have become stale, and outcomes of federal government inquiries. Greater involvement in coastal management has been demanded by interest groups and the community resulting from a range of coastal inquiries and some significant coastal issues, like sewage disposal and subdivisions. These changes are set to continue as Australian jurisdictions attempt to come to grips with recent changes due to the recognition of native title. The recent evolution of coastal zone management in Australia is described and analyzed, focusing on possible future directions of Australian coastal zone management at both state and national levels. Evaluating the success of these progr...
19 citations
TL;DR: In the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, a close partnership between the federal goyernment and the state of Florida has characterized sanctuary planning and development of the management plan.
Abstract: Since Congressional designation of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary in 1990, a close partnership between the federal goyernment and the state of Florida has characterized sanctuary planning and development of the management plan. The management plan and interagency memoranda of agreement clearly partition governmental functions, such as permitting, enforcement, and research and education, between federal and state agencies. This article examines the division of interagency responsibilities and demonstrates the depth of this federal‐state partnership. The coordination between federal, state, and local institutions is a product of many factors, including an explicit legislative mandate, inclusion of both federal and state waters in the sanctuary, two decades of successful federal‐state partnerships in two small national marine sanctuaries in the Florida Keys, the state of Florida's longtime interest in management of its marine resources, and the clear acceptance of principles of ecosystem manageme...
17 citations
TL;DR: The road to this goal began decades ago, but only recently has there been a global recognition of its urgency as mentioned in this paper, and evidence tells us that we should proceed expeditiously with rational management schemes that can serve both social and environmental needs.
Abstract: Today, we find ourselves in a race against time: attempting to control growth in the coastal zone before it destroys the valued assets and services that are causing the growth to occur. Evidence tells us that we should proceed expeditiously with rational management schemes that can serve both social and environmental needs. The road to this goal began decades ago, but only recently has there been a global recognition of its urgency. To understand where we are going, it is instructive to understand where we have come from. This article briefly highlights major changes that have occurred during the past 50 years which have influenced society's attitudes concerning the coastal zone. The article first chronicles the social, scientific, and technological changes that aroused interest; brought people, understanding, and activity to the shoreline; and created problems and opportunities there. It provides the roots and context for the changing land‐ and seascapes of the coastal zone over the past 50 years. Next, ...
TL;DR: A survey of coastal user groups, academics, and state coastal zone management program managers was conducted by Knecht et al. as discussed by the authors to determine the perceptions of the performance of state coastal zones management programs relative to the protection of coastal resources, the management of coastal development, the improvement of public access, and the managing of coastal hazards.
Abstract: A mail survey of coastal user groups, academics, and state coastal zone management program managers was conducted to determine the perceptions of the performance of state coastal zone management programs relative to the protection of coastal resources, the management of coastal development, the improvement of public access, and the management of coastal hazards. Information on the perceived importance of the selected issues to each of the 24 states being studied was also solicited. Findings on the perceptions of various categories of interest groups, academics, and program managers with respect to the overall performance of state coastal zone management programs in the four issue areas were presented in an earlier article, “Perceptions of the Performance of State Coastal Zone Management Programs in the United States”; (Knecht et al., 1996). The present article draws on a subset of these data—the responses from the coastal user groups and the academics—and presents the findings at the regional and individu...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compare relatively disjointed federal policy dealing with the hurricane hazard with more coordinated federal policies dealing with earthquakes and assess the potential for a more comprehensive national policy to deal with hurricane hazard.
Abstract: This article contrasts relatively disjointed federal policy dealing with the hurricane hazard with more coordinated federal policy dealing with earthquakes. A comparison between the two hazards is appropriate because of important similarities. However, significant differences between these disasters make the creation of national policy dealing with the hurricane hazard more difficult. These differences include distinctive features of the hurricane hazard and, in particular, features of the policy community that works on the hurricane hazard. Differences between the earthquake and hurricane policy communities reveal the factors that inhibit policymaking. Prospects for a more comprehensive national policy to deal with the hurricane hazard are assessed.
TL;DR: The maritime border region between Mexico and Belize has been the focus of conservation efforts by both countries as discussed by the authors, and the potential for successful cooperative management of this divided ecosystem depends in part on the compatibility of these respective approaches, the relative funding for each side, and the underlying political will.
Abstract: The maritime border region between Mexico and Belize has been the focus of conservation efforts by both countries. In the near future, its entire length will be protected by contiguous, though separate, protected areas, that will provide a buffer between the “ecotourism”; developments planned for both sides of the border. Although geographically contiguous, the protected areas will be under fragmented management and, therefore, will be categorized as border parks. The presence of these border parks, together with the proximity of the proposed developments, will bring together the respective approaches that Mexico and Belize take toward coastal zone management, both within and outside of protected areas. The potential for successful cooperative management of this divided ecosystem depends in part on the compatibility of these respective approaches, the relative funding for each side, and the underlying political will. The development of a transboundary park could create a forum for environmental collaborat...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the current situation of four lowland coastal areas located in Catalonia, Spain and conclude that this appraisal depends strongly on the historical trajectory of each area, the effectiveness of new legal and planning instruments, and the political will of the people.
Abstract: Coastal planning and management are experiencing a number of changes that point toward a major shift in emphasis from development to conservation. In this process, natural environments and processes traditionally perceived as hazardous to human occupation will be redefined in terms of being resources to protect for the benefit of present and future generations. This process, however, is neither universal nor conflict free because development pressures maintain their strength in many parts of the world. This article examines the current situation of four lowland coastal areas located in Catalonia, Spain. The transition from development to conservation, and its reflection in planning and management practices is examined for each case in light of the social appraisal of coastal environments and processes as either resources or hazards. We conclude that this appraisal depends strongly on the historical trajectory of each area, the effectiveness of new legal and planning instruments, and the political will of ...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an economic efficiency analysis of the proposed management plan under plausible conditions and reasonable data for benefits and costs for present and future generations for the Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine Study.
Abstract: As part of the National Estuary Program, the extensive 5‐year Albemarle‐Pamlico Estuarine Study was recently concluded The resultant Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan was designed to maintain the ecological integrity of the estuary through long‐term planning and management One of the components of this plan is the consideration of human dimensions of the Albemarle‐Pamlico system, including benefits and costs for present and future generations This article presents an economic efficiency analysis of the proposed management plan Under plausible conditions and reasonable data for benefits and costs, it appears that the management plan would be an efficient government program if the negative externalities associated with economic growth of the Albemarle‐Pamlico region are controlled
TL;DR: In this article, the authors highlight various coastal zone processes and activities along the east coast of India, especially along the coast of Tamil Nadu, and highlight the importance of public involvement in the exercise.
Abstract: India, with a vast coastal front, witnesses a wide range of coastal processes and activities. As the country's economic growth depends largely on effective utilization of the coast and coastal resources, management strategies have gained significance in recent years. Though both the central and state governments have taken initiatives in the implementation of various schemes for better utilization and management of the coast, certain external factors have decelerated the progress. For successful management, all important issues related to coastal zone should be considered prior to implementation. In addition, participation of beneficiaries in the preparation of coastal management schemes would fetch good results, and the concept of public involvement in the exercise is gaining momentum. This article highlights various coastal zone processes and activities along the east coast of India, especially along the coast of Tamil Nadu. Policies of both the central and state governments with regard to coastal zone ...
TL;DR: For centuries, Amazonian populations acquired an intimate knowledge of the local resources and their variability as discussed by the authors, and this knowledge provided them with a basic understanding of the interrelations of the resources.
Abstract: For centuries, Amazonian populations acquired an intimate knowledge of the local resources and of their variability. This knowledge provided them with a basic understanding of the interrelations be...
TL;DR: The present research couples the MIKE21 comprehensive modeling system for two‐dimensional free surface flows with the spatial analysis strengths of the ArcView GIS to develop a comprehensive software system that provides support for both environmental managers and land‐use planners in making their decisions about the environment.
Abstract: Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are important took for environmental monitoring and management. However, their limitations in dealing with complex, dynamic, and mission‐critical situations call for alternative approaches. Integrating GIS with dynamic simulation models offers one such solution. Numerical models that simulate physical, chemical, and biological processes greatly increase our understanding of the environment. Many of these models use refined forecast information to accurately predict processes that help in monitoring and managing the environment. Integrating these models with GIS offers new functionalities. The present research couples the MIKE21 comprehensive modeling system for two‐dimensional free surface flows with the spatial analysis strengths of the ArcView GIS. The southern coastal water system of Singapore serves as the study area. The aim is to develop a comprehensive software system that provides support for both environmental managers and land‐use planners in making their d...