Showing papers in "Cognition & Emotion in 1994"
TL;DR: In this article, two exploratory studies were conducted to determine if mathematics anxiety, as assessed by the Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale (MARS), is related to the underlying mental processes of arithmetic performance.
Abstract: Two exploratory studies were conducted to determine if mathematics anxiety, as assessed by the Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale (MARS), is related to the underlying mental processes of arithmetic performance. MARS scores were higher when the test was administered by computer, vs. the standard paper-and-pencil format, and were higher for female than male college students. Small but significant processing differences in simple addition and multiplication were found when subjects were divided by quartiles into anxiety groups. Much larger differences in processing speed and accuracy were found with complex addition problems and a set of difficult problems (e.g. 9 × 16 = 134, true or false) that tested all four arithmetic operations. Overall, the low anxiety group was consistently the most rapid and accurate, the medium high was consistently the slowest, and the high anxiety group the most prone to errors. The results suggest that genuine performance differences exist among the several levels of mathe...
368 citations
TL;DR: This paper investigated the generality of this affective priming effect and showed that the effect can be generalized to more complex visual material. But their results do not warrant their conclusion concerning the unconditionality of the effect.
Abstract: Fazio, Sanbonmatsu, Powell, and Kardes (1986) argued that affect may be activated automatically from memory on the mere observation of an affect-loaded stimulus. Using a variant of the standard sequential priming paradigm, it was demonstrated that the time needed to evaluate target words as positive or negative decreased if they were preceded by a similarly valenced prime word, but increased when preceded by a prime of opposite valence. Several aspects of their procedure, however, do not warrant their conclusion concerning the unconditionality of the effect. The present research investigated the generality of this affective priming effect. In Experiment 1, it was tested whether the effect can be generalised to more complex visual material. Stimulus pairs consisted of colour slides. Subjects had to evaluate the targets as quickly as possible. In Experiment 2, the standard word-word procedure was used, but target words had to be pronounced. In both experiments, significant affective priming effects...
365 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationship between facial expression and self-report of emotion at multiple points in time during an affective episode and found that facial expressions and reports of emotion were analyzed for specific moments in film time.
Abstract: In order to assess the extent of coherence in emotional response systems, we examined the relationship between facial expression and self-report of emotion at multiple points in time during an affective episode. We showed subjects brief films that were selected for their ability to elicit disgust and fear, and we asked them to report on their emotions using a new reporting procedure. This procedure, called cued-review, allows subjects to rate the degree to which they experienced each of several categories of emotion for many locations over the time interval of a stimulus period. When facial expressions and reports of emotion were analysed for specific moments in film time, there was a high degree of temporal linkage and categorical agreement between facial expression and self-report, as predicted. Coherence was even stronger for more intense emotional events. This is the first evidence of linkage between facial expression and self-report of emotion on a momentary basis.
307 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined automatic elicitation of conditioned skin conductance responses (SCRs) when a backward masking procedure prevented the subject's conscious awareness of the conditioned stimuli (CSs).
Abstract: This study examined automatic elicitation of conditioned skin conductance responses (SCRs), when a backward masking procedure prevented the subject's conscious awareness of the conditioned stimuli (CSs). The CSs were pictures of emotional facial expressions. A differential conditioning procedure was used. One facial expression (e.g. an angry face) was aversively conditioned by a shock unconditioned stimulus, whereas another facial expression (e.g. a happy face) was never presented with the shock. After conditioning, the CSs were presented backwardly masked by a neutral face. This procedure prevented conscious perception of the CS. Nevertheless, reliable differential SCRs were obtained when the CS had been an angry face. This effect, however, was dependent on the subject's direction of attention. When attention was focused on the mask, no differential responding was observed. Thus it was concluded that, when fear-relevant stimuli (angry faces) served as the CS, elicitation of SCRs was automatic in...
295 citations
TL;DR: Vietnam combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with other psychiatric disorders, or with no disorder participated in an autobiographical memory experiment as discussed by the authors, where subjects were asked to retrieve specific autobiographical memories in response to a series of neutral, positive, and negative cue words.
Abstract: Vietnam combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with other psychiatric disorders, or with no disorder participated in an autobiographical memory experiment Half of the subjects in each group viewed a combat-relevant videotape, whereas the others viewed a neutral videotape Immediately after this emotional priming manipulation, subjects were asked to retrieve specific autobiographical memories in response to a series of neutral, positive, and negative cue words The results revealed that PTSD patients experienced difficulty retrieving specific autobiographical memories, especially after having viewed the combat videotape Overgeneral memory appears to characterise PTSD as much as it does depression, and a relative inability to retrieve specific autobiographical memories, especially of positive valence, may contribute to the maintenance of PTSD
259 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was found that negative targets were categorised more quickly than positive ones, regardless of the type of target, while the evaluation of pictures was much faster than words.
Abstract: It is often assumed that affective information is represented within a semantic network. This hypothesis is more closely examined here, using a picture-word variant of the Stroop task. The studies are inspired by a recent theory of W.R. Glaser and M.O. Glaser (1989), who proposed a distinction between a semantic system, to which pictures have privileged access, and a lexical system with privileged access for words. If affective information is stored in the semantic system, differences in the affective processing of words and pictures can be expected. In Experiment 1, subjects had to name the affective value of the picture (or the word) of a picture-word stimulus. It was found that affect-incongruent distractors influenced the affective categorisation of words, but not of pictures. Also, the evaluation of pictures was much faster than the evaluation of words. Finally, the results showed that negative targets were categorised more quickly than positive ones, regardless of the type of target. In Exp...
217 citations
TL;DR: In this article, negative priming effects suggested that high trait-anxious subjects had difficulty inhibiting threat-related information, as well as nonthreat-related distracting information under conditions of attentional search.
Abstract: Three experiments are reported which examine attentional bias in high trait-anxious, low trait-anxious, and repressor subjects. Measures of interference did not provide consistent results. However, negative priming effects suggested that high trait-anxious subjects had difficulty inhibiting threat-related information, as well as nonthreat-related distracting information under conditions of attentional search. There was some evidence that individuals with a repressive coping style were particularly efficient in inhibiting threat-related information. It is suggested that defective inhibition of distracting information may be an important mechanism in understanding the cognitive basis of anxiety.
173 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the main question of subjective intensity of emotion is: Is the subjective intensity one dimensional, and if not, what are its dimensions? They sampled 222 instances of emotions, and for each instance subjects completed a questionnaire.
Abstract: Emotions vary in intensity. But what is it that vanes? There are many parameters that can be considered parameters of emotional intensity, and it is unclear how these parameters are related. The main question of this study is: Is the subjective intensity of emotion one dimensional, and, if not, what are its dimensions? We sampled 222 instances of emotions, and for each instance subjects completed a questionnaire. The subjects also drew a diagram of the course of their emotion over time. A factor analysis of the intensity questions and the diagram variables yielded six factors: (1) duration of the emotion and delay of its onset and peak; (2) perceived bodily changes and strength of felt passivity; (3) recollection and re-experience of the emotion; (4) strength and drasticness of action tendency, and drasticness of actual behaviour; (5) belief changes and influence upon long-term behaviour; and (6) overall felt intensity. Most specific dimensions correlated moderately with overall felt intensity. S...
162 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that bilingual subjects who had acquired fluency in their second language after 8 years of age rated 18 emotional and 18 neutral words for ease of pronunciation, implied activity, or emotionality; half of each type was presented in Spanish and half in English.
Abstract: Bilingual subjects (Spanish English) who had acquired fluency in their second language after 8 years of age rated 18 emotional and 18 neutral words for ease of pronunciation, implied activity, or emotionality; half of each type was presented in Spanish and half in English. During a subsequent, unexpected test of free recall subjects recalled more emotional than neutral words, but only for words that had been presented in the native language. This finding applied across native-language groups and suggests that emotion provides a basis for language specificity in bilingual memory.
149 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a total of 47 employed adults were asked to record, in structured diaries, details of four episodes of emotion from the set that they regard as basic (happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust) and also to note occurrences of other emotions not in this set.
Abstract: A total of 47 employed adults were asked to record, in structured diaries, details of four episodes of emotion from the set that we regard as basic (happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust) and also to note occurrences of other emotions not in this set. Subjects experienced an average of about one episode of consciously recognised emotion a day, and in rating intensities they said that 11% of episodes were as intense as they could imagine. Anger was the most frequent of the basic emotions, and disgust the least frequent. There were no significant differences in rates or intensities of basic emotions as a function of gender. We predicted 69% of these emotions correctly from the goal-relevant events that elicited them: happiness was typically caused by achievements, sadness by losses, anger by frustration, and fear by threat, but the causation of disgust was more difficult to identify. In 31% of episodes pairs of basic emotions occurred in mixtures. Positive emotions tended to help plans, while ne...
97 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationship between alexithymia and hemispatial bias; the accuracy of interpreting emotion-relevant information; and the style of interpreting emotions relevant information.
Abstract: This study examined the relationship between alexithymia and (a) hemis-patial bias; (b) the accuracy of interpreting emotion-relevant information; and (c) the style of interpreting emotion-relevant information. Subjects were 137 college students. Alexithymia was measured using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Hemispatial bias was measured using a free-vision chimeric face task. Interpretations of emotion-relevant information were assessed using the Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity (PONS) and a second instrument designed for this study called the Emotional Story Test (EST). Although high levels of alexithymia were associated with hemispatial bias, alexithymia was not associated with the accuracy of subjects' interpretations. In contrast, alexithymia was associated with low ratings of emotional intensity and with subjects' inclinations to choose angry and dominant interpretations.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the affective tones of the sentences of four texts as perceived by readers, to the values generated by the words that compose the texts, and found that the emotional valence of sentences, paragraphs or texts has so far attracted little attention.
Abstract: In spite of the growing interest witnessed in the study of the relationship between emotion and language, the determination of the emotional valence of sentences, paragraphs or texts has so far attracted little attention. To bridge this gap, a technique based on the emotional aspect of words is presented. In this preliminary study, we have compared the affective tones of the sentences of four texts as perceived by readers, to the values generated by the words that compose the texts. The results support the psychological reality of the affective tones of linguistic units larger than a word, and the possibility of their evaluation through the lexical information. Such information should be useful for studying the role of emotional interest on text processing and for the analysis of the natural stories produced by people in reaction to stressful events.
TL;DR: In this article, two experiments were conducted assessing the presence of explicit and implicit memory biases for threatening material in high and low trait anxious college students, and no implicit memory bias for threat words was found in either experiment.
Abstract: Two experiments were conducted assessing the presence of explicit and implicit memory biases for threatening material in high and low trait anxious college students. No implicit memory bias for threat words was found in either experiment. Futher, an explicit free recall bias for threat words in anxious subjects was found in Experiment 1, but was not replicated in Experiment 2. The inconsistent research literature on memory biases in anxious individuals is discussed and directions for future research are highlighted.
TL;DR: This paper found that negative memory biases in the high trait-anxious group were associated with trait anxiety rather than with depression, but it was not possible to decide whether the biases are associated with depression.
Abstract: Normals high, medium, and low in trait anxiety performed two encoding tasks (one predominantly data-driven and the other conceptually driven) on threat-related and neutral words, followed by tests of word completion, cued recall, and free recall. Memory performance indicated the existence of negative memory biases in the high trait-anxious group, but it was generally not possible to decide whether the biases were associated with trait anxiety rather than with depression. The biases were obtained mainly when there was a match between the processes at encoding and those at the time of test, whether the matching processes were predominantly data-driven or conceptually driven. Implications of these findings for implicit and explicit memory biases associated with high trait anxiety are discussed.
TL;DR: This paper explored the hypothesis that test anxiety is associated with an on-line bias towards threatening interpretations of ambiguous information by means of a lexical decision task and found that high-anxiety subjects responded faster to ego-threat, physical-threat and non-threat events.
Abstract: The hypothesis that test anxiety is associated with an on-line bias towards threatening interpretations of ambiguous information was explored by means of a lexical decision task. Ambiguous sentences (concerned with ego-threat, physical-threat, or non-threat events) were presented to high- and low- test-anxiety subjects. Sentences were followed by a disambiguating word or a very wordlike corresponding nonword, which either confirmed or disconfirmed the threat implied by the sentence. A control condition involved the presentation of words and nonwords alone, without being primed by the sentences. Results indicated that there were no differences in lexical decision times as a function of test anxiety when words and nonwords were presented alone. In contrast, when they were primed, high-anxiety subjects took longer to respond correctly to the ego-threat confirming nonword, and to the ego-threat disconfirming word, compared with low-anxiety subjects; likewise, high-anxiety subjects responded faster to...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the relationship between personality factors and coping and found significant negative correlations between self-attention and emotion-focused and problem-focused coping only in mixed controllability situations.
Abstract: Evidence suggests that self-focused attention and cognitive failures may have disruptive effects on the use of specific coping strategies in stressful situations. In this study the personality factors of private self-consciousness (dispositional self-attention) and cognitive failures were investigated in relation to coping processes in specific stressful episodes reported by 139 female nurses. Multiple regression analyses were run to test for personality predictors of problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping, and suppression-coping strategies. In examining the relationship between personality factors and coping the possible mediational role of subjects' appraisals (importance of the episode and perceptions of control) were investigated. The results showed significant negative correlations between self-attention and emotion-focused and problem-focused coping only in mixed controllability situations. A significant negative correlation between cognitive failures and suppression was similarly d...
TL;DR: In this article, the information encoded by the eyebrow frown and the smile was examined in a conceptual replication of Smith (1989), where subjects imagined themselves in pleasant and unpleasant scenarios while muscle activity in the eyebrow and cheek regions were monitored electromyographically.
Abstract: This study examines the information encoded by the eyebrow frown and the smile. In a conceptual replication of Smith (1989), subjects imagined themselves in pleasant and unpleasant scenarios while muscle activities in the eyebrow and cheek regions were monitored electromyographically. Brow region activity was related to evaluations of motivational incongruence and perceived goal-obstacles, and, after taking these relationships into account, was uncorrelated with subjective pleasantness. In contrast, cheek activity was associated with subjective pleasantness and, after taking this relationship into account, nothing else. These results contribute to the literature indicating that individual components of facial expressions directly encode information about emotional state and clarify the nature of the information encoded by two of these components.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the effect of schema-discrepancy on the surprise reaction in a choice reaction time task and found an increase in reaction time with a 0.2sec stimulus onset asynchrony but not with a 1.5sec SOA.
Abstract: Two experiments investigated the effects of a schema-discrepant event on the surprise reaction. Schema-discrepancy concerned a physical feature of irrelevant distractor words that were presented while the subjects performed a choice reaction time task. The stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between the distractors and the task-relevant stimuli was manipulated in both experiments. The occurrence of the schema-discrepant event led to subjective feelings of surprise and enhanced recall of the stimulus material. In Experiment 1, the presentation of a schema-discrepant auditory event resulted in a pronounced increase of reaction time (RT) with a 0.2sec SOA but not with a 1.5sec SOA. In Experiment 2, the effects of both fixed and variable SOAs of four different lengths (simultaneous onset, 0.5sec, 1sec, or 2sec SOA) were investigated within a visual task context. The increase of RT was found to be most pronounced with SOAs of 0.5sec and lsec respectively, and more pronounced with variable than with fixed ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined responses to excerpted episodes from short stories that either focused on action or on the experiences of the characters, and the effects of instructional sets to approach the texts from the viewpoint of subjective involvement or objective detachment were also studied.
Abstract: This experiment examined responses to excerpted episodes from short stories that either focused on action or on the experiences of the characters. The effects of instructional sets to approach the texts from the viewpoint of subjective involvement or objective detachment were also studied. The two story types and two reading sets were factorially combined in a within-subjects design. Scale ratings of the story excerpts and reading times (syllables per second) were measured. A total of subjects (20 males and 20 females) read six segments from each of the episodes as quickly and accurately as possible. Pretest data were obtained for each segment indicating how much it “provided insight into the characters' experiences”, and its level of suspense and surprise. Segments which “provided in sight” were read more slowly, whereas surprising segments were read more quickly. Under the Subjective Set, subjects slowed the pace of reading if they judged the text to be “rich in meaning about life”. For the Obj...
TL;DR: This paper found no evidence that anxious subjects are faster when making affective decisions for congruent (threatening) words, whether or not these subjects had been recently exposed to the same words.
Abstract: Previous research has indicated that anxiety and depressive states do not lead to speeding of lexical decisions for mood-congruent words. Theoretical considerations, and some data, suggest that such mood-congruent speeding effects should be more apparent in affective decisions. In three experiments we found no evidence that anxious subjects are faster when making affective decisions for congruent (threatening) words, whether or not these subjects had been recently exposed to the same words. It is concluded that the processes involved in the attentional and interpretive processing of threatening stimuli by anxious subjects are different from those involved when making a conscious decision about emotional meaning.
TL;DR: In this paper, two experiments were carried out to investigate a possible mood-congruent memory bias in explicit memory (free-recall test) and implicit memory (word-stem completion task) for positive and negative words in depressed and non depressed college students.
Abstract: Two experiments were carried out to investigate a possible mood-congruent memory bias in explicit memory (free-recall test) and implicit memory (word-stem completion task) for positive and negative words in depressed and non depressed college students. A comparison of implicit and explicit mood-congruent memory bias should help to reveal cognitive processes involved in this effect. The results of both studies indicated that depressed subjects showed a memory bias not only on the traditional explicit memory task, but on the implicit memory task as well. The theoretical implications of these results are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined empirically the affect that results from creative problem solving and found that science students reported similar levels of (positive) affective intensity before and during creative insight as art students.
Abstract: Although the influence of affect on creativity has received some theoretical and empirical attention, the role of affect as a consequence of creative problem solving has been neglected. This study is the one of the first to examine empirically the affect that results from creative problem solving. In a 2 (group) × 3 (time period) × 2 (task) factorial design, 122 art and science students were randomly assigned to complete an art or science task and to report on the kind and intensity of affect before, during, and after creative problem solving. It was predicted that art and science students would report different levels of affect only after the insight, not before or during, and that the effects of task, not just group, would contribute to affective variability between art and science students. Science students reported similar levels of (positive) affective intensity before and during creative insight as art students. It was only after the insight that art students reported more intense affective...
TL;DR: This paper investigated 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children's ability to use situational information to make judgements about others' emotional reactions and found that the youngest children would be able to make outcomedependent, but not attributiondependent emotion judgements.
Abstract: Two experiments investigated 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children's ability to use situational information to make judgements about others' emotional reactions. Children were presented with stories and drawings depicting other children in emotion-producing situations and were asked to make emotion judgements by selecting one of two facial expressions. It was predicted that children would make more accurate judgements when the stories contained explicit, rather than implicit, statements about the characters' goals. Based on Weiner and Graham's (1984) developmental model of emotion understanding, it was also predicted that the youngest children would be able to make outcomedependent, but not attributiondependent emotion judgements. Contrary to expectation, children did not make significantly more accurate judgements in the explicit story condition. Consistent with Weiner and Graham's model, the 3-year-olds could make outcome-dependent emotion judgements, but only the 4- and 5-year-olds could make attrib...
TL;DR: In this article, depressed and non-depressed adults rated positive, negative, and neutral nouns for their emotional value or their physical curvature, and tried to identify previously rated and unrated words that were presented quite briefly and masked.
Abstract: Depressed and nondepressed adults rated positive, negative, and neutral nouns for their emotional value or their physical curvature. Next, they tried to identify previously rated and unrated words that were presented quite briefly and masked. Depressed subjects' identification showed a reduced effect of prior exposure in the curvature task but no deficit when words had been rated for emotion. On a subsequent test of free recall, both a depressive deficit and a rating effect obtained. These results suggest that depressed people are less likely to process beyond the requirements of the task.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the potential discrepancies between felt and communicated emotions elicited by two typical antecedents of Jealousy and of Sadness that varied in terms of their seriousness.
Abstract: Potential discrepancies between felt and communicated emotions elicited by two typical antecedents of Jealousy and of Sadness that varied in terms of their seriousness were studied by means of a structured questionnaire. Italian men and women (respectively, N = 248 and N = 293) attributed felt and communicated emotions to a story protagonist X, choosing from a list of 16 emotions; the communication occurred either with X's partner or X's friend. The results obtained from various analyses of variance of Subjects' attributions confirmed the hypothesis that there are significant discrepancies between felt and communicated emotions for both antecedent types, and that they are greater for jealousy than for sadness. Effects on the direction and magnitude of discrepancies due to sex of subjects, and type of interlocutor were found mainly for sadness emotions. Antecedent seriousness instead influenced felt and communicated emotions for both jealousy and sadness. The results are interpreted as showing tha...
TL;DR: Scherer's recent “expert system” for predicting emotions is examined, followed by an exploration of several alternative algorithms for computing an elicited emotion based on an appraisal specification.
Abstract: This paper discusses computational models of the mechanism of emotion elicitation according to appraisal theories of emotion. Following a brief review of earlier models, the general affordances of computational models are discussed. Scherer's (1993) recent “expert system” for predicting emotions is then examined in some detail, followed by an exploration of several alternative algorithms for computing an elicited emotion based on an appraisal specification.
TL;DR: This article investigated mood-congruent encoding of personal information about the self and a parent, and identified two moderators of MCE: self-/other-reference, and affirmative/non-affirmative judgement.
Abstract: An experiment investigated mood-congruent encoding (MCE) of personal information about the self and a parent, and identified two moderators of MCE: self-/other-reference, and affirmative/nonaffirmative judgement. More specifically, the results indicated that elated mood facilitated encoding of affirmatively rated positive material under conditions of both self- and other-reference, whereas depressed mood facilitated encoding of affirmatively rated negative material under conditions of self-reference only. Material that had received non affirmative ratings did not evidence MCE. A similar pattern of mood-congruent judgement (MCJ) also occurred, elated mood increasing affirmative judgements of both self- and other-referent positive material, and depressed mood increasing affirmative judgements of self- but not other-referent negative material. Inhibitory effects characterised neither MCE nor MU: Elated mood did not decrease recall or judgements of negative material, and depressed mood did not decrea...
TL;DR: In this paper, self-ratings of mood, positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) have been proposed as basic, orthogonal mood dimensions (Watson & Tellegen, 1985).
Abstract: Based on analysis of self-ratings of mood, positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) have been proposed as basic, orthogonal mood dimensions (Watson & Tellegen, 1985). The present study asked subjects (N = 61) to not only provide self-ratings of PA and NA terms but also to retrieve personal memories associated with those terms. Self-rated PA was associated with latency to retrieve PA- but not NA-related memories; self-rated NA was associated with latency to retrieve NA- but not PA-related memories. Self-ratings of PA and NA were not significantly correlated, nor were retrieval latencies for PA and NA memories. Individual item correlations also revealed a strong direct relationship between self-ratings and retrieval latency. The dissociations involving a non-self report measure strengthen the distinction between PA and NA, and the individual item correlations are interpreted as showing that self-ratings of affect are based upon the ease of retrieval of personal memories.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss cognitive subsystems and unvoiced murmurs in the context of unsupervised learning, and propose Interacting Cognitive Systems and Unvoiced Mumbling.
Abstract: (1994). Interacting cognitive subsystems and unvoiced murmurs. Cognition and Emotion: Vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 571-579.
TL;DR: In this paper, the possibility of feature detectors that respond selectively to facial expressions of emotion was examined in an adaptation test, where subjects were adapted to a photograph of one of five emotional expressions.
Abstract: The possibility of feature detectors that respond selectively to facial expressions of emotion was examined in an adaptation test. Subjects were adapted to a photograph of one of five emotional expressions. Photographs of people expressing various emotions were then presented for 5msec each. Subjects identified the expression and rated the intensity of the emotion it expressed on a 7-point scale. Of the 32 subjects 26 reported an after-image following adaptation. The subjects' sensitivity to the emotional expression to which they were adapted was reduced but other expressions of emotion were identified more readily. When the adapted emotional expression was identified the rating of its magnitude was also reduced relative to when the photographs were presented without adaption. These data provide evidence consistent with a discrete perceptual system for the processing of facial expressions of emotion and of a dissociation between facial recognition and emotion expression recognition processes.