Showing papers in "Cognitive Psychology in 1970"

TL;DR: In this article, five hypotheses were proposed and tested to account for Reicher's finding that recognition of letters is more accurate in the context of a meaningful word than alone, even with redundancy controlled by a forced-choice design.

TL;DR: In this article, the speed of sorting decks of stimulus cards was measured using seven experiments in which stimulus cards were constructed from two dichotomous dimensions, used either alone, correlated, or orthogonally.

TL;DR: In this paper, it is argued that, while there is no structural resemblance between an individual internal representation and its corresponding external object, an approximate parallelism should nevertheless hold between the relations among different internal representations and the relations between their corresponding external objects.

TL;DR: For example, this paper found that older children tended to show a more complex memorization strategy when given unlimited time to study a set of items to the point of perfect serial recall, which appeared to consist of first naming the items to oneself to initiate the learning process and subsequently using systematic anticipation and rehearsal procedures to monitor and maintain one's gradually increasing state of recall readiness.

TL;DR: In this paper, an information-processing analysis of insight into a singularly deceptive and difficult deductive problem is presented, where two models are described: the first represents an economical explanation of the Ss initial responses but is difficult to reconcile with their subsequent responses induced by certain remedial procedures.

TL;DR: In this article, the structural organization of material influences the way in which it is learned and recalled by the person, including relational rules and perceptual-conceptual groupings as these appeared in various laboratory learning tasks.

TL;DR: The authors found that a multilingual person's different languages exist in relative isolation from each other, and that organization of list words into higher-order memory units is more difficult between different languages than within a single language.

TL;DR: Speech should be an inviting object of study for those interested in the psychology of grammar, because it is a grammatical code, similar in interesting ways to syntax and phonology, which is more accessible to experiment.

TL;DR: This article measured the reaction time (RT) of true-false decisions about two kinds of logical assertions while varying the set relation and sizes of the semantic categories S and P, and concluded that at least two types of information about semantic categories, names of categories they intersect and representations of their attributes, are stored in memory.

TL;DR: This article performed a dichotic listening task to recall single digits that had been embedded in prose presented to the nonattended ear and found that recall performance decreased from 0 to 5 seconds in a typical negatively accelerated fashion.

TL;DR: This article showed that adults localize unseen auditory targets better with their eyes open than closed than closed, and that the necessary condition for facilitation is the presence of structured visual input, while vision facilitates the pointing response to auditory targets, auditory acuity is improved.

TL;DR: In this article, the effects of a redundant prefix were examined under the two vocalization conditions, active and passive vocalization, and the results were discussed against a pluralistic model of coding and storage.

TL;DR: The effects of verbal labeling in a serial position short-term memory (STM) task were investigated in two studies as discussed by the authors, where 32 children at each of the grades 4, 6, and 8 were tested.

TL;DR: The authors reported that fantasy augments response rates rather than sensitivity to the stimulus trace, and used a recognition indicator with confidence ratings to measure pre-and post-fantasy sensitivity, from which ROC functions were extracted, allowing direct measures of pre- and postfantasy sensitivities.

TL;DR: In this article, a model of the problem-solving processes which appear to underlie successful performance on a range of experimental tasks testing concrete operations is described, analogous to a computer assembly system, with the major processes consisting of encoding of external stimuli, assembly of a task-specific routine from a repertoire of fundamental processes, and execution of the task specific routines.

TL;DR: Time savings for words persisted when a replica of the target letter was placed adjacent to each letter in the six-letter item—but only when the item was arraying horizontally, and not when it was arrayed vertically.

TL;DR: The authors found that children's tendency to be reflective or impulsive was a remarkably stable feature of their problem-solving behavior and was a better predictor of errors than the number of alternative responses.

TL;DR: The authors investigated the relationship between the spatial assignments used by Ss in solving linear syllogisms and the lexical marking of the comparative adjectives used in the premises, and used this relationship to test predictions from two different theories about the relative difficulty of various types of Linear Sllogisms.

TL;DR: In this paper, descriptive names (encodings) were given to novel, graphic figures by S s under one of three instructions: social-communicative, self-memorial, or associative.

TL;DR: This article showed that the memory trace for a verbal item consists of an array of syntactic, semantic, and phonological features, the particular classes of features present in the trace depending upon the particular nature of the verbal material presented.

TL;DR: It is interpreted to mean that successful non-base10 counting requires the adult S first to discover the pool of acceptable numerical elements and then to formulate a rule enabling him to produce the uniquely acceptable sequence of numbers required by the base system presently under consideration.