Showing papers in "E-journal of Chemistry in 2008"
TL;DR: In this article, the quality of water in four streams of Cauvery River in Mandya District, where many small scale sugar and brewery distilleries are located, was analyzed.
Abstract: The quality of water in four streams of Cauvery River in Mandya District, where many small scale sugar and brewery distilleries are located, was analysed. Sampling was carried out from four streams designated as station 1 (upstream of effluent discharge point), station 2 (effluent discharge point) and station 3 (downstream of effluent discharge) station 4 (fresh water stream) to assess the impact of effluent on the water quality. The river water composition is increasingly dominated by Na and Cl in the downstream region of the river, indicating the influence of airborne salts with oceanic affinities. Significant spatial variation was observed in water level, transparency, turbidity, depth, dissolved oxygen, colour, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrate, nitrite and total hydrocarbon among the physiochemical parameters of the study stations. A posteriori test revealed that station 2 & 3 were the cause of the significant difference. The dissolved oxygen level in stations 2 & 3 was lower than 5.0mg/L, which is recommended minimum allowable limit for aquatic life. About 7 rotifer species in large amount recorded in this study were encountered in station 1, 7 in station 2 & 3 while 12 species in station 4. The overall density of rotifers in the four stations was significantly different. A posteriori comparison revealed that station 2 & 3 are the cause of the significant difference. The Branchionus angularis rotifers, which dominated the community, were found to tolerate the effluent effect in station 2&3, and showed remarkable recovery in the downstream station 4. Low faunal diversity and negative impact on the biotic and abiotic environment was experienced in station 2 & 3 throughout the duration of sampling because of the brewery effluent discharged directly into these two Streams.
111 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the physicochemical nature (parameters) of groundwater in Telungupalayam village in Coimbatore city by taking water samples from five different stations was evaluated.
Abstract: The dyeing units at small scale levels in the textile city of Coimbatore are ever increasing. The effluents from dyeing units play a vital role in toxicating the groundwater quality. Hence the present study was undertaken to characterize the physicochemical nature (parameters) of groundwater in Telungupalayam village in Coimbatore city by taking water samples from five different stations. Evaluation of physicochemical parameters was carried out. To assess the quality of groundwater, each parameter was compared with the standard desirable limit of that parameter in drinking water as prescribed by different agencies. A systematic calculation was made to determine the correlation coefficient ‘r’ amongst the parameters and the significant values of the observed correlation coefficient between the parameters was worked out. Suitable suggestions were made to improve the quality of groundwater of Telungupalayam areas.
105 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the anti-corrosive effect of Pachylobus edulis exudate gum in combination with halides ions (Cl, Br, and I) for aluminium corrosion in HCl was studied at temperature range of 30-60°C using weight loss method.
Abstract: The anti-corrosive effect of Pachylobus edulis exudate gum in combination with halides ions (Cl–, Br– and I–) for aluminium corrosion in HCl was studied at temperature range of 30-60°C using weight loss method. Results obtained showed that the naturally occurring exudate gum acts as an inhibitor for aluminium corrosion in acidic environment. Inhibition efficiency (%I) increases with increase in concentration of the exudate gum and synergistically increased to a considerable extent on the addition of the halide ions. The increase in inhibition efficiency (%I) and surface coverage (θ) in the presence of the halides was found to be in the order I– > Br– > Cl– which indicates that the radii as well as electronegativity of the halide ions play a significant role in the adsorption process. Pachylobus edulis exudate gum obeys Temkin adsorption isotherm. Phenomenon of physical adsorption is proposed from the values of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters obtained. The values of synergism parameter (S1) obtained for the halides are greater than unity suggesting that the enhanced inhibition efficiency of the P. edulis caused by the addition of the halide ions is only due to synergistic effect.
100 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of chalcones were prepared by Claisen-Schmidt condensation of appropriate acetophenones with appropriate aromatic aldehydes in the presence of aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide and ethanol at room temperature.
Abstract: In an effort to develop antimicrobial agents, a series of chalcones were prepared by Claisen-Schmidt condensation of appropriate acetophenones with appropriate aromatic aldehydes in the presence of aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide and ethanol at room temperature. The synthesized compounds were characterized by means of their IR, 1H-NMR spectral data and elemental analysis. All the compounds were tested for their antibacterial and antifungal activities by the cup plate method.
85 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the assessment of physico-chemical parameters of water samples of Kosi river at Kosi sampling station during 2004 and 2005 in pre monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon seasons is presented.
Abstract: Present work deals with the assessment of physico-chemical parameters of water samples of Kosi river at Kosi sampling station during 2004 and 2005 in pre monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon seasons. Statistical studies have been carried out by calculating correlation coefficients between different pairs of parameters and t- test applied for checking significance. The observed values of various physico-chemical parameters of water samples were compared with standard values recommended by WHO. It is found that an appreciable significant positive correlation holds for chloride with pH, Mg, Na, hardness and total suspended solid; and sodium with hardness, EC and sulphate. A significant negative correlation was found between potassium with turbidity, Cl - , EC and hardness. All the physico- chemical parameters of Kosi water are within the highest desirable limit or maximum permissible limit set by WHO except turbidity and BOD which recorded a high value.
78 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a pine needles reinforced thermosetting resin (Resorcinol-Formaldehyde) which is most suitable as composite matrix has been reported, which is applied to the synthesis of RF polymer matrix and the effect of fiber loading in terms of weight % on mechanical properties such as tensile, compressive, and flexural and wear properties have also been evaluated.
Abstract: Synthesis and characterization of pine needles reinforced thermosetting resin (Resorcinol-Formaldehyde) which is most suitable as composite matrix has been reported. The polycondensation reaction between resorcinol and formaldehyde (RF) in different molar ratios has been applied to the synthesis of RF polymer matrix. A thermosetting resin based composite, containing approximately 10, 20, 30 and 40% of natural fiber by weight, has been obtained by adding pine needles to the Resorcinol-Formaldehyde (RF) resin. The mechanical properties of randomly oriented intimately mixed particle reinforced (Pine needles) composites were determined. Effect of fiber loading in terms of weight % on mechanical properties such as tensile, compressive, and flexural and wear properties have also been evaluated. The reinforcing of the resin with Pine needles was accomplished in particle size of 200 micron by employing optimized resin. Present work reveals that mechanical properties of the RF resin increases to extensive extent when reinforced with Pine needles. Thermal (TGA/DTA) and morphological studies (SEM) of the resin, fiber and polymer composites thus synthesized have also been carried out.
77 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of municipal and rural dumpsites on the metal levels of the underlying soils, the relationship between the dumpsite- soil metal content and the rate of bio-accumulation by plants, the effect of plant specie and plant part on the rapid rate of metal uptake, and useful recommendations on proper handling of wastes to reduce toxic metal loads at dumpsites have also been highlighted.
Abstract: Dumpsites in Uyo and most cities in Nigeria are used nutrients rich soils for cultivating fruits and vegetables without regards to the risk of toxic metal pollution by the wastes. This development necessitated the research on the assessment of the impact of municipal and rural dumpsites on the metal levels of the underlying soils, the relationship between the dumpsite- soil metal content and the rate of bio-accumulation by plants, the effect of plant specie and plant part on the rate of metal uptake. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was employed for the analysis of the samples and results obtained from municipal dumpsite soil indicated the following mean concentrations: Fe, 1711.20 µg/g; Pb, 43.28 µg/g; Zn, 88.34 µg/g; Ni, 12.18 µg/g; Cd, 14.10 µg/g and Cu, 56.33 µg/g. These concentrations were relatively higher than the following concentrations: Fe, 1016.98 µg/g; Pb, 18.57 µg/g; Zn, 57.90 µg/g; Ni, 7.98 µg/g; Cd, 9.25 µg/g and Cu, 33.70 µg/g recorded for the rural dumpsite soil. Consequently, plants grown on municipal dumpsites soil accumulated higher concentrations of the metals than those on rural dumpsites. Results obtained from this study also revealed that plants grown on dumpsite soils bio-accumulated higher metal concentrations than their counterparts obtained from normal agricultural soils. The ability of plants to bio- accumulate these metals were also observed as being different from one plant to the other and from one plant parts to the other. And apart from Fe and Zn which recorded higher concentrations in the leaves of the plants studied, other metals recorded higher concentrations in the roots. The general results obtained revealed that the levels of Cd in dumpsite-soil were above the standard while the levels of Cd and Pb in plants were also above the recommended levels in plants. The implications of these high concentrations of these metals in soil and plants have been discussed. Some useful recommendations on the proper handling of wastes to reduce toxic metal loads at dumpsites have also been highlighted.
57 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a carbon prepared from coconut shells by simple carbonization was oxidized with different oxidizing agents, namely, hydrogen peroxide, ammonium persulphate and nitric acid.
Abstract: A carbon prepared from coconut shells by simple carbonization was oxidized with different oxidizing agents, namely, hydrogen peroxide, ammonium persulphate and nitric acid. The surfaces of the unoxidized and oxidized carbons were characterized by Boehm and potentiometric titrations and IR spectra. The carbon materials prepared were tested for their ability to remove Ni(II) ions from aqueous solutions by batch mode adsorption experiments. Oxidations increased the surface acidic groups on the carbon which resulted in increased affinity of the carbon towards Ni(II).
55 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a carbonaceous adsorbent prepared from an indigenous waste by acid treatment was tested for its efficiency in removing chromium ion and the results showed that the adsorption is endothermic and spontaneous with increased randomness at the solid solution interface.
Abstract: A carbonaceous adsorbent prepared from an indigenous waste by acid treatment was tested for its efficiency in removing chromium ion. The parameters studied include agitation time, initial chromium ion concentration, carbon dose, pH and temperature. The adsorption followed first order reaction equation and the rate is mainly controlled by intra-particle diffusion. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models were applied to the equilibrium data. The adsorption capacity (Qm) obtained from the Langmuir isotherm plots were 27.40, 26.06, 26.06 and 26.17 mg/g respectively at an initial pH of 7.0 at 30, 40, 50 and 60°C. The temperature variation study showed that the chromium ion adsorption is endothermic and spontaneous with increased randomness at the solid solution interface. Significant effect on adsorption was observed on varying the pH of the chromium ion solutions. Almost 70% removal of chromium ion was observed at 60°C. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms obtained, positive ∆H0 value, pH dependent results and desorption of dye in mineral acid suggest that the adsorption of chromium ion on PDC involves physisorption mechanism.
53 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, metal complexes with Cu(II), Ni(II, Zn(II) and oxovanadium(IV) have been found to be potential antimicrobial agents and an attempt is also made to correlate the biological activities with geometry of the complexes.
Abstract: Structural modification of organic molecule has considerable biological relevance. Further, coordination of a biomolecules to the metal ions significantly alters the effectiveness of the biomolecules. In view of the antimicrobial activity ligand [bis-(2-aminobenzaldehyde)] malonoyl dihydrazone], metal complexes with Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and oxovanadium(IV) have been synthesized and found to be potential antimicrobial agents. An attempt is also made to correlate the biological activities with geometry of the complexes. The complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, spectra and cyclicvoltammetric measurements. The structural assessment of the complexes has been carried out based on electronic, infrared and molar conductivity values.
52 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the compounds showed significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus (gram positive) and E.coli (gram negative) bacteria and antifungal activity against A. niger fungi using cup plate technique.
Abstract: Various 4-amino-2-[4-(4-substituted phenyl)-5-sulfanyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl] phenol (4a-c), 4-amino-2-{4-amino-5-[(4-substituted phenyl)amino]-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl} phenol (5a-c) and 4-amino-2-{5-[(4-substituted phenyl)amino]-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-yl} phenol (6a-g) were synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activity. The compounds showed significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus (gram-positive) and E.coli (gram-negative) bacteria and antifungal activity against A. niger fungi using cup plate technique
TL;DR: A systematic study has been carried out to assess the underground water contamination and the effect of textile effluents on Noyyal River basin in and around Tiruppur Town as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A systematic study has been carried out to assess the underground water contamination and the effect of textile effluents on Noyyal River basin in and around Tiruppur Town. Twenty six sampling locations were selected at random and the ground water samples were collected mostly from tube wells at Noyyal River basin in and around Tiruppur area. The samples were analyzed for major physical and chemical water quality parameters like pH, alkalinity, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl & SO42-. It was found that the underground water quality was contaminated at few sampling sites due to the industrial discharge of the effluents on to the river or land from the Tiruppur town. The sampling sites namely Orathupalayam, Karuvapalayam, Kulathupalayam, Uttukuli and Kodumanalpudur showed high deviations in total alkalinity, total hardness, Ca, Mg and chloride concentrations. Hence our study concludes that the underground water quality study in this region shows a constant variation in different parameters in different periods (before and after monsoon). So it is highly important to take periodical monitoring of the underground water quality in this region for our future sustainability
TL;DR: In this article, six new chalcones were synthesized by condensing 2-acetyl pyridine with aldehyde derivatives in dilute ethanolic potassium hydroxide solution at room temperature according to Claisen-Schmidt condensation.
Abstract: Six new chalcones were synthesised by condensing 2-acetyl pyridine with aldehyde derivatives in dilute ethanolic potassium hydroxide solution at room temperature according to Claisen-Schmidt condensation. All these compounds were characterised by means of their IR, 1 H NMR spectroscopic data and microanalyses. The antimicrobial activity of these compounds was evaluated by the cup plate method.
TL;DR: In this paper, a carbonaceous adsorbent prepared from an indigenous waste by acid treatment was tested for its efficiency in removing Rhodamine B (RDB), the parameters studied include agitation time, initial dye concentration, carbon dose, pH and temperature.
Abstract: A carbonaceous adsorbent prepared from an indigenous waste by acid treatment was tested for its efficiency in removing Rhodamine B (RDB). The parameters studied include agitation time, initial dye concentration, carbon dose, pH and temperature. The adsorption followed first order reaction equation and the rate is mainly controlled by intra-particle diffusion. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models were applied to the equilibrium data. The adsorption capacity (Qm) obtained from the Langmuir isotherm plots were 51.546, 47.236, 44.072 and 41.841 mg/g respectively at an initial pH of 7.0 at 30, 40, 50 and 60°C. The temperature variation study showed that the Rhodamine B adsorption is endothermic and spontaneous with increased randomness at the solid solution interface. Significant effect on adsorption was observed on varying the pH of the Rhodamine B solutions. Almost 90% removal of Rhodamine B was observed at 60°C. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms obtained, positive ΔH0 value, pH dependent results and desorption of dye in mineral acid suggest that the adsorption of Rhodamine B on PSC involves physisorption mechanism.
TL;DR: In this paper, the surface area and surface chemical groups of the modified activated carbon and percentage of dye removal by adsorption were analyzed for anionic dyes (reactive, direct, acid) and showed that large amount of surface chemical group present in the sample (mainly carboxylic, anhydrides, lactones, and phenols etc.) are good anchoring sites for adaption.
Abstract: Solid waste disposal has become a major problem in India, Either it has to be disposed safely or used for the recovery of valuable materials as agricultural wastes like turmeric waste, ferronia shell waste, jatropha curcus seed shell waste, delonix shell waste and ipomea carnia stem. Therefore these wastes have been explored for the preparation of activated carbon employing various techniques. Activated carbons prepared from agricultural solid wastes by chemical activation processes shows excellent improvement in the surface characteristics. Their characterization studies such as bulk density, moisture content, ash content, fixed carbon content, matter soluble in water, matter soluble in acid, pH, decolourising power, phenol number, ion exchange capacity, ion content and surface area have been carried out to assess the suitability of these carbons as absorbents in the water and wastewater. For anionic dyes (reactive, direct, acid) a close relationship between the surface area and surface chemical groups of the modified activated carbon and percentage of dye removal by adsorption can be observed. Cationic dyes large amount of surface chemical groups present in the sample (mainly carboxylic, anhydrides, lactones and phenols etc.) are good anchoring sites for adsorption. The present study reveals the recovery of valuable adsorbents from readily and cheaply available agriculture wastes.
TL;DR: The results of physico-chemical study of water samples from 13 bore wells in Bhiloda taluka are presented in this paper, where water quality parameters such as; pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved salts (TDS), calcium and magnesium, sodium, potassium, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, sulphate, fluoride, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and soluble sodium percentage (SSP) were estimated.
Abstract: Groundwater is one of the most useful water sources. Contamination of such water source is a big problem creating health hazards. In this present study we have collected groundwater samples from different places of Bhiloda taluka of Sabarkantha district (North Gujarat) India. These samples have been assessed on the basis of various qualitative parameters. The results of physico-chemical study of water samples from 13 bore wells in Bhiloda taluka are presented. The water quality parameters such as; pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved salts (TDS), calcium and magnesium, sodium, potassium, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, sulphate, fluoride, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and soluble sodium percentage ( SSP ) were estimated.
TL;DR: In this article, a real textile dyeing wastewater taken from Hilla textile factory in Babylon Governorate, Iraq has been investigated, where a maximum color removal of 96% was achieved after irradiation time of 2.5 hours when titanium dioxide used at 303K and 82% color reduction when zinc oxide used for the same period and at the same temperature.
Abstract: Photodegradation of a real textile dyeing wastewater taken from Hilla textile factory in Babylon Governorate, Iraq have been investigated. Photocatalytic degradation was carried out over suspensions of titanium dioxide or zinc oxide under ultraviolet irradiation. Photodegradation percentage was followed spectrophometrically by the measurements of absorbance at λmax equal to 380 nm. The rate of photodegradation increased linearly with time of irradiation when titanium dioxide or zinc oxide was used. A maximum color removal of 96% was achieved after irradiation time of 2.5 hours when titanium dioxide used at 303K and 82% color reduction was observed when zinc oxide used for the same period and at the same temperature. The effect of temperature on the efficiency of photodegradation of dyestuff was also studied. The activation energy of photodegradation was calculated and found to be equal to 21 ± 1 kJ mol-1 on titanium dioxide and 24 ± 1 kJ mol-1 on zinc oxide.
TL;DR: The results indicate that W.somnifera offers hepatoprotection by influencing the levels of lipid peroxidation products and liver markers in experimental hyperammonemia and this could be due to (i) the presence of alkaloids, withanolids and flavonoids, (ii) normalizing the Levels of urea and urea related compounds, (iii) its free radical scavenging property and (iv) its antioxidant property.
Abstract: Withania somnifera (L) Dunal (Solanaceae), commonly called Ashwagandha (Sanskrit) is an Ayurvedic Indian medicinal plant, which has been widely used as a home remedy for several ailments We have investigated the influence of Wsomnifera root powder on the levels of circulatory ammonia, urea, lipid peroxidation products such as TBARS (thiobarbituric acid and reactive substances), HP (hydroperoxides) and liver marker enzymes such as AST (aspartate transaminase), ALT (alanine transaminase) and ALP (alkaline phosphatase), for its hepatoprotective effect in ammonium chloride induced hyperammonemia Ammonium chloride treated rats showed a significant increase in the levels of circulatory ammonia, urea, AST, ALT, ALP, TBARS and HP These changes were significantly decreased in rats treated with Wsomnifera root powder and ammonium chloride Our results indicate that Wsomnifera offers hepatoprotection by influencing the levels of lipid peroxidation products and liver markers in experimental hyperammonemia and this could be due to (i) the presence of alkaloids, withanolids and flavonoids, (ii) normalizing the levels of urea and urea related compounds, (iii) its free radical scavenging property and (iv) its antioxidant property The exact underlying mechanism is still unclear and further research needed
TL;DR: In this article, the authors found that NPK values were maximum in compost obtained from vegetable waste with the use of cow dung and compared with that of the control, and found out the possibility of utilization of vegetable wastes for vermiculture.
Abstract: Municipal solid wastes are mainly from domestic and commercial areas containing recyclable toxic substances, compostable organic matter and others. With rapid increase in population, the generation of municipal solid wastes has increased several folds during last few years. Disposal of solid wastes can be done by methods like land filling, incineration, recycling, conversion into biogas, disposal into sea and composting. Vermicomposting is one of the recycling technologies which will improve the quality of the products. The present study aims to find out the possibility of utilization of vegetable wastes for vermiculture. Earthworm Megascolex mauritii cultured in plastic trays (45 x 30 x 30 cm) containing soil alone (control) (T1), soil + cow dung (T2), soil + vegetable waste (T3) and soil + vegetable waste + cow dung (T4) for 60 days. Nutrient values were determined from the compost and compared with that of the control. From these results, it was found that NPK values were maximum in compost obtained from vegetable waste with the use of cow dung.
TL;DR: The cellulose derivatives were confirmed by a solubility test in acetone and chloroform as mentioned in this paper, and the results obtained as average of four determinations for cellulose triacetate yields were: 5200, 5100, 4310, 4660, 4900, 3500, 4060, 5400, 5750, 6252, 3570 5200 and 3870% respectively for all the agricultural wastes utilized.
Abstract: Cellulosic polymers namely cellulose, di-and triacetate were produced from fourteen agricultural wastes; Branch and fiber after oil extraction from oil palm (Elais guineensis), raffia, piassava, bamboo pulp, bamboo bark from raphia palm (Raphia hookeri), stem and cob of maize plant (Zea mays), fruit fiber from coconut fruit (Cocos nucifera), sawdusts from cotton tree (Cossypium hirsutum), pear wood (Manilkara obovata), stem of Southern gamba green (Andropogon tectorus), sugarcane baggase (Saccharium officinarum) and plantain stem (Musa paradisiaca) They were subjected to soda pulping and hypochlorite bleaching system Results obtained show that pulp yield from these materials were: 7000, 3959, 5540, 8600, 8460, 8000, 4084, 8167, 3570, 6911, 454, 4719, 3170 and 5244% respectively The pulps were acetylated with acetic anhydride in ethanoic acid catalyzed by conc H2SO4 to obtain cellulose derivatives (Cellulose diacetate and triacetate) The cellulose diacetate yields were 4120, 1785, 2313, 2080, 2023, 2000, 3900, 4400, 1880, 2075, 2003, 4120, 4400, and 3900% respectively while the results obtained as average of four determinations for cellulose triacetate yields were: 5200, 5100, 4310, 4660, 4900, 3500, 4060, 5400, 5750, 6252, 3570 5200, 5300 and 3870% respectively for all the agricultural wastes utilized The presence of these cellulose derivatives was confirmed by a solubility test in acetone and chloroform
TL;DR: In this paper, a RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of cefixime and cloxacillin in tablets was presented, which can be used for estimation of combination of these drugs in tablets.
Abstract: This paper presents a RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of cefixime and cloxacillin in tablets. The process was carried out on C18 column (5 μm, 25 cm × 4.6 mm, i.d) using phosphate buffer (pH 5.0), acetonitrile and methanol in the ratio 80:17:3 respectively as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 2mL/min. Wavelength was fixed at 225 nm. The retention time of cefixime and cloxacillin was found to be 5.657 and 6.200 min, respectively. The developed method is rapid and sensitive and it can be used for estimation of combination of these drugs in tablets.
TL;DR: In this article, the asymmetric Schiff base (HOC6H3(OCH3)C(C6H5):N(CH2CH2)N:C(CH 3)CH:C 6H5)OH) has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, conductance, magnetic, infrared and electronic spectral measurements.
Abstract: VO(IV), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes of the asymmetric Schiff base [(HOC6H3(OCH3)C(C6H5):N(CH2CH2)N:C(CH3)CH:C(C6H5)OH)], and their heteroleptic analogues with triphenyl phosphine and 2,2’-bipyridine have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, conductance, magnetic, infrared and electronic spectral measurements. The ligand is tetradentate coordinating via the imine N and enolic O atoms. The Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes adopt a four coordinate square planar geometry, the VO(IV) complex is five coordinate square-pyramidal and the heteroleptic complexes are 6-coordinate, octahedral. The assignment of geometry is collaborated by magnetic moments and electronic spectra measurements. The compounds are non-electrolyte in nitromethane and are magnetically dilute.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Schiff base ligands have been prepared by reacting 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1-phenyl)-prop-2-en-1-one and 3-(pyridyl-4-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazoles in an alcoholic medium and the resulting complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic measurements, conductivity measurements and spectral studies.
Abstract: The complexes of the type ML2 [where M = Cu(II), Co(II), and Ni(II)] L = 1-phenyl-1-ene-3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-prop-2-ene with 3- substituted-5-mercapto-4-amino-1,2,4-triazoles. Schiff base ligands have been prepared by reacting 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1-phenylprop-2-en-1-one and 3-phenyl/pyridyl-4-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazoles in an alcoholic medium. The complexes are non-electrolytes in DMF. The resulting complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic measurements, conductivity measurements and spectral studies. The Schiff base acts as a tridentate dibasic and coordinating through the deprotonated oxygen, thioenolic sulphur and azomethine nitrogen atoms. It is found that Cu(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) complexes exhibited octahedral geometry. The antimicrobial activities of ligands and its complexes were screened by cup plate method.
TL;DR: The results of the analysis showed that, though the concentration of phytic acid and tannins was high in both the bread and flour samples their concentrations did not exceed lethal doses as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The aim of the study is to evaluate the anti-nutritional composition factors and potassium bromate content of some selected bread and flour samples in Uyo Metropolis. The result of the analysis shows that, though the concentration of phytic acid and tannins was high in both the bread and flour samples their concentrations did not exceed lethal doses. The potassium bromate content was minimal in all the bread and flour samples and within safe limits of residual bromide found in flour as specified by the US Food and Drug Administration. The concentrations of the anti-nutritional factors in the bread and flour samples were partially different from each other when subjected to the students t-test statistics.
TL;DR: In this paper, chemical and physical properties in the ecological system of Shatt Al-Hilla in Babylon Governorate in Iraq and its effect on phytoplankton population were studied.
Abstract: This paper aims to study the chemical and physical properties in the ecological system of Shatt Al-Hilla in Babylon Governorate in Iraq and its effect on phytoplankton population. In this context, several limnological parameters were evaluated during the period from December 2003 through November 2004 from four sampling stations sited along Shatt Al-Hilla. The physical parameters included: temperature, turbidity and electrical conductivity. The chemical parameters included: pH, alkalinity dissolved oxygen, total hardness and the concentrations of nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and sulphate. A total of 154 species were recorded. Ninety-seven species of the total belong to Bacillariophyceae, 37 species belong to Chlorophyceae, 13 species to Cyanophyceae, 5 species to Chrysophyceae, and 2 species to Euglenophyceae. Bimodal variation of phytoplankton was observed. Five genus of phytoplankton were the highest number of species ( Nitzschia, Navicula, Gomphonema, Cymbella and Scendesmus). Some species was occurred continuously during study period such as, Cyclotella ocellata, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Aulacoseria distans, and Gomphonema abbreviatum. The phytoplankton communities at all sampling sites showed a clear seasonal variation in phytoplankton cell number. However, no significant correlation between total cell number of phytoplankton and nutrient concentration was observed. The study was revealed the city sewage discharge, agriculture and urban run-off were affecting the water quality of Shatt Al-Hilla.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS), a surfactant on corrosion of mild steel in 1 M hydrochloric acid was studied using three techniques namely: weight loss, electrochemical polarization and metallurgical research microscopy.
Abstract: Effect of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS), a surfactant on corrosion of mild steel in 1 M hydrochloric acid was studied using three techniques namely: weight loss, electrochemical polarization and metallurgical research microscopy. Results obtained reveal that SLS is good inhibitor and shows very good corrosion inhibition efficiency (IE). The IE was found to vary with concentration of inhibitor and temperature. The electrochemical polarization result revealed that SLS is anodic in nature.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors designed pyrazole containing 2,4,5-disubstituted oxazol-5-one (3a-g) as a new class of antimicrobial agents.
Abstract: Disubstituted oxazol-5-one and pyrazoles are known to exhibit various biological activities. Therefore, in this work, we designed pyrazole containing 2,4-disubstituted oxazol-5-one (3a-g) as a new class of antimicrobial agents. Synthesis of titled compounds was carried out by two different methods. In the first method (conventional Method A), disubstituted oxazol-5-one (3a-g) was prepared by reacting 1-phenyl-3-p-tolyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde (1a-g) with hippuric acid (2) and sodium acetate, in an acetic anhydride for 2.5 - 4 h. In the second method (Method B), the above reaction was carried out under microwave assistance. Compared to the conventional method, the microwave-assisted synthesis of 3,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles demonstrate several advantages, in terms of reaction time and overall yield. All the test compounds were evaluated for in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities. In general, compounds with electron withdrawing groups showed good antibacterial and antifungal activities. Among the compound tested, compound (3d) showed highest activity.
TL;DR: In this article, water samples from Moradabad city were analyzed for chemical parameters and the results showed that the higher values of most of the parameters were found in the area of old settlement, while lower values observed in new settlements.
Abstract: Groundwater samples from Moradabad city were analyzed for chemical parameters. For present study 58 water samples were collected from different localities on the basis of various land use patterns. The higher values of most of the parameters were found in the area of old settlement, while lower values observed in new settlements. This shows clear impact of land use on groundwater. Water quality data collected from different localities are used in conjunction with multivariate statistical technique to identify key variables. The first four components were chosen for interpretation of the data, which accounts for 77.38% of the total variance in the data set. The maximum number of variables, i.e. Cl, Na, TH, TDS, EC and salinity were characterized by first component, while second component is characterized by DO and Mg. The third and fourth components were characterized by Ca, SiO2 HCO3 and K respectively. This shows that hydrochemical constituents of the groundwater are mainly controlled by TDS and EC. For cluster analysis single linkage method was used. The findings of the cluster analysis are presented in the form of dendrogram of the sampling stations (cases) as well as hydrochemical variables, which produced four major groupings, suggests that groundwater monitoring can be consolidated.
TL;DR: Four simple and sensitive ion-pairing spectrophotometric methods have been described for the assay of gemifloxacin mesylate (GFX) either in pure form or in pharmaceutical formulations and have been successfully applied.
Abstract: Four simple and sensitive ion-pairing spectrophotometric methods have been described for the assay of gemifloxacin mesylate (GFX) either in pure form or in pharmaceutical formulations. The developed methods involve formation of colored chloroform extractable ion-pair complexes of the drug with safranin O (SFN O) and methylene blue (MB) in basic medium; Napthol blue 12BR (NB 12BR) and azocaramine G (AG) in acidic medium. The extracted complexes showed absorbance maxima at 525, 650, 620 and 540 nm for SFN O, MB, NB 12BR and AG, respectively.Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration ranges 3-15, 4-20, 2-10 and 2-10 μg/mL with molar absorptivity of 2.81 × 104, 2.20 x 104, 4.02 × 104 and 4.15 × 104 L mole−1 cm−1 and relative standard deviation of 0.077, 0.104, 0.080 and 0.103% for SFN O, MB, NB 12BR and AG, respectively. These methods have been successfully applied for the assay of drug in pharmaceutical formulations. No interference was observed from common pharmaceutical adjuvants. Results of analysis were validated statistically and through recovery studies.
TL;DR: In this article, a cyclisation of [4-(4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-quinazolin-3-yl)-phenoxy]-acetic acid with sodium metal in 99.0 % ethanol gave 3-[4-substituted phenyl-5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4 triazol-3,ylmethoxy)-phenyl]-2.
Abstract: Cyclisation of [4-(4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-quinazolin-3-yl)-phenoxy]-acetic acid-N'-(substituted phenyl)-thiosemicarbazides with sodium metal in 99.0 % ethanol gave 3-[4-(4-substituted phenyl-5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4 triazol-3-ylmethoxy)- phenyl]-2-phenyl-3H-quinazolin-4-one . The structures of the newly synthesized compounds have confirmed by IR, 1H NMR and Mass spectra. The compounds have also been screened for their biological activity.