Showing papers in "Fire Safety Journal in 2000"

TL;DR: In this article, a series of experimental tests in five model tunnels having the same height but different cross-sectional geometry were carried out and the experimental results showed that the critical velocity did vary with the tunnel crosssectional geometry and that there are two regimes of variation of critical velocity against fire heat release rate.

TL;DR: Data sufficient for occupant characterisation and occupancy profiling for Marks and Spencer stores were obtained and analysis of the video tapes yielded information on total evacuation times and pre-movement times for each store.

TL;DR: In this article, the experimental model used in the Laboratory for Structures and Strength of Materials of the Department for Civil Engineering of Instituto Superior Tecnico (IST), Lisbon, Portugal, to study the critical temperature of compressed steel elements with restrained thermal elongation was performed.

TL;DR: A survey of residents in the urban/rural interface was undertaken to examine issues of fire safety including bushfire risk, bushfire knowledge, fire prevention, communication and education as discussed by the authors.

TL;DR: In this article, the problem of columns submitted to fire is discussed, with an emphasis on the differences between the case of a column acting as a single element or being part of a frame.

TL;DR: In this article, a semi-empirical model for the determination of the physical characteristics of fire in tunnels is presented, where the authors focus on heptane pool fires which offer the advantage of involving only one combustible in the combustion process.

TL;DR: In this paper, measurements of flame heights and mass fluxes of industrial methylated spirits fires burning in different sizes and configurations of rectangular trays in the open (away from walls), close to a wall and in a corner are presented.

TL;DR: Usmani et al. as discussed by the authors showed that thermal expansion dominates the response of highly redundant structures under local fires, and that local yielding and large deflections can be beneficial in reducing damage to the complete structure.

TL;DR: In this paper, the concepts of revealed preference, risk factors, risk adjustment factors and risk conversion factors are discussed, and two methods to address risk perceptions in a performance-based building fire safety code are introduced.

TL;DR: In this article, a modified positive-negative grid schlieren system combined with a CCD camera and computer system was used to visualize and analyse the fire plume interacting with an inclined surface.

TL;DR: In this article, a quasi-steady-state model was developed to predict the effectiveness of a water mist system for extinguishing fuel spray and pool fires in shipboard machinery spaces.

TL;DR: In this article, a simple model of volatile transport is incorporated into a model of pyrolysis, which includes change of volume and transport of volatile gases, which is found to be particularly important at low heat fluxes and moderate solid thermal conductivity.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe numerical models constructed to simulate the response of composite steel/concrete building floors under fire conditions, and the results are in general agreement with the experimental data, particularly in terms of the magnitude of vertical deformations induced in the floors at elevated temperatures.

TL;DR: In this article, a fire growth and smoke movement model for a multi-compartment building has been developed at the National Research Council of Canada, which is primarily intended to help evaluate the risk from fires in buildings.

TL;DR: In this article, a parametric temperature-time curve for structural fire design purposes is developed for small and medium compartment fires, which can be used to estimate the temperature history of a fully developed compartment fire.

TL;DR: In this article, the structural response when subjected to different heating regimes obtained by changing the mean temperature and temperature gradient applied in the concrete slab of the composite floor slab system to a computer model of the British Steel restrained beam test is discussed.

TL;DR: In this article, an electrically heated Nichrome wire heater placed between two porous ceramic disks, one of which is in complete contact with the foam surface, is used to supply the necessary power to ignite and sustain a smolder reaction.

TL;DR: In this paper, three combustion models, namely the laminar flamelet model, the constrained equilibrium (CE) method and the eddy break-up (EBU) model, are compared and compared.

TL;DR: In this paper, a general analysis of wind effects on the motion of buoyant smoke motion and control in buildings is presented, identifying the role of the significant parameters, defining a dimensionless threshold wind speed, at which wind effects become significant, and shows that probability of significant wind effects is not small.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors conducted a virtual reality-based feasibility study of evacuation time compared to traditional calculation method for evacuation planning in Japan and Taiwan, and the difference between traditional assumptions and VR test results of occupant evacuation is compared.

TL;DR: In this article, an experimental study has been conducted to determine signatures that will describe the onset of self-sustained downward smolder, where the fuel used is polyurethane foam, mainly due to its common occurrence in households and thus its importance in fire scenarios linked with smoldering combustion.

TL;DR: In this paper, a system consisting of gas analyzers, Taguchi sensors and thermocouples has been used to determine traits of fire, and these traits have been used in order to determine whether a system of gas sensors, etc. is capable of detecting and discriminating between different types of fires.

TL;DR: In this paper, a direct iteration method capable of predicting the non-linear behavior of steel frames at elevated temperatures is proposed, in which the second-order effects of large deflections, the progressive softening of materials with temperature rise, gradual penetration of inelastic zone both over the section and along the member, non-uniform distribution of temperature within steel members are all taken into consideration.

TL;DR: In this paper, a mathematical model is formulated to simulate pyrolysis of the insulation layer of an electrical cable and the model resembles a cable flammability test similar to IEC 60332-1 (Test on Electrical Cables Under Fire Conditions).

TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of varying the thermal regime in a highly restrained composite beam in a steel frame structure was studied using a finite element model, where the authors used the same model of the British Steel restrained beam test.

TL;DR: In this article, a first-order second moment approach is proposed to describe the uncertainty of the estimates of the radiated heat as a function of the uncertainty in the input variables as well as the sensitivity of the results to the different variables.

TL;DR: In this paper, the CFX-4 software has been used in axisymmetric, transient simulations of a round 20 m diameter pool fire in a stagnant atmosphere, without any extraneous turbulence sources at the pool or within the fire.

TL;DR: In this paper, a computational model predicting extent of smoke clouds from possible clean room fires has been developed using CO2 concentration as a marker for smoke concentration, which is believed to be more rigorous than the conventional approach relying on temperature profiles.