Showing papers in "Geoheritage in 2011"

Geotourism’s Global Growth

Abstract: Geotourism is essentially ‘geological tourism’. The geological element focuses on geology and landscape and includes both ‘form’, such as landforms, rock outcrops, rock types, sediments, soils and crystals, and ‘process’, such as volcanism, erosion, glaciation etc. The tourism element of geotourism includes tourists visiting, learning from, appreciating and engaging in geosites. Geotourism is an integral part of UNESCO’s geoparks and is essential to their development. Geotourism adds to ecotourism’s principal focus on plants (flora) and animals (fauna) by adding a third dimension of the abiotic environment. Thus it is growing around the world through the growth of geoparks as well as independently in many natural and urban areas where tourism’s focus in on the geological environment.

Geoconservation as an Emerging Geoscience

Abstract: The main purpose of geoconservation is the conservation of geosites as basic units of the geological heritage through the implementation of specific inventory, evaluation, conservation, valuation and monitoring procedures. In this paper, geoconservation is characterised as an emergent geoscience within the Earth and Space Sciences where its scope and methods, as well as production and validation of knowledge can be recognised–thus defining Basic Geoconservation–, interrelations with other earth sciences can be established–thus supporting Applied Geoconservation–, and Technical Applications of Geoconservation can be identified through the production of materials, methods and/or scientific services useful to society, namely geoeducation. Promoting scientific education relevant to sustainable development requires new educational approaches involving the Earth Sciences, namely through geoconservation, in order to provide citizens with tools to face environmental problems, such as those arising from the depletion of geological resources—which seriously threaten the geological heritage of the Earth—and the information, skills and will make forward-looking choices, like supporting the legal protection of Natural Monuments and/or the implementation of geotourism (including geoparks).

A Statistical Approach to the Validation and Optimisation of Geoheritage Assessment Procedures

Abstract: The assessment of geoheritage is a crucial task for the establishment of ranks according to their value, an important step for the elaboration of catalogues and the implementation of protection and use programmes. One important problem that permeates the different stages of geoheritage assessment is subjectivity in the selection and application of criteria. Evaluation methods frequently used are based on the assignment of values through the expert’s judgement (direct methods). In the last few decades, parametric methods, based on the measurement of specific features of geomorphosites have been increasingly applied. This type of procedure allows different operators to obtain similar results if certain criteria are accepted, but it requires more time and effort. A parametric method is proposed here based on three sets of criteria: intrinsic quality, potential for use and protection needs. The method has been tested on a series of coastal geomorphosites. Specific criteria, parameters to express them and value ranks are proposed. A statistical approach has been applied to the criteria to identify the most significant ones and their relative weights. The analysis enabled reduction of the number of criteria, eliminating redundancies. The new set of criteria was applied to assess the value of geomorphosites located in the north of Spain. The classification was compared with the ones obtained by both the parametric method using a larger number of parameters and a direct evaluation applied to the same sites. Results show a quite good coincidence. It is concluded that this approach makes it possible to obtain reliable classifications of geomorphosites based on clearly defined criteria and replicable procedures, but with a much lower effort, using a limited number of criteria.

Geotourism in Volcanic and Geothermal Environments: Playing with Fire?

Abstract: Volcanic and geothermal landforms have unique features which make them attractive destinations for geotourism, ecotourism and adventure tourism. Vast numbers of volcanic environments worldwide combined with a special geodiversity offer an extensive range of outdoor activities including the opportunity for education about geoheritage as well as an insight into their significant value for regional culture, religion and history. The importance of volcanic and geothermal environments for the tourism sector has been recognised with the development of volcano-based National Parks and more recently, National and Global Geoparks where geomorphosites containing volcanoes which are currently active and volcanoes classed as active due to their past activity during the Holocene as well as geothermal landscapes are promoted as tourist attractions. Given the growing popularity of volcanic and geothermal destinations, it is paramount that management authorities make visits to active environments as safe as possible. To date, there is a paucity of publications in the academic literature on risk management in volcano and geothermal tourism. This article aims to contribute to closing this gap in the tourism literature.

Geodiversity and Geomorphosite Assessment Applied to a Natural Protected Area: the Ebro and Rudron Gorges Natural Park (Spain)

Abstract: Geodiversity and geomorphosites in a natural protected area in Spain are evaluated. The estimation of geodiversity has been calculated by habitat and by geomorphological unit based on the calculation method developed by Serrano and Ruiz-Flano, and geomorphosites have been assessed for the same area. Finally, results from the calculation of geodiversity and geomorphosites are compared. The aim is to introduce a series of tools that the manager can apply to integrate abiotic aspects in the evaluation and protection of areas with outstanding natural diversity and considerable natural heritage.

Geomorphological Heritage of the Pyrenees National Park (France): Assessment, Clustering, and Promotion of Geomorphosites

Abstract: The Pyrenees National Park is located in the western portion of the Pyrenees. It includes the majority of the peaks of height greater than 3000 m a.s.l. on the French side of the ridge. One region within this area (Cirque of Gavarnie) has been a listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site since 1997. Its geomorphological heritage is exceptional and the National Park would like to promote it. The aim of this paper is thus to propose an example of the assessment and promotion of geomorphosites at a regional scale. The assessment only concerns glacial and periglacial landforms and is based on three criteria: scientific, cultural, and use values. Potential geomorphosite assessment results are divided into two rankings: one is based on a “management score” and the other on a “tourism score”. The highest-priority geomorphosites for management and tourism use are objectively defined, by making use of a hierarchical ascendant classification method which reveals three main groups of homogenous geomorphosites, interpreted as “High priority”, “Medium priority”, and “Low priority”. An example of tourism promotion (an educational panel) is given for one of the priority geomorphosites.

From Geoheritage to Sustainable Development: Strategies and Perspectives in the Beigua Geopark (Italy)

Abstract: The consequence of assessing the natural and cultural heritage of a territory is the need of tools for their management. The European Geoparks Network and the Global Geoparks Network (assisted by UNESCO) have the function to provide these tools, aiming at promoting the sustainable development of a territory through the valorization and conservation of its natural and cultural heritage. Becoming an international recognised Geopark in 2005, the Beigua territory has gathered increasing attention from local authorities, tourism operators, entrepreneurs, universities and research institutions, schools, volunteers and environmental associations. During the last 5 years Beigua Geopark developed several projects and acted to raise public awareness on nature conservation. Thanks to effective collaboration with geoscientists, local authorities and tourism organisations, Beigua Geopark set up a structured network of interpretation facilities to support geotourism activities. In this direction, Beigua Geopark also launched an organised touristic offer. Connecting landscape, cultural heritage, sports facilities with unique geological and geomorphological features, Beigua Geopark presents multiple services to encourage both local and regional sustainable development.

Recognition and assessment of geomorphosites in Malta at the Il-Majjistral Nature and History Park

Abstract: The Il-Majjistral Nature and History Park, located on the northwestern coast of the Island of Malta, is a protected area with natural, cultural and tourist interests. The Park, which was registered in 2008, is characterised by a landscape dominated by limestone and clay. Geomorphological features are highly controlled by the presence of faults and rock masses characterised by different physical and mechanical properties. Coastal cliffs, bays and sandy beaches are the most outstanding geomorphological features of the Park, creating a breathtaking landscape which is an attraction for a number of visitors. In the framework of an international research project, a study for the identification, selection and enhancement of the rich geomorphological heritage of the area has been carried out. In particular, a recognition and a quantitative assessment of geomorphosites on the basis of two different methodologies has been developed, and the results have been compared to establish the reliability of the methodologies. The results represent the first step and the necessary basic knowledge for possible enhancement of geomorphosites in Malta and the promotion of tourism activities at the Il-Majjistral Nature and History Park through the auspices of environmental agencies.

Scientific, Educational, and Environmental Considerations Regarding Mine Sites and Geoheritage: A Perspective from SE Spain

Abstract: Should abandoned mine sites be eligible for some official protection under the umbrella of geoconservation? Providing they have enough educational and scientific value, the answer is affirmative, and we suggest that they should be granted protection at the level of geoheritage sites. Some may see mining as an environmental disaster, but others, with a more geologically oriented mind, may perceive mining as a blessing. Mining unveils the geology, thus allowing a more comprehensive vision of geological features such as rock units, faults, minerals, etc. We analyze the advantages and disadvantages of abandoned mines and districts as geologic observational sites, through the analysis of two mining districts from SE Spain: Mazarron and Cartagena–La Union. We propose that if an abandoned mine site or district has enough geological value, not only the mining site but also the whole geologic block hosting the ore deposits should also be protected. In this respect, the Sierra de Cartagena, hosting the Cartagena–La Union district, is a valuable geological asset where an important chapter of the Alpine and late Alpine geologic history of SE Spain is written.

Geoparks in Brazil—strategy of Geoconservation and Development

Abstract: Within the framework of the potential of geopark development and the interest of the geological community in creating new areas for geoconservation in Brazil, the aim of this contribution is to show the importance of geoscience education as a strategy for both geoconservation and development, and for the success and maintenance of new geoparks. A historical and evolutionary approach to the theme reveals the current status of geoscience education in Brazil and offers a panorama of the challenges inherent in preparing for the creation of new geoconservation areas. Proposals that aim to promote geoconservation and sustainability in Brazil include projects that capitalize on geological heritage and its relationship with local communities, proposals that form partnerships between the government, universities, businesses, and non-governmental organizations for the development of education, and changes in the law specifically aimed at geoconservation. Improvement in the educational system, including Earth science education, is undoubtedly one of the best strategies to promote the preservation of our natural heritage, and a cultural change in education will certainly promote changes in other areas.

Geoheritage in Morocco: The Neoproterozoic Ophiolite of Bou Azzer (Central Anti-Atlas)

Abstract: The Bou Azzer ophiolitic complex (Anti-Atlas, southern Morocco) marks the suture of the Pan-African orogenic belt. This fragment of old oceanic crust (697 ± 8 Ma) obducted onto the continental margin of the West African Craton during a collisional event that occurred between 650 and 580 Ma. Very well exposed desert outcrops display serpentinites associated with chromite pods and clinopyroxenolites, ultrabasic and basic cumulates, quartz diorite, a sheeted-dyke complex, basaltic pillow lavas, and red cherts, i.e., the set of lithologies composing an ophiolitic sequence. Other geological units cropping out in the area are: (1) the underlying continental margin of the West African Craton; (2) a volcanic arc next to the oceanic crust represented by the ophiolite; (3) overlying unconformable volcanic and sedimentary rocks. The unusual character of this Neoproterozoic magmatic and tectonic geoheritage site, together with the excellent quality of the outcrops and the relatively easy access to the area, make this complex attractive from both a scientific and a geotouristic perspective. Its declaration as a geoheritage site will serve as a stimulus for the preservation of this singular area.

Geomorphosites and Geotourism

Abstract: Since the creation of a specific working group on geomorphological sites (or geomorphosites; see Panizza 2001) within the International Association of Geomorphologists (IAG) during the 5th International Conference on Geomorphology held in Tokyo in 2001, the geomorphological community has worked on several issues directly related to geomorphological heritage, including its definition, assessment and mapping, protection, and promotion (Reynard et al. 2009). The results have been shared and discussed in several international conferences and workshops held in Modena (Workshop, 2002), Cagliari (Workshop, 2003), Mexico City (IAG Regional Conference, 2003), Florence (International Geological Congress, 2004), Zaragoza (IAG International Conference, 2005), Lesvos (Workshop, 2007), Lausanne (Workshop, 2008), Oslo (International Geological Congress, 2008), Brasov (IAG Regional Conference, 2008), Paris (International Conference, 2009), Melbourne (IAG International Conference, 2009), and Lisbon (International Conference, 2010). Many of the results have also been published in articles appearing in special issues of a number of international journals, such as the reports of Piacente and Coratza (2005) on geomorphosites and geodiversity, Reynard and Panizza (2005) on primarily assessment issues, Reynard and Coratza (2007) on geomorphosites and geodiversity, Coratza and Panizza (2010) on geomorphology and cultural heritage, and Giusti (2010) on the relationships between geomorphosites and geosites. This issue of Geoheritage comprises nine papers presented at the international symposium “Geomorphosites 2009: Raising the Profile of Geomorphological Heritage through Iconography, Inventory and Promotion” (held in Paris in June 2009) and at the IAG International Conference on Geomorphology in Melbourne (July 2009) (session “Geomorphosites and Geotourism”). The papers focus on two issues, namely, the assessment and mapping of geomorphological heritage and the management of geomorphosites within the geotourism framework. Four papers report and discuss topics related to the assessment and mapping of the geomorphological heritage. V.M. Bruschi and colleagues propose a methodological approach that focuses on the question of objectivity and the selection of clearly defined criteria for assessing geoheritage. The other three papers report practical applications of assessment and mapping methods in specific areas. Th. Feuillet proposes an evaluation of geomorphosites in the Pyrenees National Park, R. Pellitero Ondicol and colleagues assess and map geomorphosites and geodiversity in the Ebro and Rudron Canyons Natural Park in Spain, and P. Coratza et al. select and evaluate geomorphological sites in the Il-Majistral Nature and History Park in Malta. These three groups of authors propose new approaches to the assessment of geomorphological heritage at the regional scale. They also demonstrate the importance of natural E. Reynard (*) Institute of Geography, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland e-mail: emmanuel.reynard@unil.ch

Glacial Geomorphosites and Related Landforms: A Proposal for a Dendrogeomorphological Approach and Educational Trails

Abstract: The educational value is an attribute characterising glacial geomorphosites and it can be classified as additional value or part of the scientific one In recent years, Alpine geomorphosites —including glaciers, whose role as palaeogeomorphic landforms, models of evolution and climatic indicators is evident—are becoming increasingly common locations for excursions, hiking trails and educational trips Two educational trails are presented here in order to (a) enhance the role of glacial and Alpine geomorphosites in education; (b) underline the importance of dating methods such as dendrochronology for assessing the ecological value of geomorphosites and for educational purposes; (c) outline the importance of fieldwork activities in improving knowledge of landscape evolution The first trail itinerary leads to a debris-covered glacier used for winter skiing, explaining in ‘stops’ the geomorphological processes observable on the slope and in the surrounding landscape It also introduces dendrochronology as a tool for dating past events and climatic variations This includes providing examples of dendrochronological exercises related to the reconstruction of a mixed fan (debris-flow and avalanche fan) located near the trail, with the aim of reinforcing the theoretical method previously learned The second trail itinerary leads to a glacial geomorphosite where dendrogeomorphological investigations were carried out in dating an ancient moraine system colonised by trees, with the aim of showing students the importance of tree rings as a natural archive of environmental and climatic data Testing part of the first trail on 14-year-old students confirmed the usefulness of the associated fieldwork and provided evidence of the educational potential of glacial geomorphosites and dendrochronology

Characterization and Valuation of the Geological Heritage Identified in the Peró Dune Field, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Abstract: The Pero dune field is one of the largest in southeastern Brazil. Besides possessing Quaternary eolic records relating to the semiarid climate of the region, it also contains archaeological sites and functions as a haven for endemic animal and plant species, some of which are endangered. The dune field is of hydrogeological and pedological importance, not to mention being a site of undeniable natural beauty. The area has been targeted by the real estate industry and could disappear due to international tourism-based projects. The aim of the study reported here is to demonstrate the relevance of this site as a geological and geomorphological heritage site according to international methodologies used for such evaluations and through a comparison of the results obtained here with those in the inventory of the other geosites contained in the Cabo Frio Tectonic Domain. The results show that the area is relevant in four key areas, namely, science, culture, education and tourism. They also highlight the frailty of this geodiversity unity, which was constructed through the actions of the wind and which has an important ecological function as a biodiversity substrate and aquifer. The ultimate goal of the study is to use these results as arguments for the preservation of the area.

Landscapes and Wine Production Areas: A Geomorphological Heritage

Abstract: Each wine has its own natural and cultural landscape. The present landscape is the result of the interaction of many natural and cultural components. Some Italian areas show an alternance between special natural land features and characteristic cultural arrangements; for example, many vineyards represent a a specific use of specific portions of land and, as such, may be considered to be a very important kind of geomorphologic heritage. These areas require special management aimed at safeguarding both the natural and cultural aspects of the landscape and implementing well-balanced programs for local development that promote the typical production of the wine and its special link with the landscape. A very useful tool for such territorial planning and management is the “Carta della Natura”, a project (Italian Law 394/91) that studies Italian territory following a holistic and multi-scale approach (1:250,000: Landscape Units; 1:50,000 Habitats; 1:10,000: Ecotopes) in order to obtain complete knowledge of the territory and evaluate the state of the environment. By integrating many different types of information, it is possible to analyze the link between vineyard cultivation and landscape within the framework of geomorphological settings. Moreover, it is possible to recognize and identify a number of distinctive landscapes for submission as a protected geoheritage.

Society’s Response: Assessment of the Performance of the “Caminhos Geológicos” (“Geological Paths”) Project, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Abstract: Public understanding of science projects faces the challenge of breaking away from the complex language used in scientific work in order to make knowledge accessible to everyone. The Caminhos Geologicos Project (Geological Paths) seeks to make the geology of the State of Rio de Janeiro understood by the lay public, mainly by means of interpretive panels located in places of touristic interest, with the final intention of promoting the geoconservation of these sites. In an attempt to evaluate the visitors’ level of understanding of the panels, a questionnaire was used in six localities, aiming to identify user profile and their perception about the project and the content of the panels. The results obtained by an opinion poll conducted in 2008 allow us to argue that the project has managed to achieve its goals. The study identified the need for reducing the amount of text and modifying the structure of the panels in order to reduce the need for maintenance. The visitors also showed interest in obtaining additional information, which suggests the use of brochures, guides, and other media. High school teachers have recognized the educational value of the panels, taking their students to the signs so they could study geology. Communication between project and society was established, although it is still necessary to deepen the research universe in qualitative and quantitative terms.

Mapping Slope Instability at the Giant’s Causeway and Causeway Coast World Heritage Site: Implications for Site Management

Abstract: This study presents results from a geomorphological mapping exercise designed to baseline slope instability at a dynamic World Heritage Site and to establish a mechanism for recording future failures. The intention is that the database will provide a core tool for future sustainable management and, through public access via the internet, contribute to the wider understanding of the environmental issues at the site. The results have demonstrated not only the extremely dynamic nature of the site, but in conjunction with previous studies has highlighted the manner in which the level and nature of this dynamism is likely to change in response to projected climate change. Because of the threat that enhanced slope instability poses to the access network at the site, the study is seen as a timely prompt to the multiple stakeholders in the site that they should consider a unified approach to pre-emptive management that considers alternative and innovative ways in which real and virtual visitors can access the site in the future.

Geomorphosites and Geotourism in the Parks of the Abruzzo Region (Central Italy)

Abstract: The geomorphologic landscape of the Abruzzo region is a good example of the variety and complexity of processes and morphogenetic events in Italy. Complex Meso-Cenozoic palaeogeographies are still reflected by the main mountain chains of Abruzzo and enable both scientists and tourists to make imaginary journeys through ancient, long vanished, coral atolls and blue deep seas. Valleys of glacial origin, alluvial cones, actual soils and palaeosoils still preserve the memory of these ‘by-gone-worlds’, with unique geomorphosites scattered throughout the region. The educational enhancement of geomorphological themes has been pursued in Abruzzo, known as the ‘region of parks’ par excellence and a ‘green lung’ of Europe, with the creation and placement of information panels and theme trails. Within this framework, in this paper we report on the methods, initiatives and activities that have been undertaken for the enhancement of the geological landscape and geomorphosites, mainly through geological trails and geological information panels but also by contributing to the identification of possible new geomorphosites. Geological trails and information panels are mostly based on different types of tools, such as three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions, aimed at providing a 3D perception of geologic processes and elements, landform highlights, aimed at increasing the perception and identification of landforms and processes as well as their impact on the landscape, and palaeo-geographic reconstructions and cartoons, aimed at presenting the evidence of landscape evolution.

Principles and Practice of Geoconservation: Lessons and Case Law Arising from a Legal Challenge to Site-Based Conservation on an Eroding Coast in Eastern England, UK

Abstract: In order to conserve our geoheritage into the future, the principles and practice of geoconservation need to evolve and improve to meet the challenges and threats that lie ahead. Many sources of information and learning may inform the development of geoconservation. During 2008 and 2009, a legal challenge to the designation, for geoconservation purposes, of a stretch of coastal cliffs and foreshore in Suffolk, Eastern England, UK, was heard in the British courts. This challenge to the principles and practice of geoconservation, and the legal judgements that arose from it, provide geoconservationists with a stimulating and helpful source of learning and case law. The legal challenge, made by a group of local residents opposed to the actions of Natural England, the government organisation responsible for nature conservation in England, in designating geological features exposed in an eroding coastal cliff for conservation, tested both the application of British conservation legislation and the principles and practice of geoconservation as applied in Britain. The legal hearings raised questions about the definition of a ‘geological feature’, the methods used to define the extent of a protected site, the definition of ‘conservation’ as opposed to ‘preservation’ and the purpose of conservation within British nature conservation legislation. The issues raised, arguments presented and legal judgements reached are described and provide stimulating challenge and helpful support to those interested in, or involved with, conservation legislation, site designation and the principles and practice of geoconservation more widely. Key learning points of relevance to the geoconservation community are presented.

The GeoCaF Project: Proposal of a Geosites Network at Campi Flegrei (Southern Italy)

Abstract: Campi Flegrei is a 75-km2 volcanic area located to the west of Naples, Italy. Declared a regional park in 1997, this area combines fascinating geology with its unique long natural history, unique customs and outstanding ancient Greek and Roman civilization. Campi Flegrei comprises a substantial number of sites that are remarkable in terms of their scientific quality, rarity, aesthetic appeal and educational value, most of which are valuable for their geological heritage, although their interest to scientists and the general public may also be archaeological, ecological, historical or cultural. The Campi Flegrei volcanic fields also represent one of the highest volcanic risk areas in the world. However, this fact is not fully appreciated by the inhabitants of the towns located within the area. All of these features make Campi Flegrei a very suitable area to be designated a volcanological Geopark, which would help to promote knowledge of the importance of active volcanoes in this area. A new detailed geological survey of the area has allowed us to identify many sites that are of high pedagogical and educational value. Using this survey as a starting point, we draw particular attention to seven geosites, namely, Cuma, Averno, Monte Nuovo, Solfatara, Piperno, Monte di Procida and Procida (GeoCaF network). All of these sites are also of lively archaeological and historical interest, as testified to by the numerous ancient documents collected and investigated during the research. Each geosite satisfies the criteria adopted for the most recent Italian geosites, i.e. representativeness, scientific interest, rarity, landscape value, educational value, accessibility, preservation and vulnerability. We therefore hypothesize a Campi Flegrei Geopark that includes these seven geosites, which are linked by roads and, occasionally, by collapsed tunnels that were dug in Roman times for military purposes. This geopark could represent a step forward in terms of the promotion of the geological heritage of this area by increasing the awareness of locals and visitors to future volcanic risks.

Marès Quarries on the Majorcan Coast (Spain) as Geological Heritage Sites

Abstract: Mares is a soft rock, generally pale-coloured rock, composed mainly of bioclastic calcareous sandstone which ranges in age from the Late Miocene to the Quaternary, although it dates predominantly from the Pleistocene. This rock was traditionally the main material for construction on the island, with the Palma Cathedral being a classic example. There are numerous mares quarries on the eastern and southern coast of Majorca, some of which are very well exposed in the cliffs. The stone is quarried in large blocks which are later divided into smaller ones. This quarrying process creates deep, vertical quarry walls orientated, both parallel and perpendicular to the coast, which gives an excellent exposure of the rock and clear views of its internal structure. In 2006, the first inventory of geosites on the Balearic Islands was carried out with the aim of defining the geological and hydrogeological heritage in the region. Of the 35 geosites inventoried and catalogued on the island of Majorca, two of them are mares quarries: Estret des Temps on the Santanyi coast and Es Carnatge on the coast of Palma. Both are representative of Pleistocene aeolianites, with excellent exposure of the sets of cross-bedding, while the Estret des Temps quarry also contains noteworthy exposures of hoof prints of Myotragus balearicus, a small endemic goat which became extinct with the arrival of the first human inhabitants of the island, around 7,000 BC. In this study, we propose the inclusion of a new site in the geosites inventory, the Roman quarry of Es Molar de Cala Pi in Llucmajor, where an exceptional sequence of Late-Miocene beaches facies can be observed, including a coquina with large-scale and high-angle cross-bedding and anemone tubes at the base of the quarry. The sequence is crowned by a system of Pleistocene palaeodunes. Such exposure conditions and facies sedimentological variety, coupled with the representativeness of the record, make this quarry a unique site for the study of the Neogene and Quaternary on Majorca

Using Active Fault Studies for Raising Public Awareness and Sensitisation on Seismic Hazard: A Case Study from Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark, NE Aegean Sea, Greece

Abstract: Seismic hazard is commonly assessed by using seismicity records and local geotechnical conditions. It is however important to accurately define the probable seismic sources of the broader study area and assess their seismic potential, as earthquake intensities are expected to increase in the close vicinity of active faults. Although onshore faults are considered more hazardous, due to their immediate proximity to inhabited areas, the offshore fault hazard is considerable too, due to their proximity to the islands. In this paper, the identified seismically active faults are used as main elements of an educational programme in the Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark to raise public awareness and sensitivity on seismic hazard.

The Upper Aptian–Lower Albian Amber Deposit of the Peñacerrada II Geosite (Basque–Cantabrian Basin, Northern Spain): Geological Context and Protection

Abstract: The conservation of the Penacerrada Lower Cretaceous amber deposit has been possible thanks to scientific activity and administrative strategies. Since its discovery in 1994, it was declared as a cultural site in 1998, listed as a Spanish geosite in 2008, and has been scientifically excavated—and is duly protected. Once the context and geological evolution of the deposit had been established and protocols for the study, publication, and conservation of the extracted amber implemented, the question of whether to continue the systematic excavation of the site or to preserve it was raised. To answer this question, a detailed geometric a topographic analysis to evaluate the volume of preserved amber-bearing rock was undertaken and, ultimately, a conservation focused stance was proposed.

GSSPs: The Case for a Third, Internationally Recognised, Geoconservation Network

Abstract: A network of over 100 Global Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSPs) is being established by the International Commission on Stratigraphy, a Commission of the International Union of Geological Sciences. This network of sites, about 60% of which are already ratified, relates to all the stage, system and series boundaries of the geological column and thus provides the fundamental basis for the geological timescale and the history of planet Earth. Given the importance of these sites and the work that has been ongoing by the international geological community since 1977 to select and ratify the sites, their long-term conservation is essential, yet in most cases, there is no legislative protection for them and no international recognition, beyond the geological community, of their importance. The two existing international conservation networks used to protect geological sites/areas (World Heritage Sites and Global Geoparks) are both unsuitable for the conservation of the GSSP network, and instead a case is made in this paper that UNESCO, in collaboration with other organisations, should establish a third internationally recognised geoconservation network for the complete GSSP site series.

Geometro or How to Discover a Valley’s Geomorphology by an Integrated Transportation System in Medellin (Colombia)

Abstract: Medellin and suburbs form a large city, currently with over 3,200,000 inhabitants. The complex, located in a relatively narrow valley of the Central Cordillera at 6°N, is dominated by plateaux and peaks reaching 3,000 m. The geology is complex, probably formed under the influence of tectonic agents more than two million years ago. The Geometro project was born from the initiative of two regional scientific societies, Parque Explora, a local interactive museum geared to the popularization of science, and the “Colombian Academy of Sciences”. It is designed to characterize the geomorphology of the valley and the local population, from the elevated railway and cable car lines that are included in the project. Geometro is primarily designed for children and adolescents, the main beneficiaries of Parque Explora. After a half-hour oral presentation by a specialist and a set of activities for completion, they will take the aerial train in groups of 15, under the guidance of instructors (geology students) with prior training in the field. They will show the young people a view of the landscape based on the Earth Sciences. A brochure will also be published for the general public, explaining the varied scenery as seen from the metro, from a geomorphological point of view. To complete the project, a second booklet written with scientific terminology, will be produced.

Geological, Geographical and Legal Considerations for the Conservation of Unique Iron Oxide and Sulphur Flows at El Laco and Lastarria Volcanic Complexes, Central Andes, Northern Chile

Abstract: Considering the exceptional geological characteristics of iron oxide and sulphur lavas structures cropping out at El Laco and Lastarria volcanic complexes in Northern Chile, their geographical context, and the Chilean legal framework for conservation, the authors make a general assessment of the geological heritage value of both volcanoes, while analysing the possibilities and challenges that arise in order to protect them. Relevant issues in this matter are the lack of appropriate laws and of applied geoconservation experience in the country, and the difficulty of attracting financial resources but also a big potential for conciliating conservation with mining, different alternatives of tourism—including geotourism—, or other sustainable initiatives, in a naturally and culturally diverse and rich region, already known as a world class tourist destination. Thus results the need to identify the relevant geosites present in each volcano, to emphasize their study and knowledge, as well as a proactive role of public authorities in order to effectively protect these extremely rare and vulnerable geological features. Analysing the specific cases of both volcanic complexes as possible geological heritage locations, the authors aim to highlight the main problems that need to be solved in order to introduce proper geoconservation in the area.