Showing papers in "IEEE Computer Applications in Power in 1992"
TL;DR: In this paper, different numerical techniques for power system dynamic simulation are described and examples of large-scale system simulations using the extended term simulation option of the power system simulation program (PSS/E) which incorporates these features are presented.
Abstract: Different numerical techniques for power system dynamic simulation are described. Examples of large-scale system simulations using the extended term simulation option of the power system simulation program (PSS/E) which incorporates these features are presented. Sample results from the simulation of a 2941-bus, 831-machine system are given. >
42 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an existing 115 kV double-circuit transmission line was electrically reconfigured into a single circuit, six-phase transmission line for high phase order transmission demonstration project.
Abstract: The high phase order transmission demonstration project is described. An existing 115 kV double-circuit transmission line was electrically reconfigured into a single-circuit, six-phase transmission line for this purpose. A description is given for different computer applications used in all stages of design, operation, and postoperation analysis. The complex multirelay microprocessor-based protection system is discussed. The multirelay microprocessor protection system was tested for many typical fault combinations using a computer controlled fault simulator. Currents and voltages were calculated using the Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP). >
24 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a summary of the IEEE tutorial course "Introduction and Rational for Supervisory Systems" is presented, where various types of supervisory systems are identified, including SCADA, SCADA/automatic gain control, energy management systems, distribution management system, load management systems and automatic meter reading.
Abstract: This study is a summary of Chapter 1, 'Introduction and Rational for Supervisory Systems' of the IEEE tutorial course, Fundamentals of Supervisory Systems. An overview of supervisory system concepts is provided. Various types of supervisory systems are identified, including SCADA, SCADA/automatic gain control, energy management systems, distribution management systems, load management systems, and automatic meter reading. Some important design and implementation considerations are highlighted. >
22 citations
TL;DR: A set of procedures implemented in an expert systems framework that can be used by utilities and their customers to solve power quality problems is discussed and the construction of the knowledge base, which is composed of a set of IF-THEN orIF-THIN-ELSE rules for identifying and solving the power quality problem, is described.
Abstract: A set of procedures implemented in an expert systems framework that can be used by utilities and their customers to solve power quality problems is discussed. Expert systems are used for the power quality problem because they can reason with partial knowledge. An overview of the expert system is given. The causes of power quality problems are identified. The quality of power can be improved in two basic ways: circuit arrangements, and utilization of power quality improvement equipment. The methods of improving upon the quality of power by electric circuit configuration are addressed. A variety of equipment for improving the quality of electric power is described. The construction of the knowledge base, which is composed of a set of IF-THEN or IF-THEN-ELSE rules for identifying and solving the power quality problem, is also described. >
21 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Southern California Edison modified its operating practices to meet NO/sub x/constraint constraints, and a program was developed to assist operating personnel in formulating compliance strategies.
Abstract: How Southern California Edison modified its operating practices to meet NO/sub x/ constraints is described. To measure NO/sub x/ levels on a real-time basis, continuous emissions monitoring systems were installed at major gas plants. To capture the impact of NO/sub x/ constraints, a program was developed to assist operating personnel in formulating NO/sub x/-compliance strategies. System costs and benefits and future plans are detailed. >
20 citations
TL;DR: The computer-aided application of reclosers in distribution systems is detailed and an expert system (with coordination macros) built into a coordination program can help distribution engineers establish a functional protection system.
Abstract: The computer-aided application of reclosers in distribution systems is detailed. An expert system (with coordination macros) built into a coordination program can help distribution engineers establish a functional protection system. The coordination program featured is the V-PRO package. Recloser characteristics and modeling of these characteristics during overcurrent protection studies using the package are discussed. The coordination of reclosers and fuse-links is described. Examples illustrating how the package is used for recloser and fuse-link coordination are given. >
19 citations
TL;DR: An approach to computer modeling of the time-current characteristics of protective devices that relies on interactive manipulation and fitting of the curves, which are modeled mathematically as splines is presented.
Abstract: An approach to computer modeling of the time-current characteristics of protective devices that relies on interactive manipulation and fitting of the curves, which are modeled mathematically as splines is presented. The approach is much easier to use than the commonly used curve-fitting methods, which are reviewed, and it does not require a digitizer. It has been applied successfully in a PC-based short-circuit and relay coordination program for overcurrent relays, fuses, and reclosers. >
15 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the most prominent commercially available software packages for analyzing industrial and commercial electric power systems are analyzed and a survey of the available capabilities and suitability for specific applications is presented.
Abstract: State-of-the-art PC software for analyzing industrial and commercial electric power systems is surveyed. The most prominent commercially available software packages are analyzed. The result is a basis for determining the available capabilities and suitability for specific applications. Both power flow analysis and fault current analysis are covered. >
15 citations
TL;DR: The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) developed an advanced transportable operator training simulator (OTS) that features improvements over other simulators on the market.
Abstract: The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) developed an advanced transportable operator training simulator (OTS) that features improvements over other simulators on the market. The OTS consists of four subsystems: power system modeling, educational, scenario building, and control center modeling. The interaction between the instructor and the OTS is supported by the instructor position man-machine interface (IPMMI) software and hardware. Control of the OTS, data entry into the database, and presentation of data on displays are performed by the IPMMI. All data requests and updates performed by the IPMMI relate to data resident in the power system model (PSM) database. The IPMMI also has the ability to initiate PSM tasks and to transmit program-generated messages to the instructor. OTS implementation and testing at a host utility are described. >
12 citations
TL;DR: The proposed system is designed to be integrated into the energy management system environment and to operate interactively with the control center personnel and can also be considered as an offline simulator and, therefore, an effective operator training instrument.
Abstract: Ongoing research in which a knowledge-based program is being implemented to help the control center operating staff make decisions during service interruptions is reported. The proposed system is designed to be integrated into the energy management system environment and to operate interactively with the control center personnel. Thus, the expert system maintains up-to-date knowledge about the characteristics, operation, and changing status of network components and provides operators with the contents of restorative controls to be executed on the power system. The man-machine interface is supported by real-time information, which is clearly arranged and displayed in the form of easy-to-understand messages, meters, and graphs. Because of the particular features of the shell used, such as real-time execution and dynamic simulation, the expert system can also be considered as an offline simulator and, therefore, an effective operator training instrument. >
12 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an application program that was written on a control center energy management system (EMS) to monitor transformers in a bulk power system for the effect of geomagnetic-induced current (GIC) flows is described.
Abstract: An application program that was written on a control center energy management system (EMS) to monitor transformers in a bulk power system for the effect of geomagnetic-induced current (GIC) flows is described. The monitoring program is based on summing the Mvar around a transformer and subtracting from that result the Mvar that theory predicts is being consumed by the transformer. The results of using the program and implementation considerations are discussed. >
TL;DR: The ability to migrate applications among computers of different vendors and different sizes (from PCs to supercomputers) as operating needs change and grow is discussed.
Abstract: The ability to migrate applications among computers of different vendors and different sizes (from PCs to supercomputers), as operating needs change and grow, is described. Utility users want a basis for defining a strategy to update their energy management system (EMS) to be open and for continuous migration of their EMS to meet changing and expanding system operational needs. The questions many utility practitioners have been asking about open systems, standards, architectures, and available choices are addressed. These questions are fundamental to providing a computational application environment in which the tools required for intelligent and adaptive power system control can be operated. These tools are being designed for standards-driven, open-hardware platforms. The open systems movement is discussed, and open systems are defined. The role of standards is examined. Two open EMS architectures favored by leading energy management system suppliers are discussed. >
TL;DR: The use of a computer-based load shedding system to save critical loads, reduce process restart time, minimize system disturbance, and provide flexibility is discussed in this article, where the components of the system and how it operates are described.
Abstract: The use of a computer-based load-shedding system to save critical loads, reduce process restart time, minimize system disturbance, and provide flexibility is discussed. The components of the system and how it operates are described. >
TL;DR: In this paper, the complex geomagnetic disturbance phenomenon is divided into three submodels: an ionospheric current source model, a geological (earth resistivity) model, and a power system model.
Abstract: Geomagnetic induced current (GIC) phenomena are reviewed. A modeling approach in which the complex geomagnetic disturbance phenomenon is divided into three submodels is described. They are an ionospheric current source model, a geological (earth resistivity) model, and a power system model. The ionospheric and earth resistivity models are used in a finite element program to compute the earth surface potential any given substation. The GIC model of the power system is created by using the existing AC load flow and short circuit models. A new method for estimating GIC in the entire power system has been developed. A limited number GIC measurements for a given solar disturbance condition are combined with precomputed GIC for different assumed solar disturbance conditions. The accuracy of this method has been demonstrated. >
TL;DR: The Radial Panel Installation Designer (RAPID), a PC software program for electromagnetic and electronic systems, is presented and enables a user to create, move, or alter the data that constitutes a building description stored in the program's database quickly and easily.
Abstract: The Radial Panel Installation Designer (RAPID), a PC software program for electromagnetic and electronic systems, is presented. The program enables a user to create, move, or alter the data that constitutes a building description stored in the program's database quickly and easily. Like a spreadsheet, the program can be used to conduct what-if studies on a network. Automatic recalculation permits the creation and modification of power distribution networks for more easily than pencil and paper. An inexpensive tool, RAPID combines the following capabilities with a simple user interface: understanding of national and proprietary electrical codes, electric load simulation, and basic checks for criteria such as steady-state power balance, overloading, and short-circuit analysis. >
TL;DR: The development of KG&E's (Kansas Gas and Electric Company's) L&G (Landis & Gyr) full-graphics EMS (energy management system) is detailed and lessons learned during the process are identified.
Abstract: The development of KG&E's (Kansas Gas and Electric Company's) L&G (Landis & Gyr) full-graphics EMS (energy management system) is detailed. The project team, consisting of members from project management, engineering, operations, and maintenance, undertook a rigorous project definition and product procurement process and prepared a plan for creating the displays in time to support the development schedule. They developed a set of display-building standards. In setting the basic standards, display types and detail, use of color, and symbols were addressed. Six main full-graphics capabilities were identified for specific consideration during the display building: overview displays, layering, windows, unlimited color selection, symbols, and menus. Formal procedures were implemented and software tools were developed to improve the display-building process. Lessons learned during the process are identified. >
TL;DR: In this paper, a metering technique specifically designed for these necessary measurements that uses a portable harmonics meter controlled by a notebook or laptop personal computer (PC) is presented, and no-load and load transformer losses are discussed.
Abstract: Harmonic heating effects on transformers are discussed. A metering technique specifically designed for these necessary measurements that uses a portable harmonics meter controlled by a notebook or laptop personal computer (PC) is presented. No-load and load transformer losses are discussed. A description of the K-FACTOR method is given. >
TL;DR: In this paper, a large number of microcontroller-operated lightning transient recorders (LTRs) were used to perform an assessment of lightning surge characteristics occurring at metal oxide distribution arresters installed on 12.47 and 13.2 kV power distribution systems.
Abstract: Some of the results of EPRI research project RP 2542-1, Characteristics of Lightning Surges on Distribution Lines, are discussed. The project utilized a large number of microcontroller-operated lightning transient recorders (LTRs) to perform an assessment of lightning surge characteristics occurring at metal oxide distribution arresters installed on 12.47 and 13.2 kV power distribution systems. The impact of digital recording techniques, microprocessor-controlled instrumentation, software that can perform automatic data sorting, and waveform analysis on lightning surge measurement and analysis capabilities is highlighted. Measurements were performed for two years; the first year arrester discharge voltages were measured, and the second year arrester discharge currents were measured. The LTR and its sensor were also evaluated during actual lightning conditions. The LTR and the specially designing voltage and current sensing arrester developed and used in conjunction with it are described, and the wave shape analysis procedure and results are discussed. >
TL;DR: A computing center for power system analysis (PSA), created in 1989 by Hydro-Quebec, is the first of its kind to provide supercomputing facilities strictly devoted to PSA activities.
Abstract: A computing center for power system analysis (PSA) was created in 1989 by Hydro-Quebec. This center is the first of its kind to provide supercomputing facilities strictly devoted to PSA activities. The center's computing facilities are described. Basic information on supercomputer vector processing, including its potential and limitations, is presented. Code conversion issues are discussed, and experiences from recent studies where the high speed of supercomputing was required and appreciated were related. Three application examples illustrating different ways supercomputing contributed to improved productivity and/or influenced working methodology in system planning are presented. >
TL;DR: The main aspects of implementing model and product-based integrated systems supporting electric utility operations are described Coordinated user environments for enhanced operations decision support are detailed Utility information modeling and management supporting timely coordination of operations with existing systems and sources of information are described Staged implementation to achieve ongoing accumulation of benefits is discussed >
Abstract: The main aspects of implementing model and product-based integrated systems supporting electric utility operations are described Coordinated user environments for enhanced operations decision support are detailed Utility information modeling and management supporting timely coordination of operations with existing systems and sources of information are described Staged implementation to achieve ongoing accumulation of benefits is discussed >
TL;DR: In this paper, the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system monitors 500 remote terminal units (RTUs) in San Francisco and 150 RTUs in Oakland, and a fiber-optic transceiver design is described, and cable requirements and vault installation are discussed.
Abstract: A network improvement program for improving the safety and operation of the Pacific Gas & Electric Company (PGE to prevent a catastrophic failure in a building vault; and to minimize damage to customer and PG&E facilities. The supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system monitors 500 remote terminal units (RTUs) in San Francisco and 150 RTUs in Oakland. The information includes: protector status, protector heat sensor, transformer temperature, vault temperature, vault water level, three-phase secondary current, and transformer sudden pressure relay. A fiber-optic communications system was chosen because it does not require trenching, is nonconductive, and is immune to electromagnetic and radio interference. The fiber-optic equivalent of a telephone cable repeater system with a repeater placed at each RTU location was used. The fiber-optic transceiver design is described, and cable requirements and vault installation are discussed. The RTU communications scheme is identified, and operating experiences are reported. >
TL;DR: The use of 900 MHz radio for supervisory control and data acquisition applications was investigated by the Houston Lighting and Power Company (HL&P) as mentioned in this paper, where multiple address system applications in the 928/952 MHz band were evaluated.
Abstract: The use of 900 MHz radio for supervisory control and data acquisition applications was investigated by the Houston Lighting and Power Company (HL&P). Multiple address system applications in the 928/952 MHz band were evaluated. The purpose of this application was to replace leased telephone lines with 928/952 MHz radio channels to achieve lower costs and improved operational reliability. A second application with distribution automation and control pilot test programs on the HL&P distribution system was explored. The purpose was reliable, cost-effective, bidirectional communications at a reasonable bit rate for control and monitoring of distribution feeders and related sectionalizing facilities. A third application of 900 MHz involving real-time monitoring of high-voltage transmission line conductors was investigated. In this instance, the radio provided a safe and reliable path for data collection between power donuts and master controller. >
TL;DR: In this paper, a program, the distribution lightning program (DLP), for analyzing lightning flashovers is discussed. The program uses traveling wave calculations to analyze direct lightning strokes and induced voltages caused by nearby strokes.
Abstract: A program, the distribution lightning program (DLP), for analyzing lightning flashovers is discussed. The goal is to improve protection of overhead distribution circuits from lightning. Various lightning protection schemes can be simulated. The program uses traveling wave calculations to analyze direct lightning strokes and induced voltages caused by nearby strokes. Shield wires and arresters, two line protection options that reduce momentary outages caused by lightning, are discussed. The analysis shows that enhanced insulation level, grounding, and conductor placement can improve flashover performance. Two examples are provided to show the flexibility of computer analysis in the design and selection of overhead distribution structures. DLP was written to analyze distribution designs, but the calculation techniques and some of the results can be applied to transmission lines as well. >
TL;DR: In this article, the use of real-time data and what is referred to as semi-realtime data for asset management is described, and the basic premise behind asset manager is to utilize existing facilities to full capacity before installing new ones.
Abstract: The use of real-time data and what is referred to as semi-real-time data for asset management is described. The basic premise behind asset management is to utilize existing facilities to full capacity before installing new ones. Facility load data is made readily available to various company departments (such as metering, substation band system protection, budgeting, marketing, system planning, and division planning) as well as system and division operations by tying information networks together. Having access to this data allows unique approaches to reliability and efficiency in serving customers. >
TL;DR: An overview of how computerized tools are being used for both AC and DC auxiliary system calculations is presented in this paper, along with a review of those issues specific to nuclear generating stations.
Abstract: An overview of how computerized tools are being used for both AC and DC auxiliary system calculations is presented. Problems that may be created by the use of these tools are discussed, along with a review of those issues specific to nuclear generating stations. Current and future trends are also discussed. >
TL;DR: In this paper, an overview of tools and systems used to support power dispatch and other duties of the typical power system operations department is given. And the major issues faced in systems integration are identified.
Abstract: An overview is given of tools and systems used to support power dispatch and other duties of the typical power system operations department. The major issues faced in systems integration are identified. The path taken by one company to integrate energy management systems (EMS), workstations, desktop computers, networks, and applications is described. The architecture presented allows the distribution of real-time operations data throughout the company, from EMS to power plants to district offices, on an unprecedented scale. >
TL;DR: The role of computer programs in the utility planning process and the solution selected to address the problems is described uses a recently developed interface and run preparation system and a central database that reside in a file server connected to a local area network (LAN).
Abstract: The role of computer programs in the utility planning process is discussed. Problems associated with the creation, access, storage, and maintenance of input data for these programs are defined. The solution selected to address the problems is described. It uses a recently developed interface and run preparation system and a central database that reside in a file server connected to a local area network (LAN). The main stages of the development process are given. The development of the planning database and the interface system is discussed. >
TL;DR: In this article, an integrated, interactive environment for the structural and geometric design of power lines is described, with a three-dimensional GIS-type representation of the terrain and three different methods available to describe the strength of a structure in a structure file.
Abstract: An integrated, interactive environment for the structural and geometric design of power lines is described. New design concepts that achieve greater economy are introduced. The environment, developed on MS-DOS microcomputers, is the result of an international effort. A three-dimensional GIS-type representation of the terrain was adopted and described. Four different methods available to describe the strength of a structure in a structure file are detailed. Line installation, view functions, and reports, drafting, and archiving are discussed. >
TL;DR: The Power Electronic Circuit Analysis (PECAN) as mentioned in this paper is a program for calculating time functions of voltages, currents, torque, angular speed, power, and other derived quantities.
Abstract: The program Power Electronic Circuit Analysis (PECAN), which has been made to handle some power engineering applications not suited for SPICE or EMTP, is discussed. Time functions of voltages, currents, torque, angular speed, power, and other derived quantities can be calculated and plotted on the screen a printer, or a plotter. The calculations are performed stepwise for a series of points in times, with a variable step size selected by the program within specified limits. Control functions can be converted to equivalent electrical circuits and can be included or studied separately. The program runs under MS-DOS on a personal computer with at least 640 kbytes of memory and a math coprocessor. Input files are provided with the program for many typical problems in power electronics, machine analysis, and others. The program can handle circuits with up to 300 components and 200 variables (nodes plus branches). Examples presented include pulse width modulation (PWM), three-phase diode bridge, symmetrical three-phase short circuit of synchronous generator, and transient temperatures on cables. >
TL;DR: In this paper, a description of the electric and magnetic field workstation (EMWorkstation) computer program is given, which is used for studying the adverse effects of electromagnetic fields.
Abstract: A description is given of the electric and magnetic fields workstation (EMWorkstation) computer program, which is used for studying the adverse effects of electromagnetic fields. Different software programs for modeling electromagnetic fields are discussed. Electromagnetic fields instrumentation software packages are described. >