Showing papers in "IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine in 1999"
TL;DR: The authors provides an overview of the classic moisture equilibrium curves and their history and provides useful information on the relationships among them and their validity, as well as their relationship among different types of equilibrium curves.
Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the classic moisture equilibrium curves and their history and provides useful information on the relationships among them and their validity.
349Â citations
134Â citations
Journal Article•
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110Â citations
TL;DR: In this article, a measurement of dielectric relaxation properties on a wide frequency range may be used as a tool to investigate the ageing of polymeric power distribution cables with an ac field in a humid environment.
Abstract: Discusses models and their possible implication in the interpretation of the relaxation spectra of polymers, particularly involving the concept of order/disorder systems. Furthermore, some examples of the application of the Dissado-Hill model have been provided in this work to explain quasi-dc (QDC) conduction processes, which have been observed in crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) and low density polyethylene (LDPE), showing an ageing behavior with continuing use with an ac field in a humid environment. It is also shown in this paper how a measurement of dielectric relaxation properties on a wide frequency range may be used as a tool to investigate the ageing of polymeric power distribution cables with an ac field in a humid environment. Equivalent electrical analog circuits of dielectric relaxation spectra are also shown.
62Â citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a tool box of techniques that encompass different mechanical, electrical, and chemical tests to determine the condition of the insulation with remaining useful life, including survivability.
Abstract: Monitoring the condition and forecasting lifetimes of material within ageing nuclear power plant is a subject of great topicality. Among these materials are the cables of the reactor control systems necessary for safe operation, including controlled shutdown in the event of an emergency. The ability to ensure that such cabling is fit for its purpose is of major concern, but at present there is no universal testing procedure. Rather, there exists a "tool box" of techniques that encompass different mechanical, electrical, and chemical tests. While this is satisfactory to a certain extent, there are many drawbacks, and new methods are required. Accordingly, efforts continue to devise suitable means of accomplishing this. The ultimate achievement for cable monitoring would be the capability to correlate the condition of the insulation with remaining useful life, including survivability in a DBE.
55Â citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the generation of highly reactive molecular states that could control degradation reaction was studied in solid insulating materials in dry environment and discharge-free conditions, and the authors found that photons emitted by a stressed material give evidence of the generation and degradation reaction.
Abstract: There is a need to better understand electrical ageing of solid insulating materials in dry environment and discharge-free conditions. Photons emitted by a stressed material give evidence of the generation of highly reactive molecular states that could control degradation reaction.
54Â citations
46Â citations
KEMA1
TL;DR: In this article, a cascade of 150 kV termination breakdowns occurred several years ago, and the results of the research and precautions that were undertaken after those events were given. And the investigation and monitoring of terminations is also described.
Abstract: Polymer technology has shown good performance and has certain advantages over ceramic technology in insulators. However, it often comes with a potentially weak point, i.e., the interface between two solid insulators. In The Netherlands, a cascade of 150 kV termination breakdowns occurred several years ago. The present paper gives the results of the research and precautions that were undertaken after those events. The problems started at the interfaces of these components, as will be explained. The investigation and monitoring of terminations is also described.
42Â citations
TL;DR: The EL technique is at least two orders of magnitude more sensitive than PD detection and can detect the initiation of polymeric ageing and can also detect the conversion of a water tree to an electrical tree as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The EL technique is at least two orders of magnitude more sensitive than PD detection and can detect the initiation of polymeric ageing. It can also detect the conversion of a water tree to an electrical tree.
35Â citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) method was introduced for space charge measurement in industrial applications and new functional polymers that effectively use internal charges were introduced.
Abstract: Industrial applications of space charge measurement using the pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) method were introduced. The materials are not only insulating materials affected by internal charges but also new functional polymers that effectively use internal charges. Users of the space charge measurement have had the method advanced to obtain suitable experimental conditions for a variety of materials. The space charge research field has been continuously expanding in Japan, and there are still many prospective materials for space charge measurement specimens.
32Â citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that lifetime is usually greater for cryogenic insulation, and thus the impulse and switching surge breakdown strength may be a limiting factor in determining the operating stress of such insulation.
Abstract: It is worth noting that, with a few exceptions, the efforts to develop dielectric systems, especially for the LTD superconducting cables, are lagging behind the intense efforts to develop more efficient HT superconducting materials, tapes, and conductors. The results presented here and reported in the literature confirm that lifetime is usually greater for cryogenic insulation, and thus the impulse and switching surge breakdown strengths may be a limiting factor in determining the operating stress of such insulation.
TL;DR: The Insulated Conductors Committee of the Power Engineering Society at a recent meeting recognized Al Gilbert and Frank Precopio, the two inventors of chemically crosslinked polyethylene as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The Insulated Conductors Committee of the Power Engineering Society at a recent meeting recognizes Al Gilbert and Frank Precopio, the two inventors of chemically crosslinked polyethylene. Because of the historic significance for insulation technology, the remarks made by these two inventors are reproduced in this magazine.
TL;DR: This book gives examples of applications of LabVIEW in a variety of fields, including applications in communications, automation, the design of digital filters, statistical process control, image processing, quality management, and medicine.
Abstract: Summary form only given, as follows. LabVIEW is one of the more common software packages used to automate data acquisition. After a three-chapter introduction to virtual instruments, the basics of LabVIEW and data acquisition, the book gives examples of applications of LabVIEW in a variety of fields. The topics addressed include applications in communications, automation, the design of digital filters, statistical process control, image processing, quality management, and medicine. There are also chapters on doing mathematical processes, such as differential equations, Fourier transforms, and time-frequency analysis, and setting up a test and measurement system on a network. Throughout the book discussion of the examples is well illustrated and complete. A CD-ROM with a demonstration version of LabVIEW 5.0 for Windows and Macintosh is included with the book.
TL;DR: In this article, the physical principles of polymer surfaces are discussed and applications of polymer surface properties and their dynamic characteristics are discussed. But, the authors focus on dynamic surface characteristics, being a new area of research, is limited in the available data and theory mainly due to the technical difficulties involved in the surface measurements being influenced by the external environment.
Abstract: 462 pages $245 (hardback, 1996), $ 8 9 (paperback, 1998) This book, grouped into four parts, starts with the physical principles of polymer surfaces and then details applications of polymer surfaces. The first section covers fundamentals of polymer surface properties and their dynamic characteristics. According to the author, dynamic surface characteristics, being a new area of research, is limited in the available data and theory mainly due to the technical difficulties involved in the surface measurements being influenced by the external environment. The second section of the book deals with methods used to characterize polymer surfaces. These methods include spectroscopic and surface energy measurements. A table nicely summarizes the numerous techniques and gives a listing of the information and depth analyzed and sensitivity of each technique. The third section details techniques used to modify the surface of polymers. These methods are physical, chemical, and bulk modification. Physical methods include flame, corona, plasma UC: laser, X-ray, and ion treatments. Wet treatments and surface grafting are the chemical modifications described. The last section covers important technical applications involving wettability, adhesion, barrier properties, biomedical materials, and frictioniwear. 800-225-5945
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a real-time dynamic rating system for power delivery systems, which is based on continuous load and temperature measurements and identification and updating of key parameters affecting thermal performance, resulting in values typically higher than book ratings for both normal and emergency conditions.
Abstract: Dynamic ratings, based on continuous load and temperature measurements and identification and updating of key parameters affecting thermal performance, result in values that are typically higher than book ratings for both normal and emergency conditions. Additionally, and just as important, these real-time ratings are both accurate and safe, dramatically reducing the possibility of overheating and seriously damaging major power delivery system components. As dynamic rating systems allow equipment temperatures to more closely approach defined temperature limits, the dielectric materials used will be subjected to higher temperatures, both for normal and emergency conditions, for longer periods of time. This might effect the actual long-term performance of some of the dielectric insulation systems used today.
TL;DR: In this paper, different practical examples are discussed of applying advanced digital post-processing for the measurement of partial discharges, and a specific fingerprint technique has been successfully used in recent years for off-line and on-line PD measurements of HV components.
Abstract: The ability of digital PD analyzers to process and store specific information concerning discharge activity can be used for various purposes: discharge recognition and condition monitoring. To exploit these possibilities, a specific fingerprint technique has been successfully used in recent years for off-line and on-line PD measurements of HV components. In this paper diverse practical examples are discussed of applying advanced digital post-processing for the measurement of partial discharges.
TL;DR: The author provides an overview and summary of the issues related to arrester design and selection as well as a comparison of zinc oxide-based arresters with polymeric housings.
Abstract: Surge protection continues to evolve, and today, zinc oxide-based arresters predominate, often with polymeric housings. The author provides an overview and summary of the issues related to arrester design and selection.
TL;DR: The ARTEMIS BRITE-EURAM program as mentioned in this paper developed a diagnostic methodology to assess the susceptibility of polymeric cable insulation to electrical ageing and the state of the insulation at any chosen time in order to evaluate the remaining life-time of operating power cables.
Abstract: The ARTEMIS BRITE-EURAM program has been presented in this paper. Its main objective is to develop a diagnostic methodology to assess i) the susceptibility of polymeric cable insulation to electrical ageing; and ii) the state of the insulation at any chosen time in order to evaluate the remaining life-time of operating power cables. The ARTEMIS partners include cable manufacturers, material suppliers, electricity distributors and a number of universities throughout Europe.
TL;DR: The DDX Detector provides the most intuitive, easiest to use operator interface of any available digital PD testing system and is a complete open-archi-tecture hardware and software solution through the use of the fastest microprocessors, Microsoft Windows 95 and Microsoft ActiveFM technology.
Abstract: The DDX Detector provides the most intuitive, easiest to use operator interface of any available digital PD testing system Data analysis is fast, easy, and requires little training Its Windows 9STWbased software allows flexible test recording In addition, the DDX Detector is a complete open-archi-tecture hardware and software solution through the use of the fastest microprocessors, Microsoft Windows 95 and Microsoft ActiveFM technology The DDX Detector can also couple to the latest generation of Hipotronics control systems and HV sources to achieve an integrated test solution
TL;DR: In this paper, the concept of charges fluctuating in double well potentials is used as a basis for a quantitative computer calculation of interactions between permanent dipoles, which is of advantage, because the dipole-dipole interaction energy can exceed the thermal energy.
Abstract: In this article the concept of charges fluctuating in double well potentials is used as a basis for a quantitative computer calculation of interactions between permanent dipoles. Numerical calculations are of advantage, because the dipole-dipole interaction energy can exceed the thermal energy. In this case nonlinearities can arise, which are difficult to treat analytically. Furthermore, a numerical recalculation of the Lorentz field resulting from induced dipoles has been carried out. Within the Lorentz calculation of the local field, two models are used in juxtaposed position: a discrete model, which takes account of dipoles inside a conceptual sphere, and a continuum model, which treats the dipoles outside this sphere as a continuum. Using both models the local field at the center dipole of the sphere is calculated. It is shown that several dielectric and ferroelectric properties can be calculated using very simple model assumptions.
TL;DR: In this paper, a wrapped tube proof voltage (WTPV) approach was selected as the diagnostic property for the conventional ageing (CA) procedure for composite insulating materials, and the authors described studies of conventional and rapid thermal endurance test methods for composite materials.
Abstract: The authors describe studies of conventional and rapid thermal endurance test methods for composite insulating materials. A wrapped tube proof voltage (WTPV) approach was selected as the diagnostic property for the conventional ageing (CA) procedure.
TL;DR: In this paper, Liengme et al. present a volume of papers from the 1996 IEEE Electrical Itzsulatiolz meeting on electronic packaging materials science, with a special focus on technology for flip-chip packaging, materials metrology and characterization, and packaging reliability and testing.
Abstract: non-members This volume in the series on electronic packaging materials science is based on papers presented at the December 1996 MRS meeting, with a special focus on technology for flip-chip packaging, materials metrology and characterization, and packaging reliability and testing. Many of the papers are of interest to readers of IEEE Electrical Itzsulatiolz, as follows. There are several papers on conducting adhesives, including silver-filled, nickel-filled, and conducting polymer-filled systems discussing the role of particle shape and formation of conducting pathways by curing in an electric field. Thermal and mechanical properties of polymer dielectric films used in various devices and as encapsulants are also discussed in this book. These papers describe new characterization techniques uniquely suited for working with thin films as opposed to bulk samples. Several papers describe failure mechanisms in polymer-based electronic packages and strategies for improving adhesion at metal-polymer interfaces in these systems. There are a few papers related to metal deposition on printed wiring boards, but that is not the main focus for this volume. Thus, the book would be most useful to those involved in conductive adhesive, encapsulants, polymer thin films, or polymer-based electronic packages. -K. E Schoch A Guide to Microsoft Excel for Scientists and Engineers by Bernard V Liengme John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 605 Third Ave. New York, NY 10158-0012
TL;DR: In this paper, a volume of papers presented at the 1998 Materials Research Society Symposium on low dielectric constant materials for microelectronics applications is presented. But the main focus of this volume is on low-K constant materials.
Abstract: Materials IV Edited by C. Chiang, P. S. Ho, T.-M. Lu, and J. T. Wetzel Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, Vol. 5 11 Materials Research Society 506 Keystone Dr. Warrendale, PA 15086 Telephone (724) 779-3003 http://www.mrs.org/publications/books/ 396 pages $63 MRS member, $72 non-member This volume gives papers presented on low dielectric constant materials for microelectronics applications at the April 1998 meeting of the Materials Research Society. The interest in these materials is motivated by shrinking microelectronic device sizes and the increasing frequency of operation of the devices. Both polymeric and inorganic low dielectric (low K) constant materials are discussed, including material preparation, characterization, and integration with other components. Most of the papers pertain to silicon oxides or plasma-deposited carbon-fluorine films, but there are a few papers on polyimides, particularly related to reliability of interconnects in low K materials. With respect to the inorganic systems, film deposition by a variety of means is discussed, including liquid phase, plasma, spin, spray, and dip coatings. Porous silica films are also described, including xerogels. There are some broadly useful papers on characterization techniques for these materials, such as measurement of adhesion energy, microindentation to determine mechanical properties, ion beam techniques to determine composition, thickness and porosity, optical birefringence to measure morphological changes, and measurement of thermal diffusivity of thin films, among others. Integrating low-K interconnects in other microelectronic processes is addressed in a series of papers on silicaand carbon-based films. This book would be most useful to those involved in preparation and characterization of inorganic low-K materials. -K. F. Schoch, Jr.
TL;DR: In this article, a new voltage level should be chosen to take into consideration the previous and the next voltage levels, which coincides with the IEC standard, in order to meet the demand for electric power in China.
Abstract: By about the year 2010, an EHV power transmission system will be built in China in response to the remarkable growth in demand for electric power. The new voltage level should be chosen to take into consideration the previous and the next voltage levels. Referring to the experiences in the other countries, if the transmission capacity increases 4-7 times, a new voltage level will appear that is 1.7-3 times that of the previous one. Thus, on the basis of the present 500 kV system, the next voltage level in China will be 1200 kV, which coincides with the IEC standard.
TL;DR: In this article, the physical principles of polymer surfaces are discussed and applications of polymer surface properties and their dynamic characteristics are discussed. But, the authors focus on dynamic surface characteristics, being a new area of research, is limited in the available data and theory mainly due to the technical difficulties involved in the surface measurements being influenced by the external environment.
Abstract: 462 pages $245 (hardback, 1996), $ 8 9 (paperback, 1998) This book, grouped into four parts, starts with the physical principles of polymer surfaces and then details applications of polymer surfaces. The first section covers fundamentals of polymer surface properties and their dynamic characteristics. According to the author, dynamic surface characteristics, being a new area of research, is limited in the available data and theory mainly due to the technical difficulties involved in the surface measurements being influenced by the external environment. The second section of the book deals with methods used to characterize polymer surfaces. These methods include spectroscopic and surface energy measurements. A table nicely summarizes the numerous techniques and gives a listing of the information and depth analyzed and sensitivity of each technique. The third section details techniques used to modify the surface of polymers. These methods are physical, chemical, and bulk modification. Physical methods include flame, corona, plasma UC: laser, X-ray, and ion treatments. Wet treatments and surface grafting are the chemical modifications described. The last section covers important technical applications involving wettability, adhesion, barrier properties, biomedical materials, and frictioniwear. 800-225-5945
TL;DR: In this paper, a volume of papers presented at the 1998 Materials Research Society Symposium on low dielectric constant materials for microelectronics applications is presented. But the main focus of this volume is on low-K constant materials.
Abstract: Materials IV Edited by C. Chiang, P. S. Ho, T.-M. Lu, and J. T. Wetzel Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, Vol. 5 11 Materials Research Society 506 Keystone Dr. Warrendale, PA 15086 Telephone (724) 779-3003 http://www.mrs.org/publications/books/ 396 pages $63 MRS member, $72 non-member This volume gives papers presented on low dielectric constant materials for microelectronics applications at the April 1998 meeting of the Materials Research Society. The interest in these materials is motivated by shrinking microelectronic device sizes and the increasing frequency of operation of the devices. Both polymeric and inorganic low dielectric (low K) constant materials are discussed, including material preparation, characterization, and integration with other components. Most of the papers pertain to silicon oxides or plasma-deposited carbon-fluorine films, but there are a few papers on polyimides, particularly related to reliability of interconnects in low K materials. With respect to the inorganic systems, film deposition by a variety of means is discussed, including liquid phase, plasma, spin, spray, and dip coatings. Porous silica films are also described, including xerogels. There are some broadly useful papers on characterization techniques for these materials, such as measurement of adhesion energy, microindentation to determine mechanical properties, ion beam techniques to determine composition, thickness and porosity, optical birefringence to measure morphological changes, and measurement of thermal diffusivity of thin films, among others. Integrating low-K interconnects in other microelectronic processes is addressed in a series of papers on silicaand carbon-based films. This book would be most useful to those involved in preparation and characterization of inorganic low-K materials. -K. F. Schoch, Jr.