Showing papers in "International Journal of African Historical Studies in 2002"

When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda

Abstract: List of Abbreviations ix Preface and Acknowledgments xi Introduction: Thinking about Genocide 3 1. Defining the Crisis of Postcolonial Citizenship: Settler and Native as Political Identities 19 2. The Origins of Hutu and Tutsi 41 3. The Racialization of the Hutu/Tutsi Difference under Colonialism 76 4. The \"Social Revolution\" of 1959 103 5. The Second Republic: Redefining Tutsi from Race to Ethnicity 132 6. The Politics of Indigeneity in Uganda: Background to the RPF Invasion 159 7. The Civil War and the Genocide 185 8. Tutsi Power in Rwanda and the Citizenship Crisis in Eastern Congo 234 Conclusion: Political Reform after Genocide 264 Notes 283 Bibliography 343 Index 357

Mandela's Children : Growing Up in Post-Apartheid South Africa

Abstract: 1 Social Transformation and Child Development in South Africa 2 A Brief History of Institutional Racism in South Africa 3 Urban Poverty and Living Standards 4 The Decline of Political Violence 5 Rising Family and Community Violence 6 Physical Growth and Social Development 7 Self-Regulation of Attention, Behavior, and Emotions 8 Urban Households and Family Relationships 9 Family Influences on Socioemotional Development 10 Poverty and Child Development 11 The Impact of Violence on Children 12 Comparing the social development of South African, Ugandan, and African American Children 13 Between Hope and Peril: Adaptive Families, Resilient Children 14 Addressing the Needs of Children

Of small things remembered: beads, cowries, and cultural translations of the atlantic experience in yorubaland

Abstract: the ways that Atlantic imports were used as objects of cultural and political capital, altering the physical and cognitive realities of the people, and the impact of the sheer volume and new varieties of commodities on cultural transformations are questions rarely asked in the history of Atlantic Africa, especially in the Bight of Benin, between Allada/Dahomey in the wvest and the Benin Kingdom in the east. Rather, there has been a tendency in the historiography towards an instrumentalist economic approach in which the impact of the Atlantic economy on Africa and the importance of Africa to the Atlantic economy are reduced to dollar/pound values. These approaches often lead to facile questions and analyses that ignore or gloss over the lived Atlantic experience in African societies.3 This instrumental reasoning underlies David Eltis's argument that the slave and

Images and empires : visuality in colonial and postcolonial Africa

Abstract: List of Illustrations Preface Acknowledgments Introduction: An Amazing Distance: Pictures and People in Africa Paul Landau 1. "Our Mosquitoes Are Not So Big": Images and Modernity in Zimbabwe Timothy Burke 2. The Sleep of the Brave: Graves as Sites and Signs in the Colonial Eastern Cape David Bunn 3. Tintin and the Interruptions of Congolese Comics Nancy Rose Hunt 4. Cartooning Nigerian Anticolonial Nationalism Tejumola Olaniyan 5. Empires of the Visual: Photography and Colonial Administration in Africa Paul Landau 6. Portraits of Modernity: Fashioning Selves in Dakarois Popular Photography Hudita Nura Mustafa 7. Mami Wata and Santa Marta: Imag(in)ing Selves and Others in Africa and the Americas Henry John Drewal 8. "Captured on Film": Bushmen and the Claptrap of Performative Primitives Robert Gordon 9. Decentering the Gaze at French Colonial Exhibitions Catherine Hodeir 10. The Politics of Bushman Representations Pippa Skotnes 11. Omada Art at the Crossroads of Colonialisms Paula Ben-Amos Girshick 12. Bad Copies: The Colonial Aesthetic and the Manjaco-Portuguese Encounter Eric Gable Conclusion: Signifying Power in Africa Deborah D. Kaspin Bibliography List of Contributors Index

Wicked women and the reconfiguration of gender in Africa

Abstract: Introduction - "wicked" women and the reconfiguration of gender in Africa, Dorothy L. Hodgson and Sheryl McCurdy. Part 1 Contesting conjugality: women, marriage, divorce and the emerging colonial state in Abeokuta (Nigeria) 1892-1904, Judith Byfield "she thinks she's like a man" - marriage and deconstructing gender identity in colonial Buha, Western Tanzania, 1943-1960, Margot Lovett wayward women and useless men - contest and change in gender relations in Ado-Odo, South West Nigeria, Andrea Cornwall "gone to their second husbands" - marital metaphors and conjugal contracts in The Gambia's female garden sector, Richard A. Schroeder II. Part 2 Confronting authority: dancing women and colonial men - the "Nwaobiala" of 1925, Misty L. Bastian rounding up spinsters - gender chaos and unmarried women in colonial Asante, Jean Allman "my daughter ... belongs to the government now" - marriage, Maasai and the Tanzania state, Dorothy L. Hodgson. Part 3 Taking spaces/making spaces: gender and the cultural construction of "bad women" in the development of Kampala-Kibuga, 1900-62, Nakanyike B. Musisi you have left me wandering about - Basotho women and the culture of mobility, David B. Coplan urban threats - Manyema women, low fertility and venereal diseases in British colonial Tanganyika, 1926-36, Sheryl McCurdy negotiating social independence - the challenges of career pursuits for Igbo women in post-colonial Nigeria, Philomena E. Okeke. Part 4 Negotiating difference: the politics of difference and women's associations in Niger - of "prostitutes", the public and politics, Barbara M. Cooper "wicked women" and "respectable ladies" - reconfiguring gender on the Zambian copperbelt, 1936-64, Jane L. Parpat gender and profiteering -Ghana's market women as devoted mothers and "human vampire bats", Gracia Clark.

Eastern Africa and the Indian Ocean to 1800: Reviewing Relations in Historical Perspective

Abstract: In the strictest sense, Africa, Arabia, Persia, and India are not parts of the same cultural zone. Historically, foreigners, particularly Arabs, have had closer relations with the worlds of the Mediterranean and the Middle East than with Africa, and for their part most Africans have had few direct interactions with Asians. Yet Mother Nature, in the forms of wind and water, has provided the means for an interface between East African and western Indian Ocean shores that long has helped make the peoples of these regions close neighbors. For at least 2000 years trade goods have passed with the monsoons between African and Asian ports. While these regions have shared an ocean highway that has facilitated such material exchanges, differences in their respective hinterlands have made Arabia, Persia, and India exporters of finished wares and Africans suppliers of primary commodities. Hinterland conditions also have contributed to the movement of free persons and ideas from Asia, especially Arabia, to East Africa, while slaves have passed in the opposite direction. For East Africa, the periodic arrivals of Asian settlers had significant social and ideological consequences. It is the purpose of this paper to assess these connections in detail, especially as they affected East Africans.

Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site III. The Earlier Cultures: Middle and Earlier Stone Age

Abstract: 1. Introduction History of research Geology and sedimentation Chronology J. D. Clark 2. The Stone Age cultural sequence: terminology, typology and raw material J. D. Clark and M. R. Kleindienst 3. A re-analysis and interpretation of palynological data from Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site David Taylor, Robert Marchant and Alan Hamilton 4. The archaeology from the Mbwilo member, sands and rubble: the Siszya and Nakisasa industries of the Lupemban industrial complex J. D. Clark 5. The archaeology from the Mkamba member, ochreous sands bed. The Chipeta industry of the Sangoan industrial complex J. D. Clark 6. The Bwalya industry of the Acheulean industrial complex. Aggregates from the white sands and dark clay beds of the Mkamba member: Inuga phase (Final Acheulean) and Moola phase (Upper Acheulean) J. D. Clark 7. An examination of Kalambo Falls Acheulean site (B5) from a geoarchaeological perspective Kathy D. Schick 8. Modified, used and other wood specimens from Acheulean horizons J. D. Clark 9. The Kalambo Falls large cutting tools: A comparative metrical and statistical analysis Derek A. Roe 10. Experiments in quarrying large flakes at Kalambo Falls I Nicholas Toth 11. A modern knapper's assessment of the technical skills of the late Acheulean biface workers at Kalambo Falls Stephen W. Edwards 12. An allometric comparison of Sangoan core-axes and Acheulean handaxes from Kalambo Falls John A. G. Gowlett 13. An overview of archaeological culture and context at Kalambo Falls J. D. Clark 14. A view of the Kalambo Falls Early and Middle Stone Age assemblages in the context of the old world Palaeolithic Derek A. Roe Appendix A. Plant foods in African prehistory J. D. Clark Appendix B. Geography and Kalambo Falls clays J. D. Clark Appendix C. Carbowax and other materials in the treatment of water-logged Paleolithic wood R. M. Organ Appendix D. Curtis McKinney Appendix E. The Kalambo Falls flakes and fragments study of a sample of Acheulean flakes and fragments from site A4 1963 river face extension at Kalambo Falls.

African words, African voices : critical practices in oral history

Abstract: Introduction: Voices, Words, and African History David William Cohen, Stephan F. Miescher, and Luise White Part 1 Giving Africa a History The Construction of Luo Identity and History Bethwell Allan Ogot Reported Speech and Other Kinds of Testimony Megan Vaughan John Bunyan, His Chair, and a Few Other Relics: Orality, Literacy, and the Limits of Area Studies Isabel Hofmeyr The Dialogue Between Academic and Community History in Nigeria E. J. Alagoa The Birth of the Interview: The Thin and the Fat of It Abdullahi A. Ibrahim Part 2 African Lives Conversations and Lives Corinne A. Kratz The Life Histories of Boakye Yiadom (Akasease Kofi of Abetifi, Kwawu): Exploring the Subjectivity and "Voices" of a Teacher-Catechist in Colonial Ghana Stephan F. Miescher Lives, Histories, and Sites of Recollection Tamara Giles-Vernick Senegalese Women in Politics: A Portrait of Two Female Leaders, Arame Diene and Thioumbe Samb, 1945-1996 Babacar Fall Part 3 African Imaginations Nana Ampadu, the Sung-Tale Metaphor, and Protest Discourse in Contemporary Ghana Kwesi Yankah Voice, Authority, and Memory: The Kiswahili Recordings of Siti binti Saadi Laura Fair In a Nation of White Cars ... One White Car, or "A White Car," Becomes a Truth David William Cohen True Stories: Narrative, Event, History, and Blood in the Lake Victoria Basin Luise White

Readings in African Popular Fiction

Abstract: Intoduction, Stephanie Newell. Part 1 West Africa: Hausa creative writing in the 1930s - an exploration in postcolonial theory, Graham Furniss Indian films and Nigerian lovers - media and the creation of parallel modernities, Brian Larkin primary text 1 - excerpts from soyayya pamphlet Balaraba Ramat Yakubu, Alhaki Kwikiyo(?) Onitsha market literature, Donatus Nwoga the role of the publisher in Onitsha market literature, Don Dodson primary text 2 - extracts from J.C. Anorue, "How to Become Rich and Avoid Poverty" irregular visitors - narratives about "ogbaanje" (spirit children) in southern Nigerian popular writing, Misty Bastian Felix Couchoro - pioneer of popular writing in West Africa?, Alain Ricard writing and popular culture in Cameroon, Richard Bjornson the character of popular fiction in Ghana, Ime Ikiddeh. Part 2 East Africa: storylines, spellbinders and heartbeats - decentering the African oral-popular discourse, Raoul Granqvist romances for the office worker - Aubrey Kalitera and Malawi's white-collar reading public, Bernth Lindfors "Joe", the sweetest reading in Africa - documentation and discussion of a popular magazine in Kenya, Bodil Folke Frederiksen primary text 3 - facsimiles of cartoons, stories and covers from "Joe" magazine representations of men and women, city and town in Kenyan novels of the 1970s and 1980s, Nici Nelson primary text 4 - excerpts from Charles Mangua, "Son of Woman" the Swahili novel and the common man in East Africa, Euphrase Kezilahabi language and ideology in postcolonial Kenyan literature - the case of David Maillu's macronic fiction?, J. Robert Kurtz and Robert M. Kurts primary text 5 - excerpts from Ben R. Mtobwa's "Dar es Salaam Usiku (Dar es Salaam by Night)". Part 3 Southern Africa: rediscovery of the ordinary, Njabulo Ndebele African popular fiction - consideration of a category?, Michael Chapman the Sophiatown writers of the 50s - the unreal reality of their world, Paul Gready "Drum" magazine (1951-59) and the spatial configurations of gender, Dorothy Driver primary text 6 -facsimiles of covers, articles and letters from "Drum" magazine La Guma's "Little Libby" - the adventures of liberation Chabalala, Roger Field primary text 7 - artwork of "Little Libby" cartoon strips reading lives, Sarah Nuttall popular crime thrillers by black authors in South Africa, Lindy Stiebel primary text 8 -excerpts from South African crime thriller "The Secret in My Bosom", Gomolemo Mokai.

Cinema, Bell Bottoms, and Miniskirts: Struggles Over Youth and Citizenship in Revolutionary Zanzibar

Abstract: Young people in Zanzibar after the 1964 Revolution matured during a period of ambitious nation-building projects inspired by an official development discourse that made heavy demands on the physical resources of island citizens. All citizens, including elders, women and juniors, were supposed to be fully engaged in the construction of a new revolutionary society. This society, ruling party leaders argued, would be based upon local understandings of what constituted African, Islamic, and socialist discipline. It would be the fulfillment of the people's revolutionary conflict against colonialism and capitalism. Despite such official discourse, Zanzibar's political elite continued through the 1960s and 1970s to tolerate the daily showing of Western films in the capital that paid no deference to socialist development or Islamic standards of decency, and made no reference to the islands' historic race and class conflicts. These film narratives instead offered images of societies experiencing forms of consumption and individualism unacceptable within revolutionary Zanzibar.

Flickering shadows : cinema and identity in colonial Zimbabwe

Abstract: Every European power in Africa made motion pictures for its subjects, but no state invested as heavily in these films, and expected as much from them, as the British colony of Southern Rhodesia This volume explores the little-known world of colonial cinema JM Burns pieces together the history of the cinema in Rhodesia, examining film production, audience reception and state censorship, to reconstruct the story of how Africans in one nation became consumers of motion pictures Movies were a valued "tool of empire" designed to assimilate Africans into a new colonial order Inspired by an inflated confidence in the medium, Rhodesian government officials created an African film industry that was unprecedented in its size and scope Transforming the lives of their subjects through cinema proved to be more complicated than white officials had anticipated Although Africans embraced the medium with enthusiasm, they expressed critical opinions and demonstrated decided tastes that left colonial officials puzzled and alarmed This work tells the story of how motion pictures were introduced and negotiated in a colonial setting In doing so, it casts light on the history of the globalization of the cinema It is based on interviews with white and black filmmakers and African audience members, extensive archival research in Africa and England, and viewings of scores of colonial films

Archaeology and history in Ìlàrè District (Central Yorubaland, Nigeria), 1200-1900 A.D.

Abstract: The focus of this study (number 55 in the Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology) is the impact of developments from the 13th-19th centuries on the Ilare District of Central Yorubaland, SW Nigeria. The author's goal is to explain how the panregional interaction networks and historical processes shaped the settlement history, socio-political development, and transformations in the material aspects of cultural institutions in Ilare District during the period studied. Although Ilare District is recognized as a periphery in the interacting networks that linked several regional metropolises in Yorubaland, this study demonstrates that a regional history of these networks can be reconstructed by using the archaeological and oral historical data from Ilare District. As the first archaeological investigation in this interesting area, this work extends the frontiers of academic research in Yorubaland, and contributes to the pool of data needed to construct a comprehensive cultural history for the region.

The Biography of Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua: His Passage from Slavery to Freedom in Africa and America

Abstract: This is the only biography of an American slave who was born in Africa. Baquaqua was enslaved in northern Benin in the early 1840s when he was about 20. At the time he was a devout Muslim and worked as a bodyguard for the ruler of a small town. He was abducted and taken south to Togo and sold to a slave merchant who shipped him to Rio de Janeiro, then the world's largest slave market. Here he was sold again and brought to New York where he was convinced to jump ship by a little-known black group called the New York Vigilance Society. He escaped to Boston and later traveled to Haiti, the only free Black state, where he was picked up by the Free Baptist Mission and converted to Christianity. He later returned to the U.S. and attended college in Cortland, New York. Later Baquaqua moved to England.

Roots in reverse: Cubanismo in twentieth-century Senegalese music

Abstract: L'A se propose de reformuler les terrains de la contestation de la modernite au Senegal en portant son regard au-dela de la religion et de la litterature Il soutient que les musiciens senegalais et leurs publics ont egalement contribue de facon significative a la modernite et au cosmopolitisme au Senegal Se referant a des materiaux culturels de Cuba, ils ont ainsi contourne l'Europe Leurs contributions demontrent qu'en Afrique la modernite s'est forgee aussi souvent par le bas que par le haut et que l'Europe et l'Amerique du Nord n'etaient pas les seuls points de reference Les boites de nuit urbaines de la periode coloniale tardive constituaient egalement des laboratoires des modernites africaines Dans ces clubs, la jeunesse senegalaise a procede a la respatialisation du temps des loisirs et a la redefinition de la sphere publique, et elle s'est initiee a de nouveaux modeles de consommation et de relation intersexe Pour la jeunesse, la danse et la musique cubaine des annees 1950 representait une etape essentielle vers une modernite alternative au modele europeen dominant de l'apres guerre La musique afro-cubaine au Senegale demontre aussi que la transmission culturelle transnationale se realise a travers des circuits multidirectionnels

Colonial rule and crisis in equatorial Africa : Southern Gabon, ca. 1850-1940

Abstract: In the second half of the nineteenth century, two very different practices of territoriality confronted each other in Southern Gabon. Clan and lineage relationships were most important in the local practice, while the French practice was informed by a territorial definition of society that had emerged with the rise of the modern nation-state and industrial capitalism. This modern territoriality used an array of bureaucratic instruments - such as maps and censuses - previously unknown in equatorial Africa. Such instruments denied the existence of locally created territories and were fundamental to the exercise of colonial power. Thus modern territoriality imposed categories and institutions foreign to the peoples to whom they were applied. As colonial power became more effective from the 1920s on, those institutions started to be appropriated by Gabonese cultural elites who negotiated their meanings in reference to their own traditions. The result was a strongly ambiguous condition that left its imprint on the new colonial territories and subsequently the postcolonial Gabonese state. Christopher Gray was Assistant Professor of History, Florida International University.

The uncertain promise of Southern Africa

Abstract: Part 1 Introduction: the uncertain promise of southern Africa, York Bradshaw, Stephen N. Ndegwa balance of power in southern Africa, Colin Legum. Part 2 Countries: South Africa - transition to majority rule, transformation to stable democracy, Kenneth W. Grundy Zimbabwe - the erosion of authoritarianism and prospects for democracy, Masipula Sithole democracy and development in post-independence Namibia, Joshua Bernard Forrest democratising the administrative state in Botswana, John D. Holm, Staffan Darnoff militarism, warfare and the search for peace in Angola, Horace G. Campbell celebration and confrontation, resolution and restructuring - Mozambique from independence to the Millennium, M. Anne Pitcher. Part 3 Themes: popular culture in southern Africa, David B. Coplan gendered terrains - negotiating land and development, whose reality counts? Jean Davidson law and gender in southern Africa, Chuma Himonga education in southern Africa - the paradox of progress, Bruce Fuller, Allen Caldwell health and society in southern Africa in times of economic turbulence, Ezekiel Kalipeni business in southern Africa, Tony Dyer, Sue Kell compendium of data for the quantitative analysis of southern Africa, Leizell Bradshaw.

Bukom, and the Social History of Boxing in Accra: Warfare and Citizenship in Precolonial Ga Society

Abstract: L'A. examine les origines du asafo atwele - art martial collectif autochtone des Ga de la Gold Coast - en tant que sport populaire, ancre dans des espaces sociaux particuliers associes aux roturiers : la plage et l'aire de Bukom dans la ville d'Ussher ou la ville coloniale neerlandaise d'Accra. Il interroge les processus sociopolitiques historiques fondant l'emergence d'un esprit de corps du asafo atwele procurant un sens de l'identite partagee a des groupes disparates. Il situe egalement l'asafo atwele dans le contexte de la formation sociale et urbaine coloniale d'Accra, mettant en evidence la recherche de nouvelles valeurs par l'institution guerriere asafo alors que la Pax Britannica a elimine la guerre. Il analyse ensuite la transition vers la boxe occidentale. Il insiste notamment sur l'importance du sport comme vehicule des aspirations individuelles, et comme marqueur de l'identite communautaire et de la difference politique. Il montre comment la fusion entre l'asafo atwele et la boxe, a partir des annees 1930, s'est realisee dans un processus d'indigenisation de la boxe, creant un style particulier qui distingue les poids-plumes ga sur la scene sportive internationale.

Social welfare in Muslim societies in Africa

Abstract: In recent decades there has been an increasing attempt by Muslim intellectuals to reflect on the provision of social welfare in Muslim societies in Africa. One reason for this is the few, if not no ...

German Women for Empire, 1884-1945

Abstract: When Germany annexed colonies in Africa and the Pacific beginning in the 1880s, many German women were enthusiastic. At the same time, however, they found themselves excluded from what they saw as a great nationalistic endeavor. In German Women for Empire, 1884–1945 Lora Wildenthal untangles the varied strands of racism, feminism, and nationalism that thread through German women’s efforts to participate in this episode of overseas colonization. In confrontation and sometimes cooperation with men over their place in the colonial project, German women launched nationalist and colonialist campaigns for increased settlement and new state policies. Wildenthal analyzes recently accessible Colonial Office archives as well as mission society records, periodicals, women’s memoirs, and fiction to show how these women created niches for themselves in the colonies. They emphasized their unique importance for white racial “purity” and the inculcation of German culture in the family. While pressing for career opportunities for themselves, these women also campaigned against interracial marriage and circulated an image of African and Pacific women as sexually promiscuous and inferior. As Wildenthal discusses, the German colonial imaginary persisted even after the German colonial empire was no longer a reality. The women’s colonial movement continued into the Nazi era, combining with other movements to help turn the racialist thought of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries into the hierarchical evaluation of German citizens as well as colonial subjects. Students and scholars of women’s history, modern German history, colonial politics and culture, postcolonial theory, race/ethnicity, and gender will welcome this groundbreaking study.