Showing papers in "International journal of ambient energy in 1985"
TL;DR: In this paper, two Swedish group solar heating plants with seasonal storage, connected to residential areas with about 50 single-family houses, have been in operation for four years, and the emphasis of the assessment has been on system performance as a whole.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS At the present time two Swedish group solar heating plants with seasonal storage, connected to residential areas with about 50 single-family houses, have been in operation for 4 years. The Lambohov Plant has a total of 2700 m2 of flat plate collectors and a 10 000 m3 rock pit store. The Ingelstad plant has a total of 1300 m2 of concentrating collectors and a 5000 m3 free-standing tank. The emphasis of the assessment has been on system performance as a whole. Most of the emphasis has been placed on general conclusions concerning technology and economy for seasonal storage plants.
16 citations
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TL;DR: The article as mentioned in this paper describes succinctly de different procedes de traitement: incineration, gazeification, pyrolyse, digestion anaerobie, fermentation, and fermentation.
Abstract: Tonnages des differents dechets solides produits en Grande Bretagne en 1981 et quantites de matiere combustible contenues. Pouvoirs calorifiques types des principaux constituants des residus et dechets industriels: description succincte de differents procedes de traitement: incineration, gazeification, pyrolyse, digestion anaerobie, fermentation. Etude particuliere de la production de combustible solide sous differentes formes, de ses caracteristiques de combustion et d'emission de polluants et de l'economie de son utilisation
10 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined several options, ranging from solar active systems to properly designed heating systems, and concluded that the most cost-effective option was a properly controlled heating system.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS In the rehabilitation programme of 29 old school buildings in Palermo energy conservation measures were included. By means of simulation models, several options were examined, ranging from solar active systems to properly designed heating systems. The study showed, because of the characteristics of the buildings, their occupation pattern and the mild climate, that the most cost-effective option was a properly controlled heating system. Italian energy conservation building regulations were shown to be scarcely suitable to the cases examined, and a certain resistance to technological innovation was found in some designers, especially the older ones.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the idea of creating a 35 acre township under a pneumatically supported transparent membrane was studied and the environmental conception and design of a township for 2000 residents with commercial and social support activities.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS Most of the Canadian population live within 200 miles of the USA border. When work is available further north in the country this often means that members of families are separated from each other for long periods of time because the adverse climate does not tempt people to resettle either temporarily or permanently. The idea of creating a 35 acre township under a pneumatically supported transparent membrane was studied and this paper describes the environmental conception and design of a township for 2000 residents with commercial and social support activities. Besides identifying the criteria, basic systems of heating, ventilating and lighting were planned. The importance of residents seeing as well as thermally sensing the sun is discussed, including a review of current flexible membranes which are suitable for the snow and the wind conditions of northern Canada.
6 citations
TL;DR: The Kerava solar village has been in operation since the beginning of 1983 as mentioned in this paper, and during the first year numerous system and component tests have been made, and preliminary results show that a solar fraction of 40-50% may be achieved in normal conditions.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS Kerava solar village has been in operation since the beginning of 1983. During the first year numerous system and component tests have been made. Preliminary results show that a solar fraction of 40–50% may be achieved in normal conditions. Despite some difficulties in system control, the system performance has been satisfactory, in particular the solar collectors.
6 citations
TL;DR: In Ireland, the potential use of solar energy in Ireland began shortly after the oil crisis of 1973-74 as discussed by the authors, and various EEC programmes were joined, and national programmes established.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS Consideration of the potential use of solar energy in Ireland began shortly after the oil crisis of 1973–74. Subsequently, various EEC programmes were joined, and national programmes established. In solar thermal energy, work has been ongoing involving collector testing, computer modelling, pilot test facilities, and performance monitoring. Individual projects have included ones connected with absorption cooling systems, ultra-high absorptivity spectral selective surfaces, and demonstration of active air and liquid collector systems including heat pumps, as well as passive systems, in real houses. In the solar photovoltaic area, Ireland houses one of the EEC pilot facilities—a 50 kW,-peak plant running a dairy, where the load is well matched to the supply. National programmes exist in wind energy, biomass, and small-scale hydropower. Wind energy converters are generating electricity or providing mechanical energy for draining land or for water heating. Some research work has been pursued in wave ...
5 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared results from SERI-RES simulations of two very different passive solar house designs, one a large detached house with direct gain features, the other a small terraced house with a conservatory, and four conventional reference designs in the climates of Kew (51°N), Eskdalemuir (55°N) and Lerwick (60°N).
Abstract: SYNOPSIS This paper compares results from SERI-RES simulations of two very different passive solar house designs—one a large detached house with direct gain features, the other a small terraced house with a conservatory—and four conventional reference designs in the climates of Kew (51°N), Eskdalemuir (55°N) and Lerwick (60°N). The estimated fuel savings from the direct gain features are generally rather lower in Scotland than at Kew but if window areas were re-optimized to suit the Scottish climate (they would be smaller), the fuel savings in Scotland would probably be broadly similar to those achieved in southern England. The savings from the conservatory design are about 50% higher in Scotland than at Kew. It seems likely that the benefits of climate-optimized passive solar design will usually be as great in Scotland as in southern England, and in some cases they will be substantially greater. Taking cost into account as well, passive solar design appears to be an attractive option for house designers ...
3 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the advantages of adopting cycles having variable temperature heat introduction arid/or rejection are emphasized, and an optimization technique based on economic considerations is adopted to compare the performance of simple saturated cycles to more complex multi-modular solutions, having various evaporating and condensing stages.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS The peculiar thermodynamic characteristics of OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion) and GEOTEC (Geothermal-Ocean Energy Conversion) power cycles are discussed in the paper. The advantages of adopting cycles having variable temperature heat introduction arid/or rejection are emphasized. An optimization technique based on economic considerations is adopted to compare the performance of simple saturated cycles to more complex multi-modular solutions, having various evaporating and condensing stages. For OTEC plants, the most relevant gains are found in a decrease of heat exchanger and cold water pipe costs, in GEOTEC plants the possibility of cooling the geothermal fluid yields a lower incidence of costs related to the geothermal well.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a prototype solar house has been developed in which all the energy requirements of the house are met with solar energy, and concepts of photovoltaic electric power, thermal heating and passive cooling have been used.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS The majority of the world's population lives in rural and remote areas in the Third World countries. Many of these areas still do not have regular electric and water supplies. Having the increasing cost of conventional energy in mind, a prototype solar house has been developed in which all the energy requirements of the house are met with solar energy. Concepts of photovoltaic electric power, thermal heating and passive cooling have been used. All the systems have been functioning satisfactorily. Although the cost of this type of house will be high, such houses can bring considerable improvement in the life-style of rural and remote dwellers in Third World countries.
3 citations
TL;DR: Synthese succincte d'un numero special consacree a l'utilisation de l'energie solaire for le chauffage de bâtiments dans les climats nordiques.
Abstract: Synthese succincte d'un numero special consacree a l'utilisation de l'energie solaire pour le chauffage de bâtiments dans les climats nordiques
3 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a cylindrical glass honeycomb solar collector and a basic collector were compared, and the experimental results indicated that the efficiency of the experimental collector is much greater than that of the basic collector.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS The structure of an experimental cylindrical glass honeycomb solar collector, the testing system and method for determining instantaneous efficiency are introduced. Experimental results giving the instantaneous efficiency of both the honeycomb collector and a “basic collector” are reported. Results from boiling water tests are also discussed. These indicate that the efficiency of the experimental collector is much greater than that of the “basic collector”. For values of solar irradiation between 600 and 1000 W/m2 and taking the temperature difference between the average working fluid and the environment as 30K, 50K, 70K and 90K, the corresponding instantaneous efficiencies are 57–66%, 41–57%. 24–47% and 8–38%. The method of the theoretical efficiency prediction and calculation are briefly discussed, the measured and calculated data are analysed and compared. As an application, the structure and system as well as experimental results of a solar heating boiling water device, with a 4.6 m2 collecto...
TL;DR: In this article, the use of liquids suitable for operation at elevated temperatures and also those which provide freeze protection is discussed, including mineral oils, synthetic oils, water and water/glycol mixtures.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS There exists a wide range of heat transfer fluids for use in solar collectors. A large proportion of these are liquids when used at temperatures less than 300°C. They consist of mineral and synthetic heat transfer oils which have near atmospheric vapour pressures when operated at 300°C, unlike water/steam which has a vapour pressure of approximately 90 atmospheres. The thermal and transport properties of these oils are inferior to those of water and as a result higher pumping costs may occur. Fortunately the oils are classed as non-toxic and are, in general, readily available. This paper discusses the use of liquids suitable for operation at elevated temperatures and also those which provide freeze protection. The liquids examined are mineral oils, synthetic oils, water and water/glycol mixtures.
TL;DR: The use of solar heating for buildings is mainly limited to experimental projects as discussed by the authors, and the gross technical potential for solar heating after the turn of the century was estimated to be 4.8 Mt o. (5.4 TWh).
Abstract: SYNOPSIS Biomass is the most important indigenous energy source in Finland and its share of the primary energy consumption was about 16% in 1982. Its significance in the future has also been recognized by the government's energy policy. The use of solar heating for buildings is mainly limited to experimental projects. The gross technical potential of solar heating after the turn of the century was estimated to be 4.8 Mt o.e. (5.4 TWh).
TL;DR: In this paper, three house models are used to demonstrate the energy performance of sunspace buffer zones in the climate of north-west Scotland, and the authors found that smaller sunspaces are more comfortable and cost effective.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS Three house models are used to demonstrate the energy performance of sunspace buffer zones in the climate of north-west Scotland. The sunspace in the first model, while extra to minimum floor area standard, is an essential plan element—the entrance porch. In the second two models, the sunspace is contained within the statutory gross minimum house area, but additional to net living/kitchen and sleeping minimum areas. The latter 10 m2 buffer provides economic flexibility for significant expansion of usable living space without incurring a fuel penalty; but smaller sunspaces are found to be more comfortable and cost effective.
TL;DR: In this article, the thermal performance of a passive solar house in Ireland having high energy conservation standards is compared with that of a similar sized conventional dwelling house in both cases the performance over a meteorological Test Reference Year is assessed using climatically responsive models developed experimentally which predict their internal temperature without heating.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS The thermal performance of a passive solar house in Ireland having high energy conservation standards is compared with that of a similar sized conventional dwelling house. In both cases the performance over a meteorological Test Reference Year is assessed using climatically responsive models developed experimentally which predict their internal temperature without heating. The results indicate that the conventional house required over three times as much auxiliary heating as the passive solar house. Solar gain accounted for over half the gross heat demand in the solar house compared to 13% in the bungalow. An added advantage of the increased utilization of solar gain was the estimated reduction in the heating season from nine to six months.
TL;DR: In this paper, a semi-climatized zone in the shape of a glazed space is heated by solar radiation and to some degree by excess heat or heat loss from the main and fully insulated part of the building.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS A semi-climatized zone in the shape of a glazed space is heated to some degree by solar radiation and to some degree by excess heat or heat loss from the main and fully insulated part of the building. Such a space will not offer full thermal comfort for permanent occupancy during the winter season, but it is useful for secondary functions such as circulation, storage, physical activities, etc. During the summer season glazed spaces will also be very attractive for ordinary occupancy. A condition for energy conservation is that these spaces are not heated directly but utilize heat loss and possibly excess heat from the adjoining buildings. If they are properly positioned and constructed, they will also function as solar collectors. The energy reduction potential will vary greatly with the relative size of the spaces, with the system installed, and with possibilities for long term storage. If the glazed space covers relatively large parts of the adjoining buildings, the reduced heat loss from these...
TL;DR: In this paper, four dominant weather categories at each location are identified and shown to be statistically distinct in terms of mean wind speed, mean wind power density and mean stability, and their differing characteristics and different frequencies of occurrence mean that the synoptic categories make vastly different contributions to total wind power at each of the two stations and, as such, represent means by which estimates of wind power can be extended by the use of numerical models, measurements can be organized into efficient samples and predictions of the surface wind fields can be developed.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS Discriminant analysis is used to classify synoptic weather regimes at two contrasting locations in southern Africa for the purpose of wind power assessment. Four dominant weather categories at each location are identified and shown to be statistically distinct in terms of mean wind speed, mean wind power density and mean stability. Their differing characteristics and different frequencies of occurrence mean that the synoptic categories make vastly different contributions to total wind power at each of the two stations and, as such, represent means by which estimates of wind power can be extended by the use of numerical models, measurements can be organized into efficient samples and predictions of the surface wind fields can be developed.