Showing papers in "International Journal of Anthropology in 1995"
TL;DR: Decomposition of sex differences in adult size showed that the major contributor to adult the sex differences is the effect of the later onset of the adolescent growth spurt in boys than in girls.
Abstract: Sex differences in growth were studied in a longitudinal study of 39 boys and 31 girls for sitting height. Individual growth patterns were determined by means of Preece Baines model 1. The results showed no significant bias in the fits of height and sitting height in boys and girls. Girls fits were significantly better than those of the boys for both height and sitting height. Univariate analysis by means of Mann-Whitney test showed significant sex differences for all function and biological parameters of height and sitting height excepted for s1 parameter (the rate constant controlling pubertal velocity). Linear discriminant analysis revealed that the strongest sex differences for the timing and size parameters at adolescent. Peak velocity at adolescent was slightly less discriminating between the two sexes and velocity at take-off showed the least sex difference. These trends were similar for height and sitting height. Decomposition of sex differences in adult size showed that the major contributor to adult the sex differences is the effect of the later onset of the adolescent growth spurt in boys than in girls. Sex differences in adult phenotypes of height and sitting height are to a slightly lesser extent due to the greater adolescent gain in boys while prepubertal sex differences are almost negligible.
12 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the interobserver error when the macroscopic methods recommended by American and European anthropologists to estimate age at death of a skeleton, were applied to a sample of the Terry Collection (Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C.).
Abstract: This research evaluates the interobserver error when the macroscopic methods recommended by American and European anthropologists to estimate age at death of a skeleton, were applied to a sample of the Terry Collection (Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C.). Although no statistical differences among observers were found for any of these methods, small dissimilarities suggest that techniques using a narrower scale of categories produce greater agreement among researchers. The present study is within a wider research project designed to evaluate the accuracy of these methods, when applied to an identified (age known) sample of 963 skeleton from the Terry Collection.
9 citations
TL;DR: The correlations between MENA and MENO and migrant status, and migrant socio-economic statuses, are negative, although these correlations were statistically significant in the Coastal sample.
Abstract: The possible effects of migration and socio-economic status (SES) on age at menarche (MENA), age at menopause (MENO), potential reproductive period (PRP), and the correlation between MENA and MENO, were studied in 216 women in the Yucatan, Mexico. They were divided into three groups: migrant from the sisal-growing area on the coast, and sisal and coastal sedentary.
9 citations
TL;DR: Further analyses of the auditory ossicles in Greek and Roman populations are however needed to confirm the gene flow hypothesis in the Antinoe population, suggested by historical data.
Abstract: Historical evidence suggests that the Christian Coptic population of Antinoe necropolis, probable descendants of Dynastic Egyptians, may reflect admixture from Greek and Roman populations. Within the anthropological surveys on Antinoe skeletal remains (A.D. 300–600), a sample of auditory ossicles was compared with a Dynastic Egyptian sample (“G. Marro” osteological collection), from Asiut and Gebelen Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were applied, to this end.
9 citations
TL;DR: A review of studies covering the biological relationship of the ancient Egyptians was conducted by as discussed by the authors, who found that the major biological affinities of early southern Egyptians lay with tropical Africans.
Abstract: A review of studies covering the biological relationship of the ancient Egyptians was undertaken. An overview of the data from the studies suggests that the major biological affinities of early southern Egyptians lay with tropical Africans. The range of indigenous tropical African phenotypes is great; and this range of variation must be considered in any discussion of the Nile Valley peoples. The early southern Egyptians belonged primarily to an African descent group which gained some Near Eastern affinity through gene flow with the passage of time.
6 citations
TL;DR: In this study, 40 individuals ofCallithrix jacchus were analyzed in order to investigate the frequency of chimerism and to determine whether the fertility of the colony was in any way affected by Chimerism.
Abstract: In this study, 40 individuals ofCallithrix jacchus were analyzed in order to investigate the frequency of chimerism and to determine whether the fertility of the colony was in any way affected by chimerism.
6 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors carried out some investigations on the population of this village to understand the difference in the prevalence of G6PD deficiency in this village with respect to the other mountain villages in the same province.
Abstract: The unlikely high frequency of G6PD deficiency which we found in a mountain village (San Giovanni in Fiore: province of Cosenza — Calabria, Southern Italy), with respect to the mean frequency of the other mountain villages in the same province, led us to carry out some investigations on the population of this village to understand this difference. The historical analysis, together with the social-demographic, endogamic and isonymyc study revealed the isolation of this village; while, the analysis of the allele frequencies of AK, ADA, 6PGD, PGM1, ABO and Rh markers revealed no significant differences if compared to the rest of the province. But the AK*5 variant which we found in ten unrelated subjects with a frequency of 0.0104, allows us to hypothesise together with the high G6PD frequency a random genetic drift effect on this village.
5 citations
TL;DR: Single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay is a new, simple and sensitive method of evaluating DNA damage and repair at individual cell level that can be performed on extremely small number of cells and results can be obtained within a relatively short time.
Abstract: The estimation of genetic instability by direct extent of DNA damage and repair is an important aspect of studies on mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, aging and evolution. Different methods have been introduced from time to time in an effort to meet this need. Single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay is a new, simple and sensitive method of evaluating DNA damage and repair at individual cell level. This assay can be performed on extremely small number of cells and results can be obtained within a relatively short time. The SCGE assay has the potential to play an important role not only in the understanding of some of the fundamental aspects of human biology but also can be helpful in many practical ways.
5 citations
5 citations
TL;DR: The overall growth performance of the rural Meitei children was poor as compared to US, Urban Chinese, and well-nourished Indian children.
Abstract: Patterns of growth in 10 anthropometric measurements among the rural Manipuri children (N=425), aged 5 to 14 years, with poor socio-economic backgrounds are reported. The anthropometric dimensions include weight, stature, sitting-height, head, chest and midupper-arm circumferences, biepicondylar widths of humerus and femur, and triceps and biceps skinfolds. Except skinfolds, the boys measured more than the girls in all measurements at all ages, except from 10 to 12 years in weight, stature, sitting-height, and chest and mid-upper-arm circumferences. Across all ages, the girls had thicker fat folds. Up to 12 years, the children lie approximately on the 10th centile of NCHS in stature and weight. The arm circumferences was below the 3rd centile of the Dutch children, until 11 years. The triceps fat fold fluctuated between 10th and 25th centiles of US whites. The rural Meiteis were taller and heavier than rural Burmese and urban Meiteis. The overall growth performance of the rural Meitei children was poor as compared to US, Urban Chinese, and well-nourished Indian children.
5 citations
TL;DR: The current reappearance of the word race to define human biological differences is misleading. as discussed by the authors pointed out the historical responsabilities on the origin of this fallacious concept, and clarified the misleading overimposition of physical, cultural and religious differences among human populations.
Abstract: The current reappearance of the word race to define human biological differences is misleading. It creates social and political problems. In the present synthesis we try to point out the historical responsabilities on the origin of this fallacious concept, and to clarify the misleading overimposition of physical, cultural and religious differences among human populations.
TL;DR: A significant heterogeneity was observed between Albanian allele frequencies and those of the surrounding groups and the presence of a new variant PGM1*W31 in Albanian sample group was revealed.
Abstract: Allele frequencies of the phosphoglucomutase-1 (PGM1), in the Albanian ethnic minority of province of Cosenza (Calabria-Southern Italy) were compared with the corresponding data from neighbouring non-Albanian sample groups. The isoelectrofocusing evaluation in the two populations revealed the presence of a new variant PGM1*W31 in Albanian sample group. Furthermore, a significant heterogeneity was observed between Albanian allele frequencies and those of the surrounding groups.
TL;DR: The allele frequencies of polymorphic red cells adenilatechinase, adenosindeaminase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase enzymes in a population living in the province of Cosenza (Calabria, Southern Italy) are reported.
Abstract: We report the allele frequencies of polymorphic red cells adenilatechinase (AK), adenosindeaminase (ADA) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) enzymes in a population living in the province of Cosenza (Calabria, Southern Italy). AK*1 (0.957), ADA*1 (0.942) and 6-PGD*A (0.965) frequencies are compared with samples obtained from other italian regions.
TL;DR: In this article, a sample of 3000 males belonging 20 endogamous castes from Maharashtra were analysed to determine specifically the distribution of
Abstract: In a sample of 3000 males belonging 20 endogamous castes from Maharashtra were analysed to determine specifically the distribution of
TL;DR: Comparing the allele frequencies of these polymorphic serum protein systems with those reported on other Austrian population samples some heterogeneity in the regional distribution of allele frequencies was seen, especially concerning the GC system.
Abstract: Haptoglobin (HP), transferrin (TF), group specific component (GC) and protease inhibitor (PI) polymorphisms were studied in a population sample (n=272) from Tyrol (Austria). Comparing the allele frequencies of these polymorphic serum protein systems with those reported on other Austrian population samples some heterogeneity in the regional distribution of allele frequencies was seen, especially concerning the GC system. The reasons for that may be due to different historical backgrounds in the various regions of Austria.
TL;DR: Data on the menarcheal age was collected from a sample of 749 girls, aged between 11 and 17 years of age, drawn from the population of Marrakech (Morocco), and comparisons show that only the family size and the number of sibling have an effect on the age atMenarche.
Abstract: Data on the menarcheal age was collected from a sample of 749 girls, aged between 11 and 17 years of age, drawn from the population of Marrakech (Morocco). The mean age at menarche calculated for the entire sample was of 14.26 year of age (SD=1.20). Once having grouped the girls according to the different environmental factors, we calculated the mean menarcheal age for earch group. Comparisons of these means show that only the family size and the number of sibling have an effect on the age at menarche.
TL;DR: In this article, the median sagittal plane of the skull is obtained by means of points of a cartesian system of coordinate, phylogenetic comparison, standardisable on optional points of reference respectively planes of reference.
Abstract: By means of a new method of measurement which defines a total of eight measuring points along the median sagittal plane of the skull, methodical aspects are explained. The advantages of this method consist in its easy use and exact reproducibility of the calculated data thus obtained. On account of the fact that it permits to obtain the median sagittal plane of the skull by means of points of a cartesian system of coordinate, phylogenetic comparison, standardisable on optional points of reference respectively planes of reference is possible. The specific trigonometric construction enables extensive interpretation of single angles, distances and parts of surface, the amount of detail of which exceeds that of method in use.
TL;DR: Towards Justice and Peace is a splendid title for a symposium and book to honour Professor Sunderland as mentioned in this paper. But it is also a very difficult title to use for a biological anthropologist.
Abstract: Towards Justice and Peace is a splendid title for a symposium and book to honour Professor Sunderland. It is also a very difficult title for a biological anthropologist. I make the distinction from social anthropology with some apology. There are of course many subdisciplines and traditions within Anthropology and I most associate Professor Sunderland's support of my university and myself with our attempts to foster cross-disciplinary discussion, towards a “Biosocial Anthropology”, as it were. So, while for specialists in fossilization of bones, sequences of DNA molecules or analysis of urine, the title, Towards Justice and Peace might cause problems, I should like to discuss some biosocial anthropology on an international frontier, which, after centuries of military aggression and defence, is now a peaceful line on a map within the European Community. HMM.
TL;DR: The results show that the migrants are lighter and slightly shorter than the sedente Oraons of Estern India.
Abstract: The present study deals with the effect of migration on the adult body dimensions among the Oraons of Estern India.
TL;DR: In this paper, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to study the head and face shape of a northern Greek children population, showing a homogenic population with small shape differences due mainly to vertical and ear variables.
Abstract: 689 boys and 644 girls of a northern Greek children population have been studied concerning the head and face shape by means of principal component analysis. From the morphological patterns show a homogenic population with small shape differences due mainly to vertical and ear variables. Size differences appear to be responsible for the variability of the population.
TL;DR: It was found that the vascular mortality on the interpopulational level explains between 57% and 71% in total mortality and could serve as a quite fair indicator of the populational well-being in general.
Abstract: This study was based on a sample of 68 populations from 42 countries of Eurasia. Most of the data were from the MONICA Project, while additional information was from the abundant literature. Mortality rates (from cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and ischaemic heart diseases, and death rate from all causes) and related to them potential risk factors (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total serum cholesterol and body mass index) were described for men and women, separately for 5 age cohorts, ranging between 25 and 64 years. The results showed that, in contrast to the studies carried out on theintrapopulational level, in our work risk factors did not demonstrate any strong association with mortality rate variables. Moreover, it was found that the vascular mortality on theinterpopulational level explains between 57% and 71% in total mortality and could serve as a quite fair indicator of the populational well-being in general. Although mortality rate from vascular diseases in women was much lower than in man of equal ages, geographic variation of the above mentioned death rates has showed a very similar pattern in the two sexes: the death rate is high in women when it is high in men.
TL;DR: The results show significant differences only in two antigens, A2 and B35, suggesting genetic similarity among these tribes which belong to the same linguistic family.
Abstract: The serological HLA types (A,B,C and D loci) were studied in the Sikuani and Guayabero, two Guahiboan speaking Indian groups inhabiting the eastern lowlands of Colombia. Besides restricted polymorphism, the results show significant differences only in two antigens, A2 and B35, suggesting genetic similarity among these tribes which belong to the same linguistic family. Genetic distances were calculated for comparison with other Colombian groups so far studied, showing the lowest distance between the two tribes under study. The Guayabero were closer to the urban population of Bogota, which suggests that the genetic structure of the present day Amerindians of South America may be significantly influenced by the European populations.
TL;DR: The “tools” of modern science together with the more traditional training will enrich the discipline, but more importantly enable the anthropologist to address controversial and often frightening prospects left in the wake of for example gene technology and gene manipulation, in a competent and scientific manner.
Abstract: Anthropology has a future and a very pertinent role to play, if we are sensitive to and aware of the new developments in the fields of medicine, biology and ecology which are undergoing dramatic changes. Most definitely these fields will need an anthropological dimension to be added. The natural history and diversity of Man remains the basis of anthropology, but it is time to reassess the training available to students today, in order to keep the discipline alive, growing and significant. Undoubtedly we must offer our students a broad, general basis of knowledge in the first years. Thereafter we must include biomedical disciplines such as anatomy, molecular biology, genetics, epidemiology, and other pertinent subjects, such as statistics, ecology, prehistory, etc. With these “tools” the future student would be well equipped to introduce anthropological aspects into many fields. As European universities cannot provide all these disciplines at a single institution at a level equivalent to PhD studies, we must work towards a tradition of exchange, co-operation and joint projects and universally acknowledged academic degrees such as a Masters and Ph.D. The Erasmus Biology Programme has already achieved some results in this respect and is ready with a proposal of a European Masters Degree in anthropology. The “tools” of modern science together with the more traditional training will enrich the discipline, but more importantly enable the anthropologist to address controversial and often frightening prospects left in the wake of for example gene technology and gene manipulation, in a competent and scientific manner. Many societies have allowed anthropologists to study their populations in detail. We, on the other hand, have an obligation to ensure that the data we have acquired and accumulated are not misused by those who practise racist, eugenic or nationalistic ideals. The ability to carry out these obligations lies to a great extent in a strong, dynamic and diverse organisation, such as an EAA which is open to renewal and willing to address future social and political issues. A fragmented EAA cannot cope with these. There must be room for all in our organisation, ranging from the traditional to the very specialised anthropologist. If we achieve the necessary unity, we will be able to participate in the challenges that the technology of the 20th and 21st centuries imposes on the daily lives of all of us. To err is characteristic of everyone but only idiots persevere in it (Cicero).
TL;DR: In this paper, the negative relationship between educational levels of the spouses and consanguinity was found and further analysis deplore significant differences in the mean levels consanguity between educational groups.
Abstract: The highest values of consanguinity was found among “Kamma” (45.0%), “Ediga” (47.5%) and “Mala” (55.7%) who occupy different strata of Indian caste hierarchy. In the way of searchout the factors influencing consanguineous marriages, the present paper finda the negative relationship between educational levels of the spouses and consanguinity. The educational levels of men has significant effect on the frequency of consanguinious marriages among “Kamma” and “Mala”. However, further analysis deplore significant differences in the mean levels consanguinity between educational groups. It divulge low level of higher education among the populations. Only 12% of men and 1.6% of women have degree level and above education in the total sample.
TL;DR: Blood samples of 1.022 individuals of both sexes, collected during the “Expedicion Humana” programme of Colombia were C3 typed, showing a wide range of variation of the C3*F gene, which may be a marker of recent admixture in Amerindians, but there may be other genetic factors, such as selection and inbreeding in maintaining high levels of genetic polymorphism in tribes such as Guahibo.
Abstract: Blood samples of 1.022 individuals of both sexes, collected during the “Expedicion Humana” programme. Twelve Indian group, two Negroes, two urban and one mestizo populations of Colombia were C3 typed. The results showed the urban samples have C3*F genotype frequencies (17 and 20%) similar to the Spanish population. The Negroe system, with lower C3*F gene frequencies (3.5 and 7%) also resembled their parental populations in Africa. The Mestizo population reported in this study showed a lower value of the C3*F gene (2.2%) than previously studied. suggesting that the degree of admixture may vary in different regions of the country. As regards the Indian populations, there was a wide range of variation of the C3*F gene (0–19%) many tribes being monomorphic. This gene may be a marker of recent admixture in Amerindians, but there may be other genetic factors, such as selection and inbreeding in maintaining high levels of genetic polymorphism in tribes such as Guahibo.