Showing papers in "International Journal of Environment and Pollution in 2006"
TL;DR: Analysis of various ANN and GP scenarios indicates that good predictions of long-term trends in algal biomass can be obtained using only chlorophyll-a as input, but the use of biweekly data is not ideally suited to give short-term algal bloom predictions.
Abstract: In the recent past, machine learning (ML) techniques such as artificial neural networks (ANN) have been increasingly used to model algal bloom dynamics. In the present paper, along with ANN, we select genetic programming (GP) for modelling and prediction of algal blooms in Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong. The study of the weights of the trained ANN and also the GP-evolved equations shows that they correctly identify the ecologically significant variables. Analysis of various ANN and GP scenarios indicates that good predictions of long-term trends in algal biomass can be obtained using only chlorophyll-a as input. The results indicate that the use of biweekly data can simulate long-term trends of algal biomass reasonably well, but it is not ideally suited to give short-term algal bloom predictions.
348 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new methodology of multiple criteria data envelopment analysis (MCDEA), which can address both qualitative and quantitative criteria, is presented, and a case study on the selection of dam location illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
Abstract: The importance of the environmental impact assessment (EIA) of large development projects is increasingly underlined. Usually, EIA involves a lot of qualitative and quantitative criteria. Data envelopment analysis (DEA), an effective method that is used to rank and select the best alternative from a set of alternatives, is not tailored to address qualitative criteria, thus rendering the application to multiple criteria problems not amenable. This paper presents a new methodology of multiple criteria data envelopment analysis (MCDEA), which can address both qualitative and quantitative criteria. MCDEA is divided into two stages for fully ranking units and each unit has multiple inputs and outputs. In the first stage, a qualitative method is applied to compare the qualitative performance of alternatives. Then, MCDEA is used to rank the alternatives by considering the relative membership degree of qualitative factors as one of the quantitative data. A case study on the selection of dam location illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
141 citations
TL;DR: A hybrid neural network model was proposed, which integrated characteristics decomposition units, and a dynamic spline interpolation unit into the multiple ATNNs, which is quite effective in MS prediction, especially for single-factor time series.
Abstract: The availability of accurate empirical models for multi-step-ahead (MS) prediction is desirable in many areas. Some ANN technologies, such as multiple-neural network, time-delay neural network (TDNN), and adaptive time-delay neural network (ATNN), have proven successful in addressing various complicated problems. The purpose of this study was to investigate the applicability of neural network MS predictive models. Motivated by the above-mentioned technologies, we proposed a hybrid neural network model, which integrated characteristics decomposition units, and a dynamic spline interpolation unit into the multiple ATNNs. Inside the net, the regular and certain information were extracted to ATNN, while both time delays and weights were dynamically adapted. The yearly average of the sunspots, which has been considered by geophysicists, environment scientists, and climatologists as a complicated non-linear system, was selected to test the hybrid model. Comparative results were presented between a traditional MS predictive model based on TDNN and the proposed model. Validation studies indicated that the proposed model is quite effective in MS prediction, especially for single-factor time series.
140 citations
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper presented a mathematical model of water quality rehabilitation by utilising rainwater, which was separated into initial polluted rainwater and later unpolluted rainwater. And an analysis was made on how to utilise rain water and appraise its function in a water quality restoration scheme.
Abstract: This paper presents a mathematical model of water quality rehabilitation by utilising rainwater, which is separated into initial polluted rainwater and later unpolluted rainwater. The planned Haigang city, belonging to Shanghai metropolis in China, is taken as a case example. An analysis is made on how to utilise rainwater and appraise its function in a water quality rehabilitation scheme. It is demonstrated that this method can significantly reduce both project investment and operation costs. Moreover, appropriate drainage plan scheme is presented to address the initial polluted rainwater problem. Thus, the conflict between drainage and rainwater utilisation can be resolved appropriately.
105 citations
TL;DR: The development and implementation of a prototype knowledge-based system for model manipulation for hydrological processes by employing an expert system shell is delineated and the architecture and main components of the system are presented.
Abstract: It would be greatly helpful to neophytes if knowledge-based system technology incorporating the existing heuristic knowledge about model manipulation can be integrated into the hydrological system. This paper delineates the development and implementation of a prototype knowledge-based system for model manipulation for hydrological processes by employing an expert system shell. The architecture and main components of the system are presented. The prototype system is verified and validated in two real watershed applications. It helps inexperienced users of hydrological models make the right choice of the appropriate model and/or direct the users throughout the calibration process.
92 citations
TL;DR: A novel hybrid model based on recent artificial intelligence technology, namely, a genetic algorithm (GA)-based artificial neural network (ANN) is employed for flood forecasting and reveals that the hybrid GA-based ANN algorithm is able to produce better accuracy in performance, although at the expense of additional modelling parameters and possibly slightly longer computation time.
Abstract: It will be useful to attain a quick and accurate flood forecasting, particularly in a flood-prone region. The accomplishment of this objective can have far reaching significance by extending the lead time for issuing disaster warnings and furnishing ample time for citizens in vulnerable areas to take appropriate action, such as evacuation. In this paper, a novel hybrid model based on recent artificial intelligence technology, namely, a genetic algorithm (GA)-based artificial neural network (ANN), is employed for flood forecasting. As a case study, the model is applied to a prototype channel reach of the Yangtze River in China. Water levels at the downstream station, Han-Kou, are forecasted on the basis of water levels with lead times at the upstream station, Luo-Shan. An empirical linear regression model, a conventional ANN model and a GA model are used as the benchmarks for comparison of performances. The results reveal that the hybrid GA-based ANN algorithm, under cautious treatment to avoid over-fitting, is able to produce better accuracy in performance, although at the expense of additional modelling parameters and possibly slightly longer computation time.
89 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two methods, namely photocatalytic technique and adsorption methods, were employed for removal of Congo red and both the techniques were found to be very useful and cost effective for a better removal of dye and the results were compared.
Abstract: Many industries such as paper, food, cosmetics, textiles etc. use dye in order to colour their products. The presence of these dyes in water even at very low concentration is highly visible and undesirable. Colour is the first contaminant to be recognised. Photocatalytic technique and adsorption methods offer a good potential to remove colour from wastewater. In the present paper these two methods were employed for removal of Congo red and both the techniques were found to be very useful and cost effective for a better removal of dye and the results were compared. The operating variables such as adsorbent dose, adsorbate concentration, pH etc were optimised.
74 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the sources of environmental pollution in process industries in Bangladesh are discussed and the total pollution load into environment (i.e., into air, water and land) generated from process industries is determined and presented using industrial pollution projection system (IPPS) developed by the World Bank.
Abstract: The sources of environmental pollution in process industries in Bangladesh are discussed. Total pollution load into environment (i.e., into air, water and land) generated from process industries is determined and presented using industrial pollution projection system (IPPS) developed by the World Bank. Most polluting industries in Bangladesh are identified and ranked. The projection of this pollution load for year 2011–2012 is estimated and discussed. It was found that the food industry was the worst air polluter, whereas pulp and paper was the worst water polluter, and tanneries and leather industries were worst polluter of toxic chemicals. Industrial pollution control measures are recommended.
51 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an extensive list of literature has been compiled to provide a summary of available information on a wide range of potentially low-cost non-conventional sorbents and their effectiveness.
Abstract: It is difficult to separate industrial growth from environmental pollution but it can be minimised through cost-effective approaches of pollution abatement. To reach the full objectives of zero pollution, adoption of alternative technologies which suit the situation of low capital availability, minimum man-power and limited energy consumption are necessary. Adsorption through agricultural products such as rice husk, sugarcane bagasse, soybean hulls, saw dust, coconut shell, groundnut shell, apple-waste, fly-ash etc., has been demonstrated to be a useful alternative to the conventional treatment systems for the removal of toxic metals such as dyes/colour, chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), etc., from aqueous solution. It could be considered as an eco-friendly device to the existing relatively more expensive treatment technologies. Various biological species such as algae, fungi and bacteria were found to be in extensive use for the removal of contaminants. In this review, an extensive list of sorbents literature has been compiled to provide a summary of available information on a wide range of potentially low-cost non-conventional sorbents and their effectiveness.
47 citations
TL;DR: Arsenopyrite oxidation releases arsenic that is then partly incorporated in secondary minerals like beudantite and K-jarosite as mentioned in this paper, and is also immobilised by sorption onto positively charged surfaces of hydrous ferric oxides.
Abstract: Arsenic mobility was studied in tailings from Zimapan, a mining zone of Mexico. Primary mineral phases are quartz, calcite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite and arsenopyrite. Secondary minerals in oxidised tailings include gypsum, K-jarosite, lepidocrocite, goethite, beudantite and kaolinite. The highest levels of As (up to 3.95 ± 2.29 weight %), Zn (up to 3.26 ± 2.21 weight %) and Pb (up to 0.93 ± 0.83 weight %) were measured in unoxidised tailings located at the edge of the town. Concentrations in water leachates from oxidised tailings were: As (0.41-48.68 mg/L), Zn (1.5-400 mg/L), Pb (<1.0-1.8 mg/L) and Fe (1.9-897.5 mg/L). Mineralogy, pH, and heterogeneity of tailings, explain these concentration ranges. Arsenopyrite oxidation releases arsenic that is then partly incorporated in secondary minerals like beudantite and K-jarosite. Arsenic is also immobilised by sorption onto positively charged surfaces of hydrous ferric oxides.
38 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an intermittent water supply strategy was implemented in order to minimise deficiency problems, which can seriously affect water quality due to the potential suction of non-potable water by negative pressures, biofilm detachment, and microbial re-growth especially when static conditions occur.
Abstract: Lebanon in general and its capital, Beirut, suffer from water shortage due to the increasing water demand and the lack of proper management despite its abundant water resources. An intermittent water supply strategy was implemented in order to minimise deficiency problems. This, however, can seriously affect water quality due to the potential suction of non-potable water by negative pressures, biofilm detachment, and microbial re-growth especially when static conditions occur. Intermittent supplies also entail storing water in household tanks to satisfy demand during no-flow periods, and these tanks often encourage bacterial re-growth. Dumping of disinfectants in order to circumvent bacterial presence and the subsequent formation of undesirable byproducts is another concern. A study was conducted in Beirut over an eight-month period, during which samples were collected from household tanks and drinking water taps of Beirut's network. This paper presents the findings of the study and highlights key aspects in intermittent water supply systems.
TL;DR: In this paper, the potential advantages of photoelectrocatalytic treatment of water and three general problems, namely, UV penetration, mass transfer, and electrode fouling, were considered.
Abstract: This paper reviews the potential advantages of photoelectrocatalytic treatment of water and considers three general problems – UV penetration, mass transfer and electrode fouling – associated with the practical application of photoelectrocatalytic treatment of water. The three systems selected for these studies, representative of a broad range of possible pollutants, were aqueous solutions of 4-nitrophenol, water inoculated with E. coli, and water with naturally occurring humic acids. Nitrophenol solutions were of particular interest because of the challenges associated with a complex, multi-step degradation process and with UV penetration of water contaminated with substituted aromatic compounds. Possible mass transfer limitations were considered for the nitrophenol solution and also for E. coli suspensions. Electrode fouling was considered in the context of nitrophenol oxidation and humic acid oxidation, whilst the effect of poisoning was investigated by comparing of the effect of phosphate on a) photocatalytic; b) photoelectrocatalytic disinfection of E. coli suspensions. Where appropriate, the results from photoelectrocatalysis were compared with those from photocatalysis under the same conditions.
TL;DR: In this article, an application of the back-propagation neural network to this experimental data is presented, where the performance parameters namely, elimination capacity and removal efficiency were predicted from the experimental observation by selecting the appropriate network topology.
Abstract: Experimental studies were carried out with a laboratory-scale biotrickling filter to treat a gaseous stream contaminated with benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) operated in a continuous mode. The biotrickling filter initially acclimatised with toluene was used to treat BTX compound individually at loading rates ranging from 7.2 g/m³hr to 62.2 g/m³hr, operated in a sequential mode. The results showed removal efficiencies as high as 100% when operated with toluene as the sole carbon source. An application of the back-propagation neural network to this experimental data is presented in this paper. The performance parameters namely, elimination capacity and removal efficiency were predicted from the experimental observation by selecting the appropriate network topology. The sensitive internal parameters of the network were selected using the 2(k–1) fractional factorial design. The neural-network-based model was found to be an efficient data-driven tool to predict the performance of a biotrickling filter.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors quantify P in soil, and determine the effect of soil characteristics on P release, and antecedent soil hydrological conditions on P dynamics, and find that soils with highest nutrient status and labile P fractions released most P during initial flooding.
Abstract: Hydrological restoration of historically isolated wetlands may mitigate phosphorus (P) loss. The objectives of this study were to quantify P in soil, and to determine the effect of (1) soil characteristics on P release, and (2) antecedent soil hydrological conditions on P dynamics. Humic/fulvic acid bound P and residual P accounted for majority of P (>78%) in surface soils. Soils with highest nutrient status and labile P fractions released most P during initial flooding. Phosphorus dynamics during additional flooding were dependent on soil characteristics, antecedent soil hydrological conditions, and P levels in the water. Phosphorus retention varied between 0.3 and 8 mg m-2 d-1.
TL;DR: In this paper, an ultrasonic assisted sol-gel method was used for the photocatalytic degradation of endocrine disrupting chemicals such as bisphenol A (BPA) under UV illumination.
Abstract: A novel photocatalyst, titanium dioxide (TiO2) deposited with silver (Ag), was prepared by an ultrasonic-assisted sol–gel method and studied for the photocatalytic degradation of endocrine disrupting chemicals such as bisphenol A (BPA) under UV illumination, in order to determine its photocatalytic properties. A series of Ag-TiO2 catalysts prepared with different Ag dosage were characterised by SEM, EDX, XRD, XPS, and UV–Visible absorption spectroscopy and their photocatalytic activity was evaluated in the degradation of BPA in aqueous suspension. The experiment demonstrated that the presence of Ag in TiO2 catalysts could enhance the photocatalytic oxidation of BPA in aqueous suspension. It was found that the degradation of BPA by these catalysts followed the first-order kinetic model. The enhanced reduction of oxygen through better electron-hole separation in Ag-TiO2 particles compared to pure TiO2 particles increased the rates of BPA degradation. In the reaction of BPA degradation, the presence of two methyl groups in the BPA structure were initially attacked with OH and/or OOH radicals which have strong oxidising power, and then followed by the cleavage of the two phenyl moieties. Finally, the photomineralisation to CO2 gas occurred via oxidative processes involving carboxylic acids and aldehydes.
TL;DR: The effects of the oil industry and environmental pollutants present in four lakes from Reforma, Chiapas, Mexico, were assessed via ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity (EROD), PAH metabolites, and butyrylcholinesterase activity in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus.
Abstract: The effects of the oil industry and environmental pollutants present in four lakes from Reforma, Chiapas, Mexico, were assessed via ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity (EROD), PAH metabolites, and butyrylcholinesterase activity (BChE) in Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish were collected during two seasons (the rainy season in September 2000 and the dry season in May 2002) from the lakes Caracol, Rio, Enmedio, and Limon. Fish were sacrificed and EROD activities, hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticide and heavy metal concentrations were determined in the liver, while PAH metabolites and cholinesterase activity were measured in bile and muscle, respectively. Hydrocarbon concentrations in fish liver were moderately high, as compared with results reported for the other species in different coastal ecosystems in Mexico. The highest concentrations of total hydrocarbons were found in fish captured in Lake Limon, and the lowest in Lake Caracol. The highest EROD and PAH metabolites were found in fish collected from Limon and Enmedio lakes. A Spearman test showed significant negative correlations between EROD and BChE activity with fish weight. EROD correlated with total hydrocarbons, the metabolites of pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene, and negatively with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), endosulphan, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and pentachloroanisol. BChE activity in the four lakes was lower than the activity measured in laboratory cultured tilapias, indicating the presence of anti-cholinergic pollutants in the area; Caracol was the lake with the lowest enzyme activity. This study demonstrated that high concentrations of contaminants can cause effects on fish metabolism, and that tilapia can be used as a test organism in tropical ecosystems.
TL;DR: In this article, a study of the air pollution in the Greek coastal town Volos was performed using the available data of the last ten years, showing that ozone concentrations during weekends were higher by 5-10% in comparison to those on weekdays, while the inverse was observed for other pollutants, indicating the occurrence of the so called "weekend effect".
Abstract: A study of the air pollution in the Greek coastal town Volos was performed using the available data of the last ten years. Quantile analysis showed that ozone concentrations during weekends were higher by 5–10% in comparison to those on weekdays, while the inverse was observed for the other pollutants, indicating the occurrence of the so called 'weekend effect'. Analysis of the maximum values of the high ozone period showed even higher differences. The pollutants NO, NO2, CO, and SO2 were lower during weekends compared to weekdays, by about 30%, 20%, 25% and 10% respectively.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated levels of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Pb and Cd) in total and bioavailable concentration, as well as the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); the organic matter and carbonates were determinated too.
Abstract: The present work was developed in the continental shelf of Tamaulipas, Veracruz and Tabasco during 1999–2000 in the Gulf of Mexico. The main goal of this study was to evaluate levels of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Pb and Cd) in total and bioavailable concentration, as well as the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); the organic matter and carbonates were determinated too. Heavy metals in total concentration showed the following behaviour: Cr > Ni > Pb > Cd; the bioavailable fraction showed the following pattern: Pb > Ni > Cr > Cd. The best statistical relation was Ni-Cr showing similar sorption mechanisms between them. In Tamaulipas was obtained the maximum level of PAHs with 29.6 µgg-1 followed by Veracruz (12.4µgg-1). The more abundant PAHs were: Chrysene, Benzo(a)anthracene, Benzo(k)fluoranthene, Benzo(a)pyrene, Benzo(b)fluoranthene and Pyrene, this fact basically means a pyrolitic origin, and all of these compounds are due to human and industrial activities; however, It is worth to mention that the presence of light PAHs such as naphthalene, means that they proceed from recent oil spills.
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for air pollution evaluation and control, based on one of the most popular neural networks -the backpropagation algorithm, is proposed, where the neural network determines the future concentration of critical air pollution indicators, depending on these concentrations, relevant episode warnings and actions are activated.
Abstract: A method for air pollution evaluation and control, based on one of the most popular neural networks - the backpropagation algorithm, is proposed. After the backpropagation training, the neural network, based on weather forecasting data, determines the future concentration of critical air pollution indicators. Depending on these concentrations, relevant episode warnings and actions are activated. A case study is carried out to illustrate and validate the method proposed, based on Istanbul air pollution data. Sulphur dioxide and inhalable particulate matter are selected as air pollution indicators (neural network outputs). Relevant episode measures are proposed. Among ten backpropagation algorithms, the BFGS algorithm (Quasi-Newton algorithms) is adopted since it showed the lowest training error. A comparison of NN-AirPol method against regression and perceptron models showed significantly better performance.
TL;DR: In this paper, homogeneous photocatalysis by photo-Fenton processes has been applied to the degradation of six water-soluble pesticides (alachlor, atrazine, chlorfenvinphos, diuron, isoproturon and pentachlorophenol), considered priority substances by the European Union Water Framework Directive (Directive 2000/60/EC).
Abstract: Homogeneous photocatalysis by photo-Fenton processes has been applied to the degradation of six water-soluble pesticides (alachlor, atrazine, chlorfenvinphos, diuron, isoproturon and pentachlorophenol), considered priority substances by the European Union Water Framework Directive (Directive 2000/60/EC). All tests were performed in a 35-L solar pilot plant with compound parabolic collectors (CPCs) under natural sunlight. The initial concentration tested for all the compounds was 50 mg/L except for those less soluble in water. Two different concentrations of iron were tested, 2 mg/L and 1 mM. All pesticides were successfully degraded and substantially mineralised. Total dechlorination was clearly attained more quickly than 90% of mineralisation in all cases. Several operating parameters, treatment time, hydrogen peroxide consumption and iron concentration, involved in the degradation of the parent compounds and their mineralisation are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, four high risk areas were identified after analysing accident statistics for the Turkish strait, and a simulation was run for 1,000 tonnes of oil spill at each station and the distribution of oil determined by GNOMETM.
Abstract: The Istanbul strait, which is a part of Turkish Strait System (TSS), is a narrow and navigationally risky waterway for ships. This risk increases daily due to oil transportation from Central Asia and Russia. In this study, four high risk areas were identified after analysing accident statistics for the strait. Then, a simulation was run for 1,000 tonnes of oil spill at each station and the distribution of oil determined by using GNOMETM. Effective wind speed and direction were used at each scenario. As a result of these runs, risky areas were identified and necessary actions to minimise the effect of spill were discussed. Anadolu Kavagi, Buyukdere, Cengelkoy and Haydarpasa were identified as the high risk areas. In order to minimise the effect on these areas, having skimmers ready at Haydarpasa port and Buyukdere, and stocking barriers at other risky areas were found to be helpful for speedy action.
TL;DR: In this paper, the photocatalytic degradation of methomyl, a broad spectrum carbamate insecticide, has been investigated in aqueous heterogeneous solutions containing semiconductor oxides as catalysts.
Abstract: The photocatalytic degradation of methomyl, a broad spectrum carbamate insecticide, has been investigated in aqueous heterogeneous solutions containing semiconductor oxides as photocatalysts. It was observed that, in the presence of the catalysts, quantitative degradation of the organic molecule occurs after four hours of illumination. As mineralisation products, CO2 and SO42− ions have been identified, whereas the nitrogen atom forms NH4+ and NO3− ions. Various commercial catalysts were compared with respect to their overall photocatalytic efficiency, while the initial photonic efficiency (ζ) of mineralisation under various experimental conditions have been calculated.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of the following disinfection treatments was investigated in industrial water treatment on an industrial scale: 40 kHz ultrasound, UV radiation, and electrolysis in conjunction with 40 kHz power ultrasound.
Abstract: Formerly power ultrasound was not considered economically viable for water treatment on an industrial scale. This was based on calculations involving direct scale-up of power consumption in small-scale laboratory experiments. Attitudes have changed with the installation of ultrasonic devices in operational water or sewage treatment plants. This work investigates the effect of the following disinfection treatments and provides greater knowledge of the fundamentals of disinfection through the production of hypochlorite in situ from saline solution via electrolysis (electrode materials: carbon (felt and graphite), copper & stainless steel rods) • 40kHz ultrasound • UV radiation (254nm) • UV radiation in conjunction with 40kHz ultrasound • Electrolysis (150mA) • Electrolysis (100mA) in conjunction with 40kHz power ultrasound. Results indicate sonication amplifies the effect of UV radiation or electrolysis. Combined treatments were significantly better than UV radiation or electrolysis alone. Results support a promising future for the application of sonochemistry in water treatment.
TL;DR: In this article, a projection pursuit cluster model is used to resolve the problem of Karstic water pollution evaluation, and a genetic algorithm is applied to optimise the projection direction of the model.
Abstract: A projection pursuit cluster model is used to resolve the problem of Karstic water pollution evaluation. First, the projection pursuit cluster model is stated. Then, a genetic algorithm is applied to optimise the projection direction of the projection pursuit cluster model, and the steps of the genetic algorithm are introduced in detail. Finally, a case study of Karstic water pollution evaluation is presented. The projection pursuit cluster model is a powerful tool in analysing complex multifactor problems, and it is also a new method for Karstic water pollution evaluation.
TL;DR: In this article, an aluminium industry waste was converted into low cost adsorbent and used for the dynamic uptake of 2,4-dinitrophenol, which was sorbed by the developed adaption up to 95% by column experiments at the flow rate of 0.5 mL/minute.
Abstract: Red mud, an aluminium industry waste, was converted into low cost adsorbent and for the dynamic uptake of 2,4-dinitrophenol, which was sorbed by the developed adsorbent up to 95%. The removal of this pollutant was achieved up to 96% by column experiments at the flow rate of 0.5 mL/minute. The adsorption was found to be endothermic in nature. The qualitative and quantitative estimation of the reported phenol was carried out by capillary electrophoresis. The adsorbent was successfully tried for the removal of 2,4-dinitrophenol from wastewater in our laboratory. The developed system is very useful, economic, rapid and reproducible for the removal of 2,4-dinitrophenol at pilot scale.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of changes in ORP in synthetic waters on bacterial growth is presented. But the ORP is altered by electrolysis, as opposed to the traditional use of oxidising chemicals such as chlorine or bromine.
Abstract: A study of the effects of changes in oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) in synthetic waters on bacterial growth is presented. In this study, ORP is altered by electrolysis, as opposed to the traditional use of oxidising chemicals. As synthetic halide-free water was used no oxidised halide species such as chlorine or bromine were formed. Bacterial survival was directly correlated with changes in ORP for heterotrophic plate count bacteria.
TL;DR: The Altata-Ensenada del Pabellon system as mentioned in this paper consists of three inland lagoons, a coastal lagoon, and a bay, and the organic carbon mean concentration (mg C/g dw) in sediments was 22.6 in the bay, 92.1 mg C/l.
Abstract: The Altata-Ensenada del Pabellon system (~360 km²) comprises three inland lagoons, a coastal lagoon, and a bay. Inland is an important irrigation district (~330,000 ha). Agricultural drains and two sugar cane mills wastewaters are discharged into the system. Particulate organic carbon in water varied from 0.5 to 6.1 mg C/l. Organic carbon mean concentration (mg C/g dw) in sediments was 22.6 in the bay, 92.6 in the coastal lagoon, and 179.6 in the inland lagoons. Organochlorine pesticides (OCs) mean total concentration (ng/g dw) was 59.13 for inland lagoons, 35.60 for coastal lagoon, and 9.08 for the bay. A significant correlation was found between organic matter and OCs.
TL;DR: Soil Pollution: Origin, Monitoring and Remediation, by Ibrahim A. Mirsal as mentioned in this paper, published by Springer-Verlag, 2004. 252pp. ISBN 3-540-40143-1
Abstract: Soil Pollution: Origin, Monitoring and Remediation, by Ibrahim A. Mirsal. Springer-Verlag, 2004. 252pp. ISBN 3-540-40143-1
TL;DR: A novel method for monitoring network optimisation, based on a recent machine learning technique known as support vector machine, which directly answers the question of whether the advised spatial location is important for the classification model.
Abstract: The paper presents a novel method for monitoring network optimisation, based on a recent machine learning technique known as support vector machine. It is problem-oriented in the sense that it directly answers the question of whether the advised spatial location is important for the classification model. The method can be used to increase the accuracy of classification models by taking a small number of additional measurements. Traditionally, network optimisation is performed by means of the analysis of the kriging variances. The comparison of the method with the traditional approach is presented on a real case study with climate data.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provided adequate data on wastewater reuse planning and evaluated the status of wastewater quality and quantity, treatment faculties and reuse applications in the Gaza Strip, and gave some regional experiences and recommendations for future management of wastewater reuse.
Abstract: Groundwater is the only significant source of water in the Gaza Strip. Currently, special attention has been paid to improve the water resource situation in the regional level. Reuse of wastewater could be one of the main options to develop the water resource in the region. This strategy will lead to reducing the gap of water deficit between supply and demand. The limited reliable data on existing situation and absence of clearly defined reuse policy for wastewater based on economic and health basis make the reuse of wastewater dream more than a reality in Gaza Strip. The paper provides adequate data on wastewater reuse planning. It evaluates the status of wastewater quality and quantity, treatment faculties and reuse applications. In the same time, the paper gives some regional experiences and recommendations for future management of wastewater reuse.