Showing papers in "International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research in 2017"

Quisqualis indica Linn : A Review of its Medicinal Properties

Abstract: An herbal medicine is crude drugs obtained from vegetables or plant which are the origin of herbal drugs utilized for the treatment of disease states, often of a chronic nature, or to attain or maintain a condition of improved health. Phytogenic agents have traditionally been used by herbalists for several diseases from the past two decades. This article contain brief reviews of medicinal properties of plant Quisqualis Indica Linn which had been proved but are rarely used as a herbal medicines, the point which have to be considered that this plant can be available easily as it is an evergreen plant and most of the people were used to decorate their house, as this is an ornamental plant too which doesn’t depend on seasons to grow. Quisqualis indica Linn contains phytoconstituents such as trigonelline (alkaloid), L-proline (α-amino acid), L-asparagine (α-amino acid), quisqualic acid (agonist for both AMPA receptors), rutin (flavonoid) and two forms of the cysteine synthase, isoenzyme A and isoenzyme B (enzyme) and due to presence of these phytoconstituents it is showing various activities such as anti-inflammatory activity, antipyretic activity, immunomodulatory activity, antistaphylococcal activity, anthelmintic activity, antiseptic activity etc.

A Systematic Review of Phytochemical and Phytotherapeutic Characteristics of Bitter Almond

Abstract: Bitter almond is one of the medicinal plants that have been used to prevent and treat diseases since many centuries ago. Bitter almond essential oil can be effectively used to heal wounds, hemorrhoids and hair loss, relieve joint pain, facilitate delivery, and strengthen and condition hairs. Moreover, oral use of bitter almond seed has been demonstrated to cause antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer effects because of containing certain compounds such as amygdalin. However, there have been some challenges in investigations conducted to discover bitter almond-based oral, herbal drugs to treat different diseases such as cancer because of cyanide-induced poisoning, partly precluding use of this plant. This study was conducted to comprehensively review the traditional uses, phytochemical compounds, and therapeutic actions of bitter almond and its compound as well as the side effects due to use of them. Keywords Author Keywords:Bitter almond; Amygdalin; Cancer; Antioxidant properties; Traditional medicine

Anticancer Activity and Phenolic Compounds of Pistacia atlantica Extract

Abstract: Recently a lot of studies have been conducted to identify natural compounds for prevention of the development and recurrence of cancers. The present study aimed to determine phytochemical content and anti proliferative activity of Pistacia atlantica extract. Ethanolic extract of Pistacia atlantica was prepared. The antioxidant activity, total phenol, flavonoid and flavonol content of the extract were evaluated. Cytotoxicity activity of extract on AGS and HeLa cell lines was evaluated by MTT assay 48 hours after treatment. The antioxidant activity of extract was 4.6±0.66 µg/ml while it was 25.41±1.89 µg/ml for butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The total phenol, flavonoid and flavonol contents were 269 mg GAE/g, 40.7 mg RUT/g and 88.12 mg RUT/g, respectively. The extract inhibited the proliferation of AGS, HeLa and HDFs cells with IC50 values of 382.3 μg/m, 332.3 μg/ml and 896.3, respectively. This study revealed that the extract of Pistacia atlantica can suppress the proliferation of gastric carcinoma and cervical cancer cells. The plant with high phytoconstituents could be a promising source of anticancer drugs. Key Words: Pistacia atlantica, Cancer, Antioxidant, Proliferation

Anticancer activity, phytochemical screening and acute toxicity evaluation of an aqueous extract of Aristolochia longa L.

Abstract: Aristolochia longa (Aristolochiaceae) is widely used in traditional medicine. The present study was carried out to investigate the cytotoxic activity and the acute toxicity of an aqueous extract of A. longa roots. Also, the phytochemical composition of the extract was evaluated. The cytotoxic effects of the aqueous extract in triple negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and HBL-100 cell lines was evaluated by MTT assay. A. longa roots were screened for the presence of phytochemical constituents using the standard qualitative phytochemical procedures. The acute oral toxicity (5000 mg/kg limited dose test) was evaluated. Our results showed that both cells were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by A. longa aqueous extract. The IC 50 of A. longa aqueous extract was estimated after 72h treatment at 40μg/ml and 97μg/ml in HBL100 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, respectively. A. longa aqueous extract at a concentration of 500μg/ml suppressed effectively the cell growth of HBL100 and MDA-MB-231 cells. TLC analysis revealed the presence of flavonols, flavones and/or flavonoid glycosides as major compounds in the extract. Results of the acute toxicity study suggest the non-toxicity of the A. longa aqueous extract to the liver. Interestingly, the renal function was not affected by the extract administration at 5000mg/kg. A. longa aqueous extract could be toxicologically safe when administered orally in rats in a single dose. A. longa could be considered as a promising and safe source for developing novel therapeutics against breast cancer. Keywords: Aristolochia longa, breast cancer, phytochemical, acute toxicity, TLC.

Comparative Antioxidant Potential of Bark and Leaves of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb) Wight & Arn from Himachal Pradesh

Abstract: The present study aimed to compare antioxidant activities, total phenolic and flavonoid content present in leaves and bark of Terminalia arjuna and check whether there is any correlation between phenolic content and flavonoid content with antioxidant activities or not. Phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract of leaves and bark revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponin, phytosterols and phytosteroids. Total phenolic content was found to be higher in bark (272.71±3.18 mg/g gallic acid equivalents) as compared to that of leaves (95±3.11 mg/g gallic acid equivalents). Similarly, flavonoid content of ethanolic extract of bark was found to be higher (203.95±5.13 mg/g rutin equivalents) than that of leaves (87.625±4.28 mg/g rutin equivalents). DPPH activity of ethanolic extract of bark (IC 50 -17.41 µg/ml) was more than that of leaves (IC 50 -20.22µg/ml). FRAP activity of bark (IC 50 - 4.781 µM Fe (II) equivalents) is more than that of leaves (IC 50 -7.572 µM Fe (II) equivalents). Nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity of bark (IC 50 -12.87 µg/ml) was higher than that of leaves (IC 50- 13.91 µg/ml).The present study clearly showed that there is a correlation between total phenolics, flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of leaves and bark of T. arjuna . The phenolic compounds and flavonoids could be major contributor to antioxidant activity of T. arjuna . Keywords: Terminalia arjuna, DPPH, FRAP, NO, IC 50 , Antioxidants

Acacia arabica (Babool) - A Review on Ethnobotanical and Unani Traditional Uses as well as Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties

Abstract: In the last few decades there has been an exponential growth in the field of herbal medicine. Herbal medicines have been the basis of treatment and cure for various diseases and physiological conditions in traditional methods of practice such as Unani, Ayurveda and Siddha. A large fraction of the world population, especially in the developing and underdeveloped countries still depends mainly on the traditional system of medicine. Medicinal plants are the valuable and cheap source of unique phytochemicals which are frequently used in the development of drugs against various diseases. The use of plants and plant products in medicines is getting popularized because the herbal medicines are cheap, easily available and have natural origin with higher safety margins and lesser or no side effects. In Unani system of medicine Babool (Acacia Arabica) is considered as plant having medicinal properties on various system of human body. Different parts of the plant including Bark, root, gum, leaves, pod and seeds have medicinal properties. The present review is an attempt to highlight the various ethnobotanical and Unani traditional uses as well as phytochemical and pharmacological reports on Acacia arabica to which commonly known as Babool. Keywords: Acacia arabia, unani, Traditional, Phytochemicals, Pharmacological.

A Review on Acacia tortilis

Abstract: Acacia tortilis is one of the important species of genus Acacia belonging to family Leguminaceae. Though there is no more study performed on this plant but it plays important role in the countries where it found. These countries includes North Africa, Arabian Peninsula and Asian countries including India, Pakistan The various part of Acacia tortilis plant say leaves, pods, gum exudates and bark is found to be beneficial for the purpose of commercially as well as medicinally . Commercially tannins derived from the bark part used as a dyestuff, pods and gum are used as a food, and leaves are useful for land fertility and cattle’s grazing whereas medicinally it is useful for the treatment of various diseases like skin allergy, diabetes, diuretic and hypertension. Vast tract of the dry land in the world lie barren due to the scanty and uneven distribution of rainfall in this part of the world. Acacia and its various species including Acacia tortilis are drought resistant plant; these species are mainly found in arid and sub-arid area of Africa, Arabian and Asia. The survival of this plant in this part of the land is due to its ability to endure harsh condition and it is also help full to prevent soil erosion. In this review article the main focus is on the chemical composition and therapeutic potential as well as pharmacologically explored potential of Acacia tortilis and its importance in arid and sub-arid part of the world to fulfill the requirement of local population and animals. Keywords: Arid, Acacia tortilis, Soil erosion, Reforestation.

Antibacterial Effect of The Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Four Iranian Medicinal Plants on Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumanii

Abstract: Acquiring infectious diseases due to resistant infectious agents leads to serious problems such as taking higher doses of antibiotics, additional treatments, lengthened hospital stay, and imposing additional costs. The aim of the current study is to study antibacterial effects of the hydroalcoholic extracts of four Iranian medicinal plants, occurring in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari, on Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumanii . In this experimental study, the hydroalcoholic extracts of the plants were prepared by maceration. To investigate the antibacterial effects, microdilution and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were used. DMSO and distilled water were used as solvent. The MIC and MBC of Dianthus orientalis , Ziziphora clinopodioides , Euphorbia sp., and Acanthophyllum glandulosum Bunge ex Boiss. for S. aureus were derived 4, 0.5, 2, and 2 mg/ml and 16, 8, 8, and 16 mg/ml, respectively. Also the MIC and MBC of plants for A . baumanii were derived 4, 1, 0.5, and 2 mg/ml and 16, 8, 8, and 32 mg/ml, respectively. The greatest antibacterial effect was displayed by Z . clinopodioides on S . aureus. The greatest bactericidal effect on A . baumanii was exerted by the recently identified species, Euphorbia sp. These plants can serve as suitable choices to produce antibiotics to fight treatment-resistant bacteria. Key Words: Minimum inhibitory concentration, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Medicinal plants, Drug resistance

Coloring Agents: Current Regulatory Perspective for Coloring Agents Intended for Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Use

Abstract: Coloring agents are indispensable requirement of any pharmaceutical dosage form. It is used for varied purpose extending from aesthetic to technical advantage. These are potent in nature and small concentrations are sufficient in order to establish their said purpose. These concentrations if not maintained within prescribed limit, these can lead to serious toxicity and this is especially endangering to geriatric and pediatric populations. These limits are generally established after thorough preclinical trials which include testing on animals, human volunteers. Therefore, it is utmost necessity to use these colors in pharmaceutical dosage form cautiously with correct reasoning and rationale for its use in particular dosage form. Current review article mentions about the evolution of regulations for these colors, current recommended colors and its concentrations wherever provided. In order to bring about harmonization with respect to manufacturing of drugs and dosage forms, it is critical to be well aware about the regulatory principles existing over the world. Regulatory classification and definitions for colors in pharmaceutical use from US (US FDA Regulation: 21 CFR part), EU (EU commission), India (FDA, DandC cosmetic act 1940) are described. Considering serious health hazards from persistent use of these coloring agents above recommended concentrations, it is vital to understand the regulatory aspects and apply it fruitfully during formulation of any dosage form. This will ensure the provision of good health care for all the diseased populations across the world. Keywords: Coloring agents, 21 CFR, EU commission, Straight color, Lakes, Dyes, Pigment.

Investigating the Role of Eclipta alba on Brain Antioxidant Markers, Cognitive Performance and Acetylcholinesterase Activity of Rats

Abstract: Eclipta alba exerts beneficial effects on learning and memory as per traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of methanolic extract of E. alba on cognitive performance, brain antioxidant activities and acetylcholinesterase activity in male rats. Forty two male wistar rats were divided into seven groups comprising of six animals in each group. Animals of group I and II received 1% w/v carboxymethylcellulose, group III received Donepezil hydrochloride (3 mg/kg p.o.), group IV received Piracetam (200 mg/kg p.o.), group V, VI and VII received methanolic extract of E. alba at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg p.o. respectively, for 8 days. Memory impairment was induced by scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg, i.p.) on the eigth day, 90 minutes after the last dose in all the groups except group I. Evaluation of learning and memory was assessed by elevated plus maze on day 9 after an initial acquisition trial on day 8. Antioxidant power was determined by measuring activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase in whole brain homogenates. Acetylcholinesterase activity was determined by colorimetric method. Oral administration of 100 and 200 mg/kg, exhibited a significant improvement in learning and memory. It also reduced the levels of lipid peroxidation products, increased GSH levels and enhanced the antioxidant defense system. Acetylcholinesterase activity was significantly decreased in all methanolic extract treated groups. Therefore, short term oral supplementation of methanolic extract of E. alba showed significant cognitive enhancement as well as elevated brain antioxidant enzymes and inhibited cholinesterase activity. Keywords: Transfer latency, Brain, Memory

A Comparative Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Different Extracts of Shorea robusta Gaertn. f. Resin

Abstract: Shorea robusta (Shal) is an important traditional Indian medicinal plant used in various ailments and rituals. The use of different parts of this plant like leaves and resin as a medicament for treatment of various conditions is well documented in literature. However, the studies on phytochemical constituents and medicinal properties in the resin of this plant are scanty. All three samples carried out microscopic characters, ash values, extractive values, T.L.C., and chemical tests. The extractability of methanol, ethanol and chloroform extracts of Shorea robusta were found to be 44.85%, 48.57% and 4.48% respectively. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts of Shorea robusta revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids and amino acids. The presence of alkaloids and triterpenoids were confirmed by qualitative tests followed by TLC. Key Words: Shorea robusta, phytochemical analysis, triterpenoids, flavonoids.

Identification and Introduction of The Medicinal Plants Used by Honeybees in Markazi Province

Abstract: Medicinal plants contribute greatly to increase the therapeutic properties of bee products such as honey, pollen, royal jelly, and propolis. In fact, the pharmaceutical value of honeybee products is associated with the plants that attract honeybees. In this study, pollinating plants used by honeybees were gathered and identified from different regions of Markazi province through direct observation. Simultaneously, to supplement the data, the pollens of these plants were gathered and examined by Erdtman acetolysis. Over 132 plant species from 32 families were found to be used by honeybees. Of these plants, 56 species were from medicinal plants. The highest number of medicinal plants were related to Composite (8 species), Rosaceae (8 species), Labiatae (7 species) and etc. This study will help to identify the medicinal plants occurring in Markazi province, the pattern of distribution and dispersion of these plants in the region under study, and the botanical and pharmaceutical data on them. Keywords Author Keywords:Medicinal plants; Honeybees; Markazi province; Iran

Effect of Aluminium Chloride and Protective Effect of Ginger Extract on Hematological Profiles in Male Wistar Rats

Abstract: The present study was planned to investigate the effect of aluminium chloride and the protective effect of ginger extract on hematological profiles in male rats. One group of rats was given aluminium chloride orally (100mg/kg bw) for 60 days, another group with aluminium chloride and ginger extract (50mg/kg bw) simultaneously and the third group with ginger extract alone. All the three groups were compared with one control group. The hematological parameters were: total erythrocytes count (RBC), White blood cells (WBC), hemoglobin(HB), hematocrit (HCT), and red blood indices: mean corpuscular volume (MCV) mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHV) was investigated. The obtained results showed significant increase in WBC count and decrease in HCT, HB and RBC. No change was noted in (MCV) and there was reduction in mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHV) in AlCl3 administered group (E1). However, no appreciable changes were noted in AlCl3 and ginger extract treated (E2) and Ginger alone treated group (E3). The changes in the values of blood indices may be a defensive mechanism against aluminum toxicity through stimulation of erythropoisis. It may be concluded that Ginger rich in antioxidant and also spicy content which is safety food for human consumption. This study showed that hematologic effects of AlCl3 are reversible by aqueous ginger extract. Keywords: Aluminium chloride, Ginger, Rat, RBC, WBC, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit

Antimicrobial Activity of Leptogium burnetiae, Ramalina hossei, Roccella montagnei and Heterodermia diademata

Abstract: Lichens are self-supporting symbiotic association comprising of a photosynthetic partner (Photobiont) and a fungal partner (Mycobiont). Lichens have traditional importance and are known to exhibit a range of bioactivities. The present study was carried out to screen the antimicrobial efficacy of extracts of four macrolichens viz., Leptogium burnetiae C.W. Dodge, Ramalina hossei H. Magn and G. Awasthi, Roccella montagnei Bel. Em. D.D. Awasthi and Heterodermia diademata (Taylor) D.D. Awasthi collected at different regions of Karnataka, India. The shade dried and powdered lichen materials were extracted using methanol. Antibacterial activity of lichen extracts was tested against clinical isolates of burn, dental caries and urinary tract infections by Agar well diffusion assay. Antifungal activity was tested against two reference yeast strains and Colletotrichum capsici (isolate from anthracnose of chilli) by Agar well diffusion assay and Poisoned food technique respectively. The extracts of selected lichens were effective in inhibiting bacteria and fungi. The clinical isolates of bacteria were inhibited by lichen extracts dose dependently. In case of urinary tract isolates, Gram positive bacteria have shown more susceptibility to lichen extracts when compared to Gram negative bacteria. Among yeasts, Cryptococcus neoformans was susceptible to higher extent than Candida albicans to lichen extracts. The mycelial growth of C. capsici was markedly lesser in plates poisoned with lichen extracts. Overall, extract of R. hossei was more effective against clinical isolates and C. capsici while extract of H.vdiademata was more effective against yeast strains. In conclusion, the selected lichens were effective invinhibiting bacteria and fungi and can be used to control diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms. Thevinhibitory effect of lichens could be ascribed to the presence of secondary metabolites. The lichens can be usedvto develop novel therapeutic agents active against pathogens. Keywords:vMacrolichens, Antimicrobial,vAgar well diffusion, Poisonedvfood technique

Safety Evaluation of Tribulus Terrestris on the Male Reproductive Health of Laboratory Mouse

Abstract: Tribulus terrestris (TT) has emerged as an instant plant for the treatment of sexual dysfunctions and fertility related disorders in the males. The present study was aimed to assess the safety efficacy of the fruit extract of TT on the male reproduction. Animals of Group I served as control while that of II and III were administered with 100mg/kgBW/day and 200mg/kgBW/day of the fruit extract of TT, respectively, for 28 days. Testicular histology, sperm parameters, serum clinical biochemistry (SGOT, SGPT and creatinine) and tissue biochemistry (fructose in the seminal vesicle, sialic acid in the epididymis, antioxidant enzymes activity, LPO, LDH and ALP in the testis) were carried out to establish the safety of the fruit extract. Safety of the extract was evidenced by the unaltered body weight and serum clinical biochemistry. Administration of the fruit extract of TT neither interfered with the weights of the reproductive organs nor altered the sperm indices in the cauda epididymidis as well as the spermatogenic activity in the testis. The unaltered androgen - dependent biochemical markers i.e. sialic acid in the epididymis and fructose in the seminal vesicle indicated the normal status of the testosterone level. Unaltered activities of testicular antioxidant enzymes and the level of LPO suggest that the fruit extract does not cause oxidative stress. Further the unaltered activities of LDH and ALP in the testis represent normal physiological activity of the organ that could be correlated with the uninterrupted spermatogenic activity. It can, therefore, be concluded that the fruit extract of this herb could effectively be used as a natural remedy in treatment of male reproductive disorders without causing any side effects. Keywords: Epididymis, Infertility, Testis, Tribulus terrestris (TT)

Different Aspects of Pellets Formulation and their Evaluation

Abstract: The mechanism of drug release from coated pellets is widely accepted for use as a sustained release drug delivery system. Plasticizer-free sustain release coatings were too brittle and ruptured during compression. The possible mechanism for drug release includes solution/diffusion through the continuous polymer phase or plasticizer channels, diffusion through aqueous pores and osmotically driven release through aqueous pores. To distinguish between these mechanisms, the release rate was studied as a function of coating thickness, plasticizer content and osmotic pressure in the dissolution medium. This treatment led to the formation of multiple layers of drug particles around an inert core resulting in the production of pellets that can further be coated by different polymers to obtain modified release formulations. Keywords: Pelletization technique, Sustained release matrix tablets, Characterization of pellets

Biochemical Characterization of Protease Isoforms in Cucumber Sap Extract

Abstract: Cucumber (Cucumis sativus. L) fruit is a popular vegetable, which has been widely used in folk medicine as cosmetics, to treat skin-disorders and reduce heat and inflammation. All parts of cucumber fruit are being used for various purposes but the fruit sap although always associated with the fruit pulp, its biochemical and medicinal properties are unexplored. The juicy fluid obtained from the skin peels of cucumber fruit was subjected to acetone precipitation. The precipitate was dissolved in saline to obtain Cucumber Sap Extract (CSE). CSE was assayed for proteolytic activity on several natural protein substrates such as casein, gelatin, hemoglobin, bovine serum albumin, type-I collagen and human fibrinogen. Biochemical properties such as effect of pH, temperature, inhibitors, metal ions, organic solvents and detergents on the proteolytic activity were studied. Medicinal properties such as effect on the formation of plasma clot, dissolution of clot and degradation of collagen type I was determined. Activity staining on casein substrate gel revealed several translucent activity bands that are distributed in the wide molecular mass range indicating several isoforms and further their differential sensitivity and stability towards pH, temperature, protease inhibitors, metal ions, organic solvents and detergents. CSE was devoid of toxic properties such as edema and hemorrhage. In this preliminary study an attempt is made to show the presence of variety of proteases isoforms for commercial exploration in food, drug, cosmetic, leather and detergent industries. Keywords: Cucumber sap extract, Cucumber protease, Collagen degradation, Clot dissolution, Fibrinogen degradation, Plant protease.

In silico evaluation of antidiabetic molecules of the seeds of Swietenia mahagoni Jacq

Abstract: Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder. WHO has projected that India will have around 57 million persons with diabetes by 2025. Swietenia mahagoni Jacq. (Meliaceae) is a large, deciduous tree whose seeds and bark were used for diabetes traditionally. The in silico hyperglycemic activity of the seeds of Swietenia mahagoni Jacq was studied by using AUTODOCK version 4.2 which reveals the putative binding sites of the compound to target protein. Homology modeling was done using MODELLER for the crystal structure of sodium/glucose co-transporter 2(SGLT2). The putative binding modes of compounds were identified using the search method of Lamarckian Genetic Algorithm (LGA).Atomic affinity and electrostatic potential grid maps were calculated using Auto Grid 4.2. From the fallout, we may scrutinize that for successful docking, intermolecular hydrogen bonding and lipophilic interactions between the ligand and the receptor are very essential. The results evolved with the least binding energy ensures that the Oleanolic showed good inhibitory activity and further work may help to develop the compound as an active therapeutic agent for the treatment of hyperglycemia. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Swietenia mahagoni Jacq, Docking, Oleanolic acid.

Evaluation of Anti-anxiety Property of Alcoholic Extract of Abutilon indicum Leaves in Albino Mice

Abstract: Abutilon indicum native to tropic and subtropical regions and sometimes cultivated as an ornamental plant and is considered invasive on certain tropical islands. The whole plant is often used in traditional system of medicine to treat different medical conditions. Various studies were conducted for anti stress and antioxidant property of the plant Abutilon Indicum but not on anti anxiety action. This study is done to elucidate the antianxiety property of the plant Abutilon Indicum. Alcoholic Extract of Abutilon Indicum leaves (AEAIL) were prepared using soxhlets apparatus. Five groups of mice, each include five animals. Group I was taken as control and Normal saline was given orally. Group II was taken as standard and diazepam 2mgs/kg was given orally and groups III, IV, V were given Alcoholic extract of Abutilon Indicum leaves (AEAIL) in the dose of 100, 200 and 400mgs/kg respectively. All test drugs were given orally, 60 minutes prior to experiment. Using Elevated plus Maze (EPM), the number of entries, time spent and rearing behavior of albino mice in open arm was noted. There was dose dependent increase in both parameters and there was dose dependent increase in percentage of time spent in open arm with AEAIL which indicates its Anti-anxiety Property. Statistical Analysis was done by one way ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s test and P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Keywords: Abutilon Indicum, Anti anxiety, Diazepam, Elevated plus maze, Soxhlets apparatus

Antidiabetic Activities of Methanolic Extracts of Marrubium vulgare Leaves in Rats

Abstract: This study was carried out to evaluate the chronic effect and possible mechanism of action of the methnolic extract (MEex) of Marrubium vulgare using normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, and in vitro methods Administration of the MEex at a dose of 200 mg/kg daily on diabetic rats for 5 weeks showed a significant lowering (p < 005) of the blood glucose level, serum urea, uric acid and creatinine and correction of the lipid profiles compared to diabetic rats However, MEex significantly increased (p < 005) the glucose uptake by liver and skeletal muscle The increase in glucose uptake was also shown when the liver and skeletal muscle was treated by 5mg/kg of glibenclamide Furthermore, the effect of this extract on glucose absorption in the everted rat jejunum showed that MEex at concentrations of 2 mg/mL and 5 mg/mL significantly reduced the glucose absorption of the jejunum (p < 005) Similarly, the absorption of glucose was also inhibited by 1 mg/mL of acarbose (p < 001) These results suggest that the effect of MEex may be due to extrapancreatic mechanisms This antidiabetic activity is, at least partly, due to modulation of glycogen synthesis and inhibition of intestinal glucose absorption Keywords: Marrubium vulgare, streptozotocin induced diabetic rat, Intestinal absorption

A New Validated Stability indicating Quantitative RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Esomeprazole and Levosulpride in Bulk Drug and Combined Capsule Dosage Form

Abstract: A simple and precise stability indicating RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of Esomeprazole (ESMO) and Levosulpride (LEVO) in bulk and Pharmaceutical dosage forms. Chromatography was carried out on Inertsil ODS 3V C18 (150 x 4.6 mm, 5 particle size) column using a mobile phase of phosphate buffer (KH2PO4) adjusted to pH 5.0 with 0.1 % OPA: Acetonitrile: Methanol (30:60:10 % v/v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The analyte was monitored using PDA detector at 250 nm. The retention time was found to be 2.390 min and 3.497 min for Levosulpride (LEVO) and Esomeprazole (ESMO) respectively. The proposed method was found to be having linearity in the concentration range of 20-120 μg/ml for Esomeprazole (r2 0.99991) and 37.5-225 μg/ml for Levosulpride (r2 0.99994) respectively. The mean % recoveries obtained were found to be 100.12 % for Levosulpride and 100.24 % for Esomeprazole respectively. Stress testing which covered acid, alkali, peroxide, photolytic and thermal degradation was performed on under test to prove the specificity of the method and the degradation was achieved. The developed method has been statistically validated according to ICH guide lines and found to be simple, precise and accurate with the prescribed values. Thus the proposed method was successfully applied for the stability indicating simultaneous determination of Esomeprazole (ESMO) and Levosulpride (LEVO) in bulk and combined capsule dosage forms and in routine quality control analysis. Keywords: Esomeprazole, Levosulpride, RP-HPLC, Forced degradation, Method validation.

Amomum Subulatum Roxb: A Critical Review of Pharmacological and Phytochemical Data

Abstract: Large cardamom (fruit of Amomum subulatum Roxb, Zingiberaceae) commonly known as 'Bari Ilaichi' is a tall, perennial, evergreen, herbaceous monocot plant. The drug consists of ripe or nearly ripe seeds and capsules of Ammomum subulatum. It is an important economic crop in the Eastern Himalayas and typically, cultivated in woodland areas with overhead shade and access to regular irrigation from mountain streams. Different chemical constituents such as Subulin, Alpinetin, Cardamonin, Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl, α-terpineol, α-pinene, β-pinene, 1, 8- cineole and many others have been isolated from the plant. Ammomum subulatum is well known plant, traditionally used as mankind for heart related ailments, stomachic, antiemetic, antibilious, astringent, alexipharmic, cough; used for the treatment of indigestion, biliousness, abdominal pains, in congestion of liver. It is also helpful in improving the skin complexion, for relieving pain from body, urine related disorders, lowering down the raised body temperature and poisoning and other infection. In this paper, an attempt has been made to collect and document the traditional medicinal plant knowledge of local herbal healers of different castes and communities of eastern Himalayas and with the advancement of analytical chemistry and pharmacology as well as the increase in the popularity of using natural products as an alternative medicine for treating diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and biliousness, abdominal pains, in congestion of liver. This review summarized the recent scientific findings of Amomum subulatum’s phytochemistry and pharmacological activities, such as antihypertensive effect and other beneficial effects on digestive and respiratory systems, so as to provide a comprehensive overview of this commonly used spice. Keywords: Ammomum Subulatum, Phytochemical, Pharmacological, Biological activities

Physical, Phytochemical and Chromatographic Evaluation of Triphala Guggul Tablets

Abstract: Objective: In the present study, an attempt was made to formulate in-house „Triphala guggul’ tablets, which were subjected to evaluations of physical properties, Phytochemical and chromatographic evaluation of triphala guggul tablets. Methods: Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) of the formulations were performed for the confirmation of different phytoconstituents.Further, the study included standardization of these formulations by developing a simple, precise and accurate High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) method using gallic acid, piperine and guggulsterone E and Z as chemical markers. Result: Chromatographic analysis was performed on silica gel 60 F254 precoated TLC plates using toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (4:4.5:1 v/v/v) for gallic acid, benzene: ethyl acetate: diethyl ether (6:3:1 v/v/v) for piperine and petroleum ether: ethyl acetate (6:2 v/v) for guggulsterone E and Z as mobile phase. The Rf values of gallic acid, piperine and guggulsterone E and Z were the basis of confirmation of these markers. The total peak areas of standard markers and corresponding formulations were compared and their contents were estimated in all the formulations. The results demonstrated that, the formulation prepared by company B (MF 2), showed less quantity of gallic acid and guggulsterone E and Z, while piperine content in all the marketed formulations was higher than the in-house formulations (LF1, LF2 and LF3). Conclusion:The analytical method developed herein for standardization of ‘Triphala guggul’ preparation including its tablets, will be helpful in obtaining a quality control profile of this formulation. Keywords: Gallic acid, piperine, Guggulsterone E and Z, HPTLC standardization, Triphala guggul

Anti Stress Activity (in-vivo) of Forskolin Isolated from Coleus forskohlii

Abstract: Coleus forskohlii (Labatiae) is a plant widely used as food and medicine worldwide but isolation of active compound (Forsklin) from hydroalcoholic extract and antistress activity of Forskolin is not reported. Dried and powder rhizome of Coleus forskohlii (Labatiae) was used to isolate the chemical constituent using phase column chromatography and TLC purification. Elevated plus maze (EPM) model and forced swimming test (FST) were performed to assess antistress activity on albino mice. (Doses of the isolated chemical constituents: 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg orally) The structure of the isolated compound was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR and Mass spectroscopy. The results of elevated plus maze (EPM) model and forced swimming test (FST) revealed that isolated compound having antistress activity. This is the first report of antistress activity of Forskolin and isolation by column chromatography separation, and TLC purification. The result also revealed that Forskolin is a novel compound for the treatment of neurobiological disorder (stress). A scientific investigation of traditional herbal remedies (Forskolin) for stress may provide valuable leads for the development of alternative drugs and therapeutic strategies. Keywords: Traditional herbal remedies, Spectroscopic authentication, Elevated plus maze, Forced swimming test, Anti- stress therapeutics

Development and Validation of Spectroscopic Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Acebrophylline and Acetylcysteine in Capsule Dosage Form

Abstract: A novel combination of Acebrophylline and Acetylcysteine is used in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchial asthma. A simple, economic, sensitive, accurate and reproducible spectroscopic method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Acebrophylline and Acetylcysteine in capsule dosage form by Simultaneous equation method. Acebrophylline and acetylcysteine were found to have absorbance maxima at 273 and 220 nm respectively in distilled water. Acebrophylline was found to be linear in the concentration range of 1 to 6 μg/ ml at 273 nm and Acetylcysteine was found to be linear in the concentration range of 6 to 36μg/ml at 220 nm. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 6.22 μg/ml and 18.84μg/ml (at 273nm) for Acebrophylline and 36.64μg/ml and 111.04μg/ml at (220nm) for Acetylcysteine respectively. The recovery of Acebrophylline and Acetylcysteine were found to be 101.86% and 99.54% respectively showing accuracy of the method. The assay of marketed tablet formulation (Pulmoclear Capsules) was found to be 101.81% and 99.82% for Acebrophylline and Acetylcysteine respectively. The method was validated statistically as per ICH guidelines. The method showed good reproducibility and recovery with % RSD less than 2. So, the proposed method was found to be simple, specific, precise, accurate and linear. Hence it can be applied for routine analysis of Acebrophylline and Acetylcysteine in pharmaceutical formulations. Keywords: Acetylcysteine, Acebrofylline, Simultaneous equation method, Validation, ICH.

Synthesis of New Chalcone Derivatives as Antibacterial Agents

Abstract: The increase in antibiotic resistance due to multiple factors has encouraged the search for new compounds which are active against multidrug-resistant pathogens. In a wide search program towards new and efficient antimicrobial agent’s two series of chalcone derivatives containing s-triazine and acetamido group were synthesized. Claisen-Schmidt condensation was used for synthesis of chalcone derivatives. The conventional procedure of Claisen-Schmidt condensation for synthesis of chalcone was optimized. All the synthesized compounds were characterized and tested for their antibacterial activity. All the synthesized compounds were found to be active against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Compound 6a was found to show best activity. Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Chalcones, S-Triazine, Acetamido, Antibacterial activity.

Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Sophora Mollis (Leguminosae) Leaves and Stem Extracts in Mice

Abstract: Sophora mollis (Leguminosae) is used as traditional medicine against skin diseases, rheumatism and as anthelmintic in Nepal and other regions of Asia. Its analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential was not yet examined. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of this plant in mice models. Methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of stem and leaves were evaluated separately at the doses of 200 and 500mg/kg in comparison with standard reference of aspirin (300mg/kg). Analgesic potential was examined via hot-plate test and acetic acid induced writhing while anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated in formalin induced inflammation model. Extracts showed significant antinociceptive potential particularly methanolic extract of stem showed dose dependant analgesia comparable to high dose of aspirin. Anti-inflammatory effects were significant in both phases of inflammation and were in comparison with aspirin and codeine sulphate. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed strong presence of saponins, tannins and alkaloids. Keywords: Sophora mollis, Analgesic, Antiinflammatory, Saponins, Alkaloids, Tannins

UV Spectrophotometric and HPLC Method Development of Quercetin and Curcumin in Polyherbal Churna and It’s Validation

Abstract: A simple, rapid, sensitive, precise, economic and reproducible RP-HPLC method for the quantitative determination of curcumin and quercetin in Madhujeevan churna(MJC) was developed and validated. The hydroalcoholic extract of churna was obtained by continuous heat extraction method. The extract was considered as sample. Standard curcumin was analyzed using Agilent LC-P-1120 with a HiQ Sil C-18 column by isocratic elution using methanol: acetonitrile: phosphate buffer (pH 5) in the ratio of 42.5 : 42.5: 15 % v/v/v as the mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.2 ml/ min and detection was set at 265 nm as isobestic point.. The method was validated using parameters as linearity, precision, limit of detection, limit of quantification, and recovery as per ICH guidelines. It obeys Beers- Lamberts law in concentration ranges employed for evaluation. The recovery of the method was in the range of 98.50-99.40 % and all the compounds showed good linearity (r = 0.98332) in a relatively wide concentration range. The concentration of quercetin and curcumin present in raw material of madhujeevan churna was found to be 0.1347%w/w and 0.208%w/w respectively in Madhujeevan churna(MJC). The result of analysis has been validated statistically and recovery studies confirmed the accuracy of the proposed method. Hence, the proposed method can be used for the reliable quantification of active marker compound in crude drug and its herbal formulations. Keywords: Madhujeevan churna, Curcumin, Quercetin, RP-HPLC

The Role of Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton in Inflammatory, Gastrointestinal and Stress Disorders

Abstract: At present there are many anti-inflammatory, antipsychotic and anti-ulcer drugs available but their undesirable effects limiting the use in chronic state of disease. Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton is one of the traditionally used medicines which contain volatile oil and other active constituents. This study was made to determine the altered behavior, gastrointestinal and inflammatory disorders in mice. The drug showed antidepressant potential followed by sedative effect at the dose of 300 and 500mg/kg, whereas at 200mg/kg the crude extract showed anxiolytic effect. The analgesic effect through tail flick and hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing methods exhibited dose dependant increase in reaction time. E. cardamomum extract displayed mild insecticidal activity that is 20-40%. The anthelmintic activity was also found significant. The drug at a dose of 50mg/2ml showed 5 hour death time. In gross organ toxicity test non-significant toxic effects were observed. The gastrointestinal results showed the decrease in intestinal motility and softness of stool with increase diuresis. Significant anti-inflammatory results were found at the dose of 300 and 500mg/kg in mice. All of the results were compared with the standard reference drugs to evaluate the efficacy of crude extract of E. cardamomum. These results generally provide an idea how to improve our knowledge of the consequences of stress, inflammation and gastrointestinal trouble with the possible way of treatment. Keywords: Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Neurophamracology, E. cardamomum

Studies on Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potentials of Triterpenoidal Saponins from Mimosa Hamata Willd

Abstract: Mimosa hamata Willd. (Family: Mimosaceae) is a flowering shrub belonging to family Mimosaceae native to the Thar desert of Indian sub-continent. The methanolic extract of its roots afforded five triterpenoidal saponins which were identified as Mimonoside A(3-O-{[(α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(12)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(13)-α-L-arabino pyranosyl-(14)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(12)]-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(14)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl}-28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyloleanolic acid); Mimonoside B (3-O-{[(α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(12)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(13)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(14)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(12)]-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(14)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl}oleanolic acid); Mimonoside C (3-O-{[(α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(12)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(13)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(14)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(12)]-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(14)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl}-28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl machaerinic acid); Saponin A (3-O-D-glucopyranosyl-(12)-L-rhamnopyranosylmorolic acid) and Saponin B (3-O- L-rhamnopyranosyl-(12)- D-glucopyranosylmorolic acid). On screening for antibacterial activity it was observed that the compounds were more effective against the Gram –ve bacteria viz. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with saponins A and B exhibiting best activity. In antifungal activity, amongst the selected fungi the saponins were effective against Rhizoptonia bataticola only, with mimonoside C demonstrating greater efficacy. In antioxidant assay, saponins A and B only exhibited appreciable potential. Keywords: Mimosa hamata, Triterpenoidal saponins, Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant activity, Agar well diffusion method, DPPH method