Showing papers in "International Journal of Sustainable Engineering in 2010"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors take the reader on a fascinating journey through the roots of a vision that holds potential to change existing habits, beliefs and activities and create new ones for sustainability, and highlight how a design for sustainability approach can be fostered through reawakening our awareness of how we should care for ourselves, for others and for the world in which we inhabit.
Abstract: transforming our consumer culture, by John R. Ehrenfeld, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2008, 272 pp., £18-00 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-30013-749-1 This book takes the reader on a fascinating journey through the roots of a vision that holds potential to change existing habits, beliefs and activities and create new ones for sustainability. Ehrenfeld reminds us that sustainability is an ‘essentially contested concept’, much like freedom or liberty, where we understand their meaning but lack wisdom and capabilities to make them real. Much of this book sets out our common understanding of sustainability, and as Ehrenfeld defines it as ‘the possibility of flourishing’. He interweaves ideas from a range of disciplines to produce a narrative, which highlights what we do (badly), why we do such things and what we need to change. Also and importantly, he highlights how a design for sustainability approach can be fostered through reawakening our awareness of how we should care for ourselves, for others and for the world in which we inhabit. Broadly speaking, Ehrenfeld makes the useful distinction between the meta-concept of sustainability, on the one hand, and current action, on the other hand, that is predominantly focused on micro-managing efficiency gains in existing products, services and infrastructures. He terms this type of activity as ‘reducing unsustainability’ and emphasises that reducing unsustainability will not create sustainability as sustainability and unsustainability are not two sides of the same coin. Sustainability is not the result of making the present slightly better; it, he argues, belongs to a new world served by a different language, cultural habits and stories – and until we find ourselves in that new world we must be able to hold on to these multiple realities and use design to develop new language, tools, institutions and strategies that aid our transitional journey. Ehrenfeld’s is a thought-provoking approach that calls for the need to think differently. His ambition is not for a revolution but rather for a series of small changes that can make a big difference over time; and it is in the seeding of such change that design is accorded a key role, in achieving a transition of minds rather than technological innovation. Ehrenfeld suggests that through over-reliance on technology to solve problems, modern society has lost sight of some basic principles, namely: our sense of place within and as part of nature; our understanding of what it is to be a human being; and our ethical ability to act responsibly. He suggests that although it is beyond the reach of an individual or group to quickly alter the fundamental patterns of unsustainability, it is within our grasp to challenge our understanding of reality and adopt different perceptions of the world and different ways of behaving in it. A key phenomenological theme of the book is that humans have the unique capacity of Being-in-the-world; of leading meaningful lives. Our ability to do this though, according to Ehrenfeld, will be dependent on our ability to substitute traditional market satisfiers intrinsic to our culture of consumption for a more subversive design strategy that creates meaningful products and services ‘that can transparently restore the human capability for caring and coping in all dimensions of living’. Ehrenfeld points out that this could happen in many ways: from inscribing instructions through product semantics that inhibit normal routine behaviours; to engagement strategies which involve users more deeply in understanding product identity and function; to participatory design activity where users are intimately involved in reframing problem and design outcomes. He believes that sustainable cultures evolve through new paradigmatic elements; and the capacity of design to understand, and build on, these elements (new beliefs and norms) and to reimagine a world that is authentically sustainable.
168 citations
TL;DR: Ayres and Warr as discussed by the authors, the first-named author of this book, is one of those rare inter-discrete authors whose work has not yet been published in the English language.
Abstract: edited by R.U. Ayres and B. Warr, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, Cheltenham, 2009, 448 pp., £125 (hardback), ISBN 978-1-84844-182-8 The first-named author of this book is one of those rare inter-disc...
120 citations
TL;DR: Tristram Stuart, London, Penguin Books, 2009, 480 pp., £9.99 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-14103-634-2 In my opinion, Tristram Stuart's investigation has been written for anyone who wants to understand t...
Abstract: Tristram Stuart, London, Penguin Books, 2009, 480 pp., £9.99 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-14103-634-2 In my opinion, Tristram Stuart's investigation has been written for anyone who wants to understand t...
111 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors develop a rigorous modelling and analytical framework for the design of sustainable supply chain networks, where a firm is engaged in determining the capacities of its various supply chain activities, i.e. the manufacturing, storage and distribution of the product to the demand locations.
Abstract: In this paper, we develop a rigorous modelling and analytical framework for the design of sustainable supply chain networks. We consider a firm that is engaged in determining the capacities of its various supply chain activities, i.e. the manufacturing, storage and distribution of the product to the demand locations. The firm is faced with both capital costs associated with constructing the link capacities and the links' operational costs. Moreover, the firm is aware of the emissions generated associated with the alternative manufacturing plants, storage facilities and modes of transportation/shipment, which may have different levels of emissions due, for example, to distinct technologies of, respectively, production, storage and transportation. The firm is assumed to be a multicriteria decision-maker who seeks to not only minimise the total costs associated with design/construction and operation, but also to minimise the emissions generated, with an appropriate weight, which reflects the price of the emi...
102 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the applicability of the C2C concept in day-to-day product development in a business setting is evaluated based on student design projects for several multinationals, the strengths and weaknesses of the concept are evaluated.
Abstract: The cradle-to-cradle (C2C) concept of McDonough and Braungart, which has a strong emphasis on materials strategy, gives a vision of a sustainable future, inspired by nature. Their guilt-free approach has enthused many new people, drawing them into the field of sustainability. However, the question of when and how the C2C concept can be applied successfully in business is still being debated. This paper takes a look at the applicability of the C2C concept in day-to-day product development in a business setting. Based on student design projects for several multinationals, the strengths and weaknesses of the concept are evaluated. In particular, the compatibility of C2C and life cycle assessment (LCA) is addressed. The authors conclude that LCA and C2C can and should be used as complementary tools. C2C's main value is that it triggers many questions about current business practice. Designers may play an interesting role in ‘paving the way’ for the restructuring of business operations according to C2C: throug...
87 citations
Journal Article•
80 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the application of quality function deployment (QFD) methodology in the design of products for remanufacture, and determine the engineering characteristics of automobile engines that firms have to focus on, in order to design automobile engines for re-manufacture.
Abstract: Parallel with the increase in environmental problems, the importance of design of environmentally friendly products has become more important together with the design for remanufacture. This paper presents the application of quality function deployment (QFD) methodology in the design of products for remanufacture. The main goal of this paper is to determine the engineering characteristics of automobile engines that firms have to focus on, in order to design automobile engines for remanufacture. In this paper, how a product can be designed for remanufacture using QFD and house of quality (HOQ) has been highlighted. A questionnaire survey was conducted on automobile engine refurbishing & remanufacturing facilities in order to find out what is required of the products which are remanufactured. With the establishment of the HOQ, the engineering characteristics that firms should focus on for designing automobile engines for remanufacture have been found as ‘position of the parts’ and ‘ types of parts used’.
47 citations
TL;DR: Alkali ash material (AAM) concrete is a unique material that is sustainable and cost-effective because it utilises waste fly ash, and has properties superior to other concrete products as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Alkali ash material (AAM) concrete is a unique material that is sustainable and cost-effective because it utilises waste fly ash, and has properties superior to other concrete products. The AAM concrete described here is produced from the addition of inexpensive chemicals to fly ash. AAM can be used to create a wide range of materials including high performance concrete (HPC-AAM) and lightweight (LW-AAM). The high performance AAM provides rapid strength gain along with high ultimate strengths of more than 110 MPa (16000 psi). LW-AAM can produce materials with densities ranging from 1200 to 2200 kg/m3 and compressive strengths from 2 (290 psi) to 65 MPa (9500 psi). Both HPC-AAM and LW-AAM have far better environmental resistance than Portland cement concrete, resisting attack from sulphuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and organic acids. AAMs resists freeze–thaw attack and high abrasion, possesses low chloride permeability and does not exhibit alkali silica reactivity.
46 citations
TL;DR: In this article, gears made of carburised chromium molybdenum steel were examined in order to demonstrate the improvement in fatigue strength by cavitation peening, and the results showed that shot peening is an effective and reliable method against fatigue fracture, but the shot eventually becomes dust and industrial waste.
Abstract: In order to enable the manufacture of lightweight materials for transportation equipment, such as cars and aircraft, an improvement in the fatigue strength of materials is required, as these forms of transport are designed taking fatigue fracture into consideration. Surface treatment procedures, such as shot peening, are generally employed to improve fatigue strength. Shot peening deforms metallic materials to produce work hardening and introduce compressive residual stress, leading to improved fatigue strength. Although shot peening is an effective and reliable method against fatigue fracture, the shot eventually becomes dust and industrial waste. Recently, a peening method without the use of shot using cavitation impact has been developed. This is called ‘cavitation peening’. In the present paper, gears, which are typical machine components, were examined in order to demonstrate the improvement in fatigue strength by cavitation peening. Gears made of carburised chromium molybdenum steel were treated by ...
40 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an optimal sizing of hybrid energy system has been attempted for a remote village cluster of Uttarakhand (India) to make available desired power supply at minimum environmental effluence.
Abstract: Hybrid energy systems are renewable energy system combined in a complementary fashion to ensure dependable power supply at competitive cost. Diesel generators (DGs) are also added here as a back-up source of supply. For remote areas far from a transmission grid, these systems can provide a reliable and cost-effective supply. Addition of DG could instigate environmental pollution in such remote unpolluted areas. In the present work, optimal sizing of hybrid energy system has been attempted for a remote village cluster of Uttarakhand (India) to make available desired power supply at minimum environmental effluence. Hybrid Optimization Model for Electrical Renewable (HOMER) software from National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA has been employed to attain the objective. The software offered several feasible systems, ranked on the basis of net present cost (NPC). All such systems are further analysed for emissions they have made in the environment. Hence, the optimal system fulfilling the criteria of minimal...
38 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the post-consumer waste management sector is presented, where specific products are described, the recycling processes briefly evaluated and both environmental and research aspects summarised.
Abstract: The first part of the review paper dealt with general information and covered the specific sectors of paper/cardboard and aluminium cans. The present Part 2 should be read in conjunction with Part 1 and assesses the recovery and recycling of additional post-consumer waste sectors, i.e. glass beverage bottles, plastics, scrap metal and steel cans, end-of-life tyres, batteries and household hazardous waste. For each of the sub-sectors, the specific products are described, the recycling processes briefly evaluated and both environmental and research aspects summarised. The waste availability, the existing and further developing recovery and recycling technologies, and the economic rewards stress the importance of this waste management sector.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide an overview of the development of sustainability science through a textual analysis to collate the underlying discourse and ideology cited in literature and provide a definition of sustainability.
Abstract: In order to discuss how to advance sustainability in engineering, it is necessary to be clear as to what exactly is the science of sustainability. The linkage between sustainability philosophy and scientific principles has, in some ways, been acknowledged in the wider literature. Moreover, the recent scholarship on sustainability in international literature has focused on providing definitions, policies and methods, though from an engineering perspective, there is an obvious need for clarity on how the engineering and science community can integrate the science of sustainability into practice. Prima facie, this article provides an overview of the development of sustainability science through a textual analysis to collate the underlying discourse and ideology cited in literature. While the number one sustainability challenge is to mitigate climate change, compiling a definition genesis of sustainability will assist the engineering community in gaining an understanding in the underlying philosophical frames...
TL;DR: In this paper, a quantitative analysis method of multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) is presented for the comprehensive and accurate decision making in selecting green product design scheme, a quantitative method of MADM is presented, which takes environmental impact of materials, disassembly performance, recycling performance, energy efficiency, noise, pollutants to environmental and functional values.
Abstract: The function, cost and environmental performance are the primary decision-making factors for scheme selection in green design. For the comprehensive and accurate decision-making in selecting green product design scheme, a quantitative analysis method of multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) is presented. With analysing the multi-attribute of scheme selection, the MADM model is established, which takes environmental impact of materials, disassembly performance, recycling performance, energy efficiency, noise, pollutants to environmental and functional values. Fuzzy technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution method is applied to solve this model for the feasible solutions. Finally, a case study is given to validate the application of this methodology as a useful design guideline for scheme selection in green design.
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of laboratory tests on shrinkage of plaster materials are presented, where three types of fibres, wheat straw, barley straw and wood shavings, were used as reinforcement in the tests.
Abstract: In this paper, a series of laboratory tests on shrinkage of plaster materials are presented. The plaster materials consist of cohesive soil, sand and different natural fibres. Three types of fibres, wheat straw, barley straw and wood shavings, were used as reinforcement in the tests. The shrinkage behaviour of earth plasters was studied by laboratory tests for different compositions and under different curing conditions. The specimens of plaster material were dried under a constant temperature of 30, 50 and 70°C, respectively. The effect of the following factors on shrinkage was investigated: temperature, soil composition, fibre type and fibre content. It was established that shrinkage crack formation decreases with increasing fibre content and increases with increasing soil content. In general, it was also found that lower curing temperature and higher fibre content are to be preferred to improve the performance of earth plasters.
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of four experimental research projects supervised by the author are put together to draw conclusions on this property and conclude that there is no loss of abrasion resistance with the incorporation of RAs and that there are reasons to believe that it even improves, even though the quantifica
Abstract: Global sustainable development will require using every resource to its maximum potential The potential of construction and demolition waste's inert fraction can be maximised if it is reused as recycled aggregates (RA) for concrete production However, there are technical risks involved in this technique, particularly due to lack of knowledge in terms of the long-term behaviour of concrete made with these aggregates Abrasion resistance is one of the least known properties of hardened concrete but nevertheless one of the most important for certain applications (hydraulic structures and floors/pavements) Hardly any research has been published on this property for concrete made with RA In this paper, the results of four experimental research projects supervised by the author are put together to draw conclusions on this property It is concluded that there is no loss of abrasion resistance with the incorporation of RAs and that there are reasons to believe that it even improves, even though the quantifica
TL;DR: Remanufacturing is relatively novel in research terms compared to conventional manufacture and recycling but often is more profitable than both as mentioned in this paper, and it would help manufacturers address competitive, environmental and legislative pressures by enabling them to meet pressing waste legislation while producing high-quality, lower cost products with less environmentally damaging end-of-life (EoL) and manufacturing modes.
Abstract: Alternative production approaches are required because of conventional manufacturing's adverse environmental impacts. Remanufacturing returns used products to at least original performance specification from customers' perspectives and gives the resultant products warranties at least equal to that of new equivalents. Remanufacturing is relatively novel in research terms compared to conventional manufacture and recycling but often is more profitable than both. It would help manufacturers address competitive, environmental and legislative pressures by enabling them to meet pressing waste legislation while producing high-quality, lower cost products with less environmentally damaging end-of-life (EoL) and manufacturing modes. Remanufacturing is highly profitable in large, complex mechanical and electromechanical products but with conventional manufacturing and design modes not so in smaller products; particularly fast moving ones. However, effective waste management is urgently required for such products bec...
TL;DR: In this paper, the major recyclables with their reuse potential, recycling technologies used, problems, solutions and potential areas of future research and development are reviewed, and the assessment of the waste availability, the existing and currently developed recovery and recyclin...
Abstract: Recycling of post-consumer waste materials is gaining increased interest due to public awareness, legislative promotion and imposition, economic benefits and appropriate technologies being available. The present paper does not deal with municipal solid waste as such, but only with the recyclable constituents. The paper does not aim at presenting recycling process details and/or fundamental research results, but reviews the major recyclables with their reuse potential, recycling technologies used, problems, solutions and potential areas of future research and development. These target recyclables include paper and cardboard, aluminium cans, glass beverage bottles, scrap metal and steel cans, scrap tyres, batteries and household hazardous waste. The present paper sets the overall picture and deals with paper, cardboard and aluminium cans only. A second part of the paper assesses the other target recyclables. The assessment of the waste availability, the existing and currently developed recovery and recyclin...
TL;DR: In this article, a case study carried out in an Indian modular switches manufacturing organization has shown that CAD and DFM could lead to the development of sustainable product design with minimal impact on the environment.
Abstract: Sustainability has been regarded as an important concept for survival in the contemporary scenario. Modern design engineers are in need of approaches for creating sustainable products. In this context, this paper reports a case study carried out in an Indian modular switches manufacturing organisation. The existing handle of the switch has been modelled using computer-aided design (CAD). Then, the sustainability analysis has been carried out for determining the environmental impact. This is followed by the redesign of the handle using design for manufacturability (DFM) principles. The sustainability has been measured in terms of carbon footprint, energy consumption and air–water impacts. It has been found that the redesigned handle possesses minimal environmental impact. It could be inferred from the results of the case study that CAD and DFM could lead to the development of sustainable product design with minimal impact on the environment.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a methodology to compare the financial cost of a sustainable product and an unsustainability product by factoring in the effects of sustainability risk on life-cycle cost.
Abstract: Sustainability-related issues present significant financial, strategic, compliance and operational risks to manufacturers. Many of these risks directly or indirectly result from the way a product is designed and managed across its life cycle. Assessing sustainability risk (S R) at the product design stage is crucial for the development of products that both minimise sustainability risk exposure and are environmentally sustainable. Managing the costs associated with these risks requires risk management intervention at the design stage before these costs are committed throughout the life cycle (production, use, end-of-life). The goal of the sustainability risk assessment (SRA) methodology is to provide an approach to comparing the financial cost of a ‘sustainable product’ vs. an ‘unsustainable product’, by factoring in the effects of S R on life-cycle cost. The SRA methodology demonstrates that, in some cases, sustainable products cost less than unsustainable products when sustainability risk is considered ...
TL;DR: Mikler as discussed by the authors used the greening of the car industry as a case study for testing some of the features of the new car industry's greening policies, including the use of electric cars.
Abstract: John Mikler, Cambridge, Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2009, 296 pp., £79.95 (hardback), ISBN 978-1-84720-652-7 This book uses the greening of the car industry as a case study for testing some of the...
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of fiber traits such as metal, fungal, bacterial, wax and glucose content were examined to determine their correlative effects upon interfacial adhesion, as were fibre characteristics such as colour, density, fineness, fibreshape thickness, conductivity and pH levels.
Abstract: Flax fibre holds the potential to serve as an alternative to glass fibre as reinforcement in composite applications. To fully achieve this, the interaction between fibre and matrix must be improved and more consistently controlled. Only then will industry accept natural fibres as a sustainable engineering material choice. Traditionally, interfacial strength improvement has been accomplished through expensive and time consuming chemical surface modification(s). To achieve improved market potential and viability, new methods of developing composite ready flax fibre must be researched and developed through an assessment of the impact of fibre traits for unmodified fibre. Metal, fungal, bacterial, wax and glucose content were examined in this study to determine their correlative effects upon interfacial adhesion, as were fibre characteristics such as colour, density, fineness, fibreshape thickness, conductivity and pH levels. Composite performance was evaluated using fibre pullout and interfacial shear streng...
TL;DR: A probabilistic approach to model product recovery decisions is presented and the concept of Bayes' factor is extended for quantifying the impact of product information on the effectiveness of these decisions.
Abstract: There is a widespread recognition of the need for better information sharing and provision to improve the viability of end-of-life (EOL) product recovery operations. The emergence of automated data capture and sharing technologies such as RFID, sensors and networked databases has enhanced the ability to make product information; available to recoverers, which will help them make better decisions regarding the choice of recovery option for EOL products. However, these technologies come with a cost attached to it, and hence the question ‘what is its value?’ is critical. This paper presents a probabilistic approach to model product recovery decisions and extends the concept of Bayes' factor for quantifying the impact of product information on the effectiveness of these decisions. Further, we provide a quantitative examination of the factors that influence the value of product information, this value depends on three factors: (i) penalties for Type I and Type II errors of judgement regarding product quality; ...
TL;DR: Hester and Harrison as discussed by the authors have published a series of issues in envir... issues in the field of environmental science, which is one of the most recently published in a series titled Issues in Envir...
Abstract: R.E. Hester and R.M. Harrison, Cambridge, RSC Publishing, 2009, 280 pp., £49–95 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-85404-112-1 This book is one of the most recently published in a series titled Issues in Envir...
TL;DR: In this article, structural and durability tests showed that HPGC containing fly ash and 50% recycled aggregate performed equally or better than 100% ordinary Portland cement concrete with the same cementitious content.
Abstract: Cement production accounts for approximately 5% of total global CO2 emissions from all human activities. In addition, the consumption of virgin aggregates for concrete infrastructure has created virgin material scarcity issues in many areas of the USA. High-performance green concrete (HPGC) with fly ash and recycled aggregates can help reduce the demand for material inputs and reduce pollution outputs associated with bulk material flow of urban concrete. Structural and durability tests showed that HPGC containing fly ash and 50% recycled aggregate (100% of the coarse aggregate fraction) performed equally or better than 100% ordinary Portland cement concrete with the same cementitious content. Durability improvements were more significant with Class F than Class C fly ash. For both Class F and Class C fly ash, greater per cent replacement of Portland cement with fly ash led to slower and lower strength gain, but still within acceptable strength criteria for Colorado Department of Transportation Class B con...
TL;DR: In this paper, a project in which quality function deployment (QFD) for environment (QFDE) has been applied to an Indian rotary switch manufacturing organization to enable environmentally conscious design at the early stage of product development is presented.
Abstract: Many businesses are recognising that environmental consciousness is an important concept for survival in today's highly competitive market. This paper presents a project in which quality function deployment (QFD) for environment (QFDE) has been applied to an Indian rotary switch manufacturing organisation to enable environmentally conscious design at the early stage of product development. QFDE consists of four phases. QFDE phases I and II are concerned with the identification of the rotary switch parts that are important in enhancing environmental consciousness. QFDE phases III and IV are concerned with the evaluation of the effect of design improvement on environmental quality requirements. The results obtained from the case study revealed that QFDE could be applied in the early stage of rotary switch product development as it identified the vital components from an environmental perspective and enabled the options for design improvement to be effectively evaluated. The managerial implications of the ca...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the reduction of man's carbon footprint in response to global energy and sustainability initiatives, and the prudence of such activities is dependent on the embodied e...
Abstract: Much research effort is focusing on the reduction of man's carbon footprint in response to global energy and sustainability initiatives. The prudence of such activities is reliant on the embodied e...
TL;DR: In this article, the deformation of an NHL3.5 natural hydraulic lime mortar has been investigated through creep and drying shrinkage under load, and a reversible relationship between changes in specimen dimension and relative humidity has been established.
Abstract: The time-dependent deformation of an NHL3.5 natural hydraulic lime mortar has been investigated, through creep and drying shrinkage under load. An apparatus was constructed to measure the dimensional changes of eight individual samples simultaneously. A reversible relationship between changes in specimen dimension and relative humidity has been established. The influence of load on deformation rate was found to be most significant during the first two weeks of monitoring with little effect thereafter. The rate of deformation during the first 2 weeks of sample monitoring was proportional to the applied load. A logarithmic creep expression of the form gave the best fit to the data where, ϵ is strain, t is time and A and B are constants. A linear relationship was found between the coefficient A and applied load.
TL;DR: In this paper, the thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of samples produced by mixing waste fly ash (FA), natural clay (C) and epoxidised palm oil (EPO), the renewable material, were expe...
Abstract: In this study, the thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of samples produced by mixing waste fly ash (FA), natural clay (C) and epoxidised palm oil (EPO), the renewable material, were expe...
TL;DR: In this paper, the Yorkshire Business Unit of British Waterways (BW) was due to start dredging canals in the South Yorkshire (SY) region, and the most economic means of managing the dredged sediments was to place the material under a Paragraph 19 waste management licence exemption into a dredging deposit located at Long Sandall, Doncaster.
Abstract: The Yorkshire Business Unit of British Waterways (BW) was due to start dredging canals in the South Yorkshire (SY) region. Dredging is vital to maintain navigable waters and help ensure the long-term passage of freight and pleasure craft. The canals in SY had not been dredged for 10 years, which was beginning to impact the effectiveness of the waterways in this area. The most economic means of managing the dredged sediments was to place the material under a Paragraph 19 waste management licence exemption into a dredging deposit located at Long Sandall, Doncaster. However, the Long Sandall dredging site was nearing capacity containing 100,000 m3 of sediment, so it was proposed that this material could be excavated and reused as part of canal stabilisation works proposed several miles up canal at Whitley Lock. In order to reuse the existing sediment material in the lagoon under a Paragraph 19 waste management licence exemption, it had to be established that the sediments could be classified as non-hazardous...
TL;DR: The analysis presented in this article is based on the Standard Industrial Classification codes of companies and organisations that have purchased BS 8887-1 and is considered in relation to the influence of environmental legislation.
Abstract: In 2006, the British Standards Institute (BSI) published BS 8887-1 ‘Design for Manufacture, Assembly, Disassembly and End-of-life processing’ (MADE) subtitled ‘General Concepts, Processes and Requirements’. This was the first British Standard to address design for efficient post-consumer product reprocessing. By designing and planning for remanufacture, much of the embodied energy and production investment can be retrieved after the consumer no longer requires the original item. Therefore, end-of-life products become an asset rather than a liability. Design for disassembly facilitates efficient deconstruction and thus enables materials to be recycled with minimal loss of purity, thus maximising their value. The analysis presented here is based on the Standard Industrial Classification codes of companies and organisations that have purchased BS 8887-1. These data are considered in relation to the influence of environmental legislation. Company age, size and location, as well as ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 certi...