Showing papers in "International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology in 1982"
TL;DR: The slow-growing, non-acid-producing root nodule bacteria of leguminous plants should be separated from the fast- growing, acid-producing strains and placed in a new genus, and the name proposed is Bradyrhizobium.
Abstract: Recent data indicate that the slow-growing, non-acid-producing root nodule bacteria of leguminous plants should be separated from the fast-growing, acid-producing strains and placed in a new genus. The separation is warranted by numerical taxonomy, deoxyribonucleic acid base ratio determinations, nucleic acid hybridization, ribosomal ribonucleic acid cistron similarities, serology, composition of extracellular gum, carbohydrate utilization and metabolism, bacteriophage and antibiotic susceptibilities, protein composition, and types of intracellular inclusion bodies in the bacteroid forms. The name proposed for the new genus is Bradyrhizobium. The type species of the genus is B. japonicum (Buchanan 1980) comb. nov. (basonym: Rhizobium japonicum Buchanan 1980), the type strain of which is ATCC 10324.
558 citations
TL;DR: Comparative studies of fast-growing Lotus rhizobia were reviewed, and a new species, Rhizobium loti, is proposed because plant specificity, phage relationships, the solubleprotein pattern, and deoxyribonucleic acid base sequence homology distinguished R. loti from currently recognized RhizOBium species.
Abstract: Comparative studies of fast-growing Lotus rhizobia were reviewed, and as a result a new species, Rhizobium loti, is proposed. The type strain of this species, which was isolated from a root nodule on Lotus corniculatus (bird's-foot trefoil), is NZP 2213 (= ATCC 33669). Plant specificity, phage relationships, the solubleprotein pattern, and deoxyribonucleic acid base sequence homology distinguished R. loti from currently recognized Rhizobium species.
225 citations
TL;DR: From dry sausage, a new species, Staphylococcus carnosus, has been isolated and described and is established primarily on the basis of its deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyrib on nucleic acid hybridization relationships, its biochemical reactions, and its cell wall composition.
Abstract: From dry sausage, a new species, Staphylococcus carnosus, has been isolated and described. The new species is established primarily on the basis of its deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization relationships, its biochemical reactions, and its cell wall composition. The type strain of this species is DSM 20501.
221 citations
TL;DR: Although these organisms did not grow phototrophically, the presence of bacteriochlorophyll a indicated that they are most closely related to the Rhodospirillaceae.
Abstract: Four orange-pigmented and seven pink-pigmented strains of bacteria which contained bacteriochlorophyll a were isolated from high-tidal seaweeds, such as Enteromorpha linza (L.) J. Ag. and Porphyra sp. All of the isolates were gram negative. The orange-pigmented bacteria were rods with parallel sides and rounded ends, and the pink-pigmented bacteria were ovoids and short rods. All were motile by means of subpolar flagella. None of the strains produced growth anaerobically in the light. No growth occurred with an atmosphere containing H2 and CO2. All of these bacteria grew aerobically and utilized glucose, pyruvate, acetate, butyrate, and glutamate as sole organic carbon sources. The best growth occurred on complex media formulated for heterotrophic marine bacteria. Biotin was required. Oxidase and catalase were present. Small amounts of acid were produced from a wide range of carbohydrates under microaerobic conditions. Gelatin was hydrolyzed. The strains which we investigated fell into the following three clusters: cluster A, all of the orange strains; cluster B, three pink strains; and cluster C, four pink strains. The strains of clusters B and C required thiamine and nicotinic acid and were susceptible to streptomycin. Tween 80 was hydrolyzed and phosphatase activity was produced by the strains of clusters A and B. Pantothenate was required only by the strains of cluster C. The guanine-plus-cytosine contents of the deoxyribonucleic acids of these organisms ranged from 60 to 64 mol%. These organisms are recognized here as members of a new genus, Erythrobacter. Although these organisms did not grow phototrophically, the presence of bacteriochlorophyll a indicated that they are most closely related to the Rhodospirillaceae. The type species is Erythrobacter longus, the type strain of which is an orange strain, OCh101 (= IFO 14126).
187 citations
TL;DR: Strain A was shown to multiply by budding at one pole of the cell, followed by asymmetric polar growth and binary fission, and a factor that diffuses through agar and causes lysis was detected emanating from strain A during growth on a nutritionally diluted medium.
Abstract: A bacterial predator of bacteria in soil is described. This gram-negative predator was previously designated strain A. It is not an obligate predator, for it grows in the absence of host cells on a variety of media, including a medium composed of Noble agar in distilled water. It does not hydrolyze agar. The presence of host cells causes an overall increase in the growth of strain A on Noble agar but, except for tracking, does not do so on nutritionally richer media. During growth on most media in the presence of host cells, such as cells of Micrococcus luteus, strain A attaches in a picket fence arrangement to the host cells. Lysis of the host cells ensues if the pH of the environment remains approximately in the range from 6.0 to 6.5. At higher pH values, tracking and attachment occur, but without lysis of the host cells. A factor that diffuses through agar and causes lysis was detected emanating from strain A during growth on a nutritionally dilute medium. Strain A was shown to multiply by budding at one pole of the cell, followed by asymmetric polar growth and binary fission. Additional morphological and biochemical characteristics of strain A are presented. A new genus, Ensifer, is proposed for this bacterium. The type species is Ensifer adhaerens sp. nov., and strain A (= ATCC 33212) is the type strain of this species.
161 citations
TL;DR: The polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns of soluble cellular proteins from 1, 094 strains of bifidobacteria were compared with available deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA homology data and with the phenotypic and biochemical reactions of these strains, demonstrating excellent correlation between the 25 distinct protein patterns and 24 DNA- DNA homology groups in the genus.
Abstract: The polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns of soluble cellular proteins from 1, 094 strains of bifidobacteria were compared with available deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA homology data and with the phenotypic and biochemical reactions of these strains. There was excellent correlation between the 25 distinct protein patterns and 24 DNA-DNA homology groups in the genus. Differentiation among species on the basis of common phenotypic properties often was unreliable. Our results demonstrate that the species previously known as “Bifidobacterium eriksonii” is a synonym of Bifidobacterium dentium Scardovi and Crociani; that “Actinomyces parabifidus” is a synonym of Bifidobacterium infantis Reuter; that Bifidobacterium globosum (ex Scardovi, Trovatelli, Crociani, and Sgorbati 1969) sp. nov., nom. rev. (type strain, ATCC 25865) and Bifidobacterium pseudolongum Mitsuoka are closely related but distinct entities; and that Bifidobacterium minimum sp. nov. (type strain, ATCC 27538) and Bifidobacterium subtile sp. nov. (type strain, ATCC 27537) are valid species. Our analyses also indicate that Bifidobacterium coryneforme (ex Scardovi and Trovatelli 1969) sp. nov., nom. rev. (type strain, ATCC 25911) is a valid species. A group of strains intermediate between B. infantis and B. longum, “Bifidobacterium infantislongum,” occurs in calf feces. Identical or nearly identical protein patterns were produced by strains that had 80% or greater DNA homology.
98 citations
TL;DR: The known extant plant pathogenic Corynebacterium species were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of their cellular proteins and a new corynebacterial wheat pathogen showed seven distinct groups, which differed in phenotypic characteristics, including pathogenic specificity.
Abstract: The known extant plant pathogenic Corynebacterium species were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of their cellular proteins. The patterns of the protein bands of 13 species and a new corynebacterial wheat pathogen showed seven distinct groups. Five of these groups consisted of only one species each, one group contained four species, and the last group contained the new wheat pathogen and the remaining four species. The pathogens that could not be distinguished by the polyacrylamide gel analysis differed in phenotypic characteristics, including pathogenic specificity. Thus, for these bacteria we propose recognition of the following taxa: Corynebacterium fascians (Tilford) Dowson, Corynebacterium ilicis (Mandel et al.), Corynebacterium tritici (ex Hutchinson) nom. rev., Corynebacterium iranicum (ex Scharif) nom. rev., Corynebacterium rathayi (Smith) Dowson, Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens subsp. flaccumfaciens (Hedges) Dowson, Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens subsp. poinsettiae (Starr and Pirone) comb, nov., Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens subsp. betae (Keyworth et al.) comb, nov., Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens subsp. oortii (Saaltink and Maas Geesteranus) comb, nov., Corynebacterium michiganense subsp. michiganense (Smith) Jensen, Corynebacterium michiganense subsp. nebraskense (Schuster et al.) comb, nov., Corynebacterium michiganense subsp. insidiosum (McCulloch) comb, nov., Corynebacterium michiganense subsp. sepedonicum (Spieckermann and Kotthoff), comb, nov., and Corynebacterium michiganense subsp. tessellarius subsp. nov., the type strain of which is strain 78181 (= ATCC 33566 = PDDCC7221).
91 citations
TL;DR: A new species of thermophilic marine methanogenic bacteria is described, which occurred as irregular cocci, singly or in pairs, and did not possess flagella.
Abstract: A new species of thermophilic marine methanogenic bacteria is described. Cells of this species occurred as irregular cocci, singly or in pairs, and did not possess flagella. Colonies were translucent, beige in color, and circular with entire edges. Either formate or hydrogen and carbon dioxide could serve as a substrate for growth and methane formation, whereas ethanol, methanol, acetate, propionate, and pyruvate could not. The temperature for optimum growth was 55°C, with minimal growth below 37°C and an upper temperature limit of 65°C. The pH for optimum growth was 7.0. Sodium chloride was required for growth; the concentration for optimum growth was 0.20 M. The minimum generation time was 2.5 h. The deoxyribonucleic acid base composition was 59 mol% guanine plus cytosine. The name Methanogenium thermophilicum is proposed for this organism. The type strain is CR-1 (= ATCC 33837 = DSM 2373).
89 citations
TL;DR: A numerical taxonomic survey of numerous strains of streptococci showed the presence of two clusters of strains that are distinct from the presently named species of Streptococcus.
Abstract: A numerical taxonomic survey of numerous strains of streptococci showed the presence of two clusters of strains that are distinct from the presently named species of Streptococcus. One group, from chicken intestines, is named S. gallinarum and the other, from the human mouth, is named S. oralis. The type strains are F87/276 (= PB21 = NCTC 11428) and LVG 1 (= PB182 = NCTC 11427), respectively.
88 citations
TL;DR: A new species from periodontal pockets and superficially cleaned tooth surfaces coronal to gingival margins and from various types of human infections, and strains previously identified as B. melaninogenicus and Bacteroides denticola are described.
Abstract: Bacteroides loescheii, a new species from periodontal pockets and superficially cleaned tooth surfaces coronal to gingival margins and from various types of human infections, is described. Strains of B. loescheii are obligately anaerobic, gram-negative, usually pigmenting, nonmotile, nonsporeforming rods that do not grow well in 10% bile and that ferment carbohydrates. These strains previously were identified as Bacteroides melaninogenicus or Bacteroides oralis, but they have no deoxyribonucleic acid homology with the type strain of either of these two species. The type strain of B. loescheii is ATCC 15930. The descriptions of B. melaninogenicus and Bacteroides denticola are emended.
87 citations
TL;DR: Facultatively anaerobic, nitrogen-fixing bacterial strains were isolated from sources as diverse as the gastrointestinal tracts of sea urchins collected in Nova Scotia, Canada, and the surfaces of reeds growing in a drainage ditch in Kent, England, and recognised as a new species, the name Vibrio diazotrophicus is proposed.
Abstract: Facultatively anaerobic, nitrogen-fixing bacterial strains were isolated from sources as diverse as the gastrointestinal tracts of sea urchins collected in Nova Scotia, Canada, and the surfaces of reeds growing in a drainage ditch in Kent, England. These strains were placed in the genus Vibrio Pacini 1865 of the family Vibrionaceae on the basis of their morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, as well as on the basis of the guanine-plus-cytosine contents of their deoxyribonucleic acids (45.9 to 47.2 mol%). They were clearly distinguished from strains of the currently recognized species in the genus Vibrio by a combination of diverse traits, including the production of nitrogenase, the inability to hydrolyze casein, deoxyribonucleic acid, gelatin, and Tween 80, the ability to ferment L-arabinose, cellobiose, salicin, and D-xylose, and the presence of an arginine dihydrolase system. Deoxyribonucleic acid homology studies supported recognition of these nitrogen-fixing strains as a new species, for which the name Vibrio diazotrophicus is proposed. Strain ATCC 33466 (= strain 1 = NS1) is the type strain.
TL;DR: The name Stomatococcus mucilaginosus gen.nov.
Abstract: The name Stomatococcus mucilaginosus gen.nov., sp.nov., ep.rev., is proposed for a group of organisms previously called “Micrococcus mucilaginosus,” a name which is not on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names. Stomatococcus mucilaginosus consists of gram-positive, encapsulated, nonmotile, non-spore-forming spheres. The distinctive biochemical characters of this organism are as follows: catalase test weakly positive or negative; acid, but not gas, is produced from glucose, trehalose, and glycerol; no acid is produced from mannitol, lactose, or xylose; hydrolyzes gelatin and esculin; produces acetoin; and reduces nitrate to nitrite. This organism is negative in tests for coagulase, deoxyribonuclease, phosphatase, and arginine dihydrolase; it does not grow on nutrient agar supplemented with 5% NaCl. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of its deoxyribonucleic acid varies between 56 and 60 mol%. The genus is placed in the family Micrococcaceae since the strains possess most of the characteristics of this family. Four striking differences between S. mucilaginosus and species of the genus Micrococcus are found in the following: encapsulation of cells, catalase reaction, ability to grow on nutrient agar supplemented with 5% NaCl, and guanine-plus-cytosine content of the deoxyribonucleic acid. Strain CCM 2417 (= ATCC 25296 = NCTC 10663) is the type strain of this new species. S. mucilaginosus is the type species of the genus Stomatococcus.
TL;DR: A distinguishing feature of the new species is its ability to produce acid from various carbohydrates and alcohols, which distinguishes them from all other Flavobacterium species.
Abstract: A new species, Flavobacterium spiritivorum, is proposed. Each of the 13 strains placed in the new species was examined for 129 characteristics, including 58 enzyme reactions (API ZYM system). These bacteria were rod shaped, aerobic, gram negative, and nonmotile, and oxidized glucose in oxidation-fermentation medium. The mean guanine-plus-cytosine content of the deoxyribonucleic acids of six selected strains was 41.4 ± 0.4 mol%. A distinguishing feature of the new species is its ability to produce acid from various carbohydrates and alcohols. In particular, the ability of F. spiritivorum strains to produce acid from ethanol and mannitol distinguishes them from all other Flavobacterium species. Eleven strains of the new species were isolated from human clinical specimens, of which blood and urine were common sources. The type strain is E7288 (= NCTC 11386).
TL;DR: The genus description of Veillonella Prevot is emended to include strains that ferment fructose, because most strains of V. criceti produced acid in peptone-yeast extract-fructose media, and the type strains V. parvula and V. alcalescens had high homology.
Abstract: Results of deoxyribonucleic acid homology studies of 116 strains of Veillonella Prevot, representing the two species and seven subspecies currently recognized in this genus, showed seven deoxyribonucleic acid homology groups distinct at the species level. Because the type strains of V. parvula subsp. parvula and V. alcalescens subsp. alcalescens had high homology, we regard V. alcalescens Prevot 1933 as a later subjective synonym of V. parvula (Veillon and Zuber, 1896) Prevot 1933. The species V. parvula, V. dispar (Rogosa) comb. nov., V. atypica (Rogosa) comb. nov., V. rodentium (Rogosa) comb. nov., V. ratti (Rogosa) comb. nov., V. criceti (Rogosa) comb. nov., and V. caviae sp. nov. (type strain, ATCC 33540) are recognized. Because most strains of V. criceti produced acid in peptone-yeast extract-fructose media, the genus description is emended to include strains that ferment fructose.
TL;DR: Three spiroplasma strains recovered from rabbit ticks in Georgia and Maryland were found to be similar in biochemical, serological, and pathological properties, and it is proposed that spiroPLasma strains with these characteristics be classified as a new species, Spiro Plasma mirum.
Abstract: Three spiroplasma strains recovered from rabbit ticks (Haemaphysalis leporispalustris) in Georgia and Maryland were found to be similar in biochemical, serological, and pathological properties. The organisms grew at temperatures of 20 to 37°C, required cholesterol for growth, fermented glucose, hydrolyzed arginine, and produced a film and spot reaction. The three spiroplasma strains were serologically distinct from the one established species (Spiroplasma citri) in the genus and from all other unclassified spiroplasma serogroups presently known. On the basis of these findings and other morphological, biological, and serological properties of the organism, it is proposed that spiroplasma strains with these characteristics be classified as a new species, Spiroplasma mirum. Strain SMCA (ATCC 29335) is the type strain.
TL;DR: The name proposed for the second group of strains, which corresponds to the description of the organism previously known as “Flavobacterium maris” Harrison 1929, is Rhodococcus maris nom.
Abstract: Two groups of bacteria isolated from natural substrates were assigned to the genus Rhodococcus Zopf 1891, emend. Goodfellow and Alderson 1977. We propose the name Rhodococcus luteus nom. nov. for the first group, which corresponds to the description of the organism previously known as “Mycobacterium luteum” Sohngen 1913. The type strain of R. luteus is IMV 385 (= AUCNM A-594). The name proposed for the second group of strains, which corresponds to the description of the organism previously known as “Flavobacterium maris” Harrison 1929, is Rhodococcus maris nom. nov. The type strain of R. maris is IMV 195 (= AUCNM A-593). The properties of the two species are described, and the characters useful for the identification of the species are given.
TL;DR: Results suggest that N. ovis, N. caviae, and N. cuniculi may be significantly different from other neisseriae and from branhamellae to warrant their separation in a distinct genus.
Abstract: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) base composition, intergenic transformation efficiency, and DNA hybridization were used to determine the relatedness of a variety of established or proposed species of Neisseria and Branhamella. These studies indicated that these bacteria form three genetic groupings. Group I, comprised of N. meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae, N. subflava, N. flava, N. perflava, N. sicca, N. mucosa, N. cinerea, N. flavescens, N. lactamica, N. elongata, N. canis, and N. denitrificans, was characterized by DNA base compositions ranging between 49.3 and 55.6 mol% guanine plus cytosine. Group II, comprised of N. cuniculi, N. caviae, and N. ovis, was characterized by DNA base compositions ranging between 45.3 and 47.3 mol% guanine plus cytosine. Group III, comprised of one species, B. catarrhalis, was characterized by DNA base compositions between 41 and 42 mol% guanine plus cytosine. Transformation and DNA hybridization results revealed that members of each group, with few exceptions, exhibited high DNA homology with other members of the same group but most often distinctly lower levels of homology with members of a different group. These data suggest that N. ovis, N. caviae, and N. cuniculi may be significantly different from other neisseriae and from branhamellae to warrant their separation in a distinct genus.
TL;DR: Bacteroides oris and B. buccae, two new species isolated from periodontal pockets and the superficially cleaned tooth surface coronal to the gingival margin, from various types of human infections, and from chicken intestinal contents are described.
Abstract: Bacteroides oris and B. buccae, two new species isolated from periodontal pockets and the superficially cleaned tooth surface coronal to the gingival margin, from various types of human infections, and from chicken intestinal contents are described. They were obligately anaerobic, gram-negative, nonpigmenting, nonmotile, non-spore-forming rods that did not grow well in 10% bile and that fermented carbohydrates. Although we had previously identified many of these strains as members of B. ruminicola subsp. brevis biovar (biotype) 3 (Holdeman et al. [ed.], Anaerobe Laboratory Manual, 4th ed., 1977), in the present study, we found that the strains had no deoxyribonucleic acid homology with the type strains of B. ruminicola subsp. ruminicola or B. ruminicola subsp. brevis. The strains also had no deoxyribonucleic acid homology with the type strain of B. oralis. ATCC 27518, which we deposited as representative of human isolates of B. ruminicola subsp. brevis biovar 3, is now identified as a strain of B. oris. The type strains of B. oris and B. buccae are B. oris ATCC 33573 and B. buccae ATCC 33574, respectively.
TL;DR: From a study of the so-called bacterial canker of ash, caused by a variant of “Pseudomonas savastanoi” (Smith) Stevens, it became evident that this variant and the variants which cause olive knot and oleander knot can be distinguished from one another on the basis of their pathogenicity and host range.
Abstract: From a study of the so-called bacterial canker of ash, caused by a variant of “Pseudomonas savastanoi” (Smith) Stevens, it became evident that this variant and the variants of “P. savastanoi” which cause olive knot and oleander knot can be distinguished from one another on the basis of their pathogenicity and host range. All isolates of “P. savastanoi” were recently classified by Dye et al. (Plant Pathol. 59:153–168, 1980) as members of a single pathovar of P. syringae van Hall. It appears, however, that these isolates differ sufficiently from the other members of P. syringae to justify subspecies rank for them. The following classification and nomenclature are therefore proposed: Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi (ex Smith) subsp. nov., nom. rev., to include the olive pathogen (pathovar oleae), the ash pathogen (pathovar fraxini), and the oleander pathogen (pathovar nerii). The type strain of P. syringae subsp. savastanoi is ATCC 13522 (= NCPPB 639).
TL;DR: The physiology, metabolism, nutrition, and biochemical characteristics of Corynebacterium pyogenes (Glage) Eberson were studied in detail to determine the taxonomic status of this organism and it is proposed that C. pyogene be transferred to the genus Actinomyces as ActInomyces pyogenEberson comb.
Abstract: The physiology, metabolism, nutrition, and biochemical characteristics of Corynebacterium pyogenes (Glage) Eberson were studied in detail to determine the taxonomic status of this organism. C. pyogenes is a gram-positive, nonmotile, nonsporulating, short, rod-shaped bacterium which produces acid but not gas from a variety of carbohydrates. A number of amino acids were tested and did not appear to serve as sources of energy for growth. C. pyogenes is urease and catalase negative, does not reduce nitrates, and does not produce indole. Wide zones of β-hemolysis on blood agar, acid coagulation of litmus milk, and digestion of the clot are characteristic. Growth is comparable under aerobic and strictly anaerobic conditions. Metabolism is strictly fermentative. Glucose is fermented in CO2-containing media to succinate, acetate, formate, and lactate; no propionic acid is produced. In identical media without CO2, lactate is the major product, and only small amounts of acetate, succinate, and formate are produced. Hemin is stimulatory or required for growth. CO2/HCO3 − and inositol seem to be obligatory growth factors. Certain peptides appear to relieve the requirement for inositol. All strains require riboflavin and nicotinic acid, and most require adenine and uracil for optimal growth. Characteristic cell wall sugar components are rhamnose and glucose, and the major diamino acid of peptidoglycan is lysine. Cells contain a type b cytochrome. Based on these data, we propose that C. pyogenes be transferred to the genus Actinomyces as Actinomyces pyogenes (Glage) comb. nov.
TL;DR: The total acid hydrolysates of 160 strains representing 12 species and subspecies of Bacteroides were analyzed for cellular fatty acids by capillary gas-liquid chromatography to generate ratios among selected components that appeared to be characteristic.
Abstract: The total acid hydrolysates of 160 strains representing 12 species and subspecies of Bacteroides were analyzed for cellular fatty acids by capillary gas-liquid chromatography. Fatty acid profiles were analyzed mathematically to generate ratios among selected components. Certain of these ratios appeared to be characteristic, permitting separation of the species and subspecies tested.
TL;DR: The colonies produced by these bacteria in cellulose agar roll-tubes were spherical, translucent, unpigmented, and of granular appearance and the ability of the organism to ferment filter paper was reflected.
Abstract: Clostridium papyrosolvens, a new species of cellulolytic, sporeforming, anaerobic bacteria, is described The colonies produced by these bacteria in cellulose agar roll-tubes were spherical, translucent, unpigmented, and of granular appearance Single cells of the bacterium were straight rods, 05 to 08 μm by 2 to 5 μm, peritrichous, and motile Spherical terminal spores 1 to 12 μm in diameter were formed Fermentation products from cellulose included hydrogen, carbon dioxide, ethanol, acetate, and lactate The deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of the type strain of C papyrosolvens, NCIB 11394, is 30 mol% guanine plus cytosine The specific epithet papyrosolvens reflects the ability of the organism to ferment filter paper
TL;DR: The purpose of this note is to revive, in accordance with the rules of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria, the names of four genera (Caedibacter, Holospora, Lyticum, and Tectibacter) and seven species of protozoan endosymbionts not included on the recently published Approved Lists of Bacterial Names.
Abstract: The purpose of this note is to revive, in accordance with the rules of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria, the names of four genera (Caedibacter, Holospora, Lyticum, and Tectibacter) and seven species (C. taeniospiralis, H. elegans, H. obtusa, H. undulata, L. flagellatum, L. sinuosum, and T. vulgaris) of protozoan endosymbionts not included on the recently published Approved Lists of Bacterial Names. The names are being revived for the same organisms to which the names were originally applied. The species previously referred to as “Cytophaga caryophila” is here transferred to the genus Holospora as Holospora caryophila nom. nov.
TL;DR: Differences in resistance to heat and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole were exploited in the development of methods for quantitative serological characterization of one class of catalase in the presence of the other.
Abstract: Two types of catalase may be found in extracts of mycobacteria, the heat-labile T class and the heat-stable M class. The T-catalase is resistant to 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole and has a Michaelis constant in the range of 3.1 to 6.8 mM H2O2, whereas the M-catalase is inhibited by 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole and has a Michaelis constant in the range of 143 to 156 mM. Some species of mycobacteria produce only one class of catalase, and others produce both. Of the species studied, only Mycobacterium terrae, M. triviale, and M. nonchromogenicum failed to exhibit T-catalase, although all three of these species had M-catalase. Conversely, M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. intracellulare, M. avium, M. gastri, M. marinum, and M. xenopi yielded T-catalase but not M-catalase. Six species, M. szulgai, M. simiae, M. kansasii, M. gordonae, M. scrofulaceum, and M. asiaticum, produced both classes. The differences in resistance to heat and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole were exploited in the development of methods for quantitative serological characterization of one class of catalase in the presence of the other. These techniques were used with three reference sera to produce a branching diagram of divergence of the T-catalases from 13 species of mycobacteria based on measurements of immunological distance. No T-catalase could be demonstrated in another three species. A first-stage study was also carried out with a single reference antiserum to M-catalase from M. kansasii. Representatives of nine mycobacterial species, including the three that produced no T-catalase, were characterized with this reference system, which tends to yield larger immunological distance values than the T-catalase system.
TL;DR: Comparative chemical, biochemical, and in vitro genetic analyses of “Micrococcus candidus’ ATCC 14852, “M. caseolyticus” ATCC 13548, and M. varians ATCC 29750 have demonstrated that these strains were misidentified and that they should be assigned to the genus Staphylococcus.
Abstract: Comparative chemical, biochemical, and in vitro genetic analyses of “Micrococcus candidus” ATCC 14852, “M. caseolyticus” ATCC 13548, and M. varians ATCC 29750 have demonstrated that these strains were misidentified and that they should be assigned to the genus Staphylococcus. (Names in quotation marks are not on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names, have not been validly published since 1 January 1980, and therefore do not have nomenclatural standing.) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA-hybridization experiments and other physiological and biochemical data indicated that “M. candidus” ATCC 14852 is a strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis. High DNA homology values also revealed that “M. caseolyticus” ATCC 13548 and M. varians ATCC 29750 are related to each other at the species level. Although they differ from most staphylococci in their production of class II fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase and in their cytochrome composition, they are, on the basis of their cell wall compositions, the low guanine + cytosine contents of their DNAs, and the results of DNA-ribosomal ribonucleic acid hybridization studies, genuine members of the genus Staphylococcus. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments demonstrated that they are not closely related to any of the known Staphylococcus species. It is proposed that these organisms represent a new species, namely, S. caseolyticus. Strain ATCC 13548 is the type strain.
TL;DR: Characterization of the reference strains of avian mycoplasma serovar (serotypes) C, D, F, I, and L indicates that the serovars are distinct species, and the following names have been suggested for them: M. pullorum, M. gallinaceum, M.
Abstract: Characterization of the reference strains of avian mycoplasma serovars (serotypes) C, D, F, I, and L, namely CKK (= ATCC 33553 = NCTC 10187), DD (= ATCC 33550 = NCTC 10183), WR1 (= ATCC 33551 = NCTC 10186), 695 (= ATCC 33552 = NCTC 10185), and 694 (= ATCC 33549 = NCTC 10184), respectively, indicates that the serovars are distinct species, and the following names have been suggested for them: M. pullorum, M. gallinaceum, M. gallopavonis, M. iowae, and M. columbinasale, respectively. The above-mentioned reference strains are designated as the type strains of their respective species. Further biochemical and serological examination of the properties of Mycoplasma synoviae also confirm this to be a separate species.
TL;DR: Growth inhibition serology apparently functions in the Spiroplasmataceae as a test applicable for differentiation at the species level, as it does in the MycoplasMataceae.
Abstract: A total of 33 triply cloned Spiroplasma strains were studied by the conventional growth inhibition test on M1A or M1D agar plates. Sera were prepared to 17 of the isolates, representing five major groups and the four subgroups (subgroups I-1, I-2, I-3 and I-4) of the Spiroplasma citri complex. Zone sizes varied with the titer and the growth rate of the spiroplasma cultures used as antigens. Test results were standardized by recording zone widths that developed on plates inoculated with cultures containing about 105 colony-forming units per ml. Zone widths in homologous tests ranged from 5 to 19 mm, but were usually at least 10 mm for all but the fastest growing spiroplasmas. Nonspecific zones 1 to 4 mm in width were observed rarely in heterologous crosses between major serogroups, but were characteristic of certain individual strain-antibody combinations and were not observed when other strains of the group or subgroup were examined. Heterologous reactions resulting in zones 2 to 15 mm wide among the four subgroups of the S. citri complex (group I) were observed; such partial reactions were characteristic of all strains within each subgroup. Deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization experiments have shown that major Spiroplasma groups are distinct and can be considered to be putative species. Therefore, growth inhibition serology apparently functions in the Spiroplasmataceae as a test applicable for differentiation at the species level, as it does in the Mycoplasmataceae.
TL;DR: “Staphylococcus staphylolyticus”
Abstract: “Staphylococcus staphylolyticus” NRRL B-2628, the lysostaphin-producing organism, is identified as a biovar of S. simulans. The membership of this organism in the genus Staphylococcus is based on the guanine-plus-cytosine content of its deoxyribonucleic acid, its anaerobic growth in thioglycolate medium, the presence of teichoic acids in its cell wall, and the composition of its cell wall peptidoglycan. The identification of the organism as a member of S. simulans is based on its lack of production of coagulase and acetylmethylcarbinol, its carbohydrate reaction pattern, similarities in other biochemical characteristics, and the results of deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization studies.
TL;DR: Seven requests were published between January 1985 and July 1993, including requests for conservation or recognition of “Rhodococcus lentifragmentus,” “Pediococcus acidilactici,’ and “Salmonella enterica” and transfer of the type strain of Methanothrix soehngenii.
Abstract: Eleven requests were published between January 1985 and July 1993. Four of these requests were granted and have been published as Opinion 64, replacing and recognizing type strains of Methanobacterium formicicum and Methanobacterium bryantii, respectively; Opinion 65, replacing the type strain of Selenomonas sputigena; Opinion 66, replacing the type strain of Streptococcus mitis; and Opinion 67, rejecting Citrobacter diversum. Six requests were denied, including requests for conservation or recognition of “Rhodococcus lentifragmentus,” “Pediococcus acidilactici,” and “Salmonella enterica,” rejection of Erwinia carnegieana, Pectobacterium carnegieana, and Lactobacillus paracasei, and transfer of the type strain of Methanosaeta concilii to Methanothrix soehngenii. A request based on a proposal for reinterpretation of the position of Xanthomonas maltophilia was not considered by the Judicial Commission because it represented a substantive taxonomic issue rather than a nomenclatural question governed by the Bacteriological Code.
TL;DR: A new species of Clostridium isolated from a methanogenic cellulose-enrichment culture of sewage sludge is described, and a wide variety of carbohydrates was fermented by this mesophilic anaerobe.
Abstract: A new species of Clostridium isolated from a methanogenic cellulose-enrichment culture of sewage sludge is described. The colonies produced by these bacteria were white, circular, and convex with smooth margins. The cells were straight, spindle-shaped rods, 0.6 by 3.0 μm in size. They were gram negative and nonmotile, and they formed round, terminal spores. A wide variety of carbohydrates was fermented by this mesophilic anaerobe. The major fermentation products were acetic acid, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and ethanol. The deoxyribonucleic acid base composition was 28 mol% guanine plus cytosine. The name Clostridium saccharolyticum is proposed for this new species on the basis of its broad saccharolytic activity. The type strain of C. saccharolyticum is WM1 (= NRC 2533).