Showing papers in "Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research in 2014"

Carbazole: it’s biological activity

Abstract: Carbazole alkaloids constitute an important class of naturally occurring heterocycles, isolated from the Rutaceae-family. First Carbazole alkaloids were isolated as natural products from Murraya koenigii that exhibited strong antimicrobial activity 4 . The stem bark of Murraya koenigii contains dimeric carbazole alkaloids along with six carbazole alkaloids 3 . Traditionally, this plant is used as stimulant, stomachic, febrifuge, analgesic and for the treatment of diarrhoea, dysentry and insect bites. Along with these activities it also shows antimicrobial property. Key words: Murraya koenigii, Carbazole alkaloids

Role of omega-3 fatty acid in hepatoprotection against carbon tetra chloride induced liver injury in albino rabbits

Abstract: In the present study hepatoprotective activity of Omega-3-fatty acid against carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) induced hepatic damage in albino rabbits was evaluated. Hepatic injury was induced by administering 0.05ml/Kg body wt. intraperitoneally of CCl 4 . Omega-3-fatty acid at dose levels of 600 mg/Kg/day were administered to albino rabbits that showed protection from hepatic injury. Omega 3-fatty acid reduced the elevated serum liver enzymes like Aspartate Transferase (SGOT), Alanine Transferase (SGPT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and serum bilirubin. The result obtained were compared with silymarin (100 mg/Kg body wt. p.o), the standard drug. In conclusion omega-3-Fatty acid (600 mg/Kg/day) were found to hvae very highly significant (p<0.001) hepatoprotective activity comparable to silymarin. Key words: Omega-3-Fatty acids, Carbon tetra chloride, Hepatoprotective activity, Silymarin

Formulation and characterization of tpp cross-linked chitosan microspheres loaded with lornoxicam

Abstract: In the present study, tripolyphosphate (TPP) cross-linked chitosan microspheres loaded with lornoxicam were prepared by ionic gelation technique. The effect of formulation and process variables on physicochemical properties of microspheres was investigated. FT-IR, DSC and XRD studies revealed the absence of any chemical interactions between the drug and excipients used. Scanning electron microscope images revealed that the prepared microspheres were discrete, broadly spherical with rough surface characteristics. The size of the microspheres was in the range of 615.32 ± 3.21µm to 855.14 ± 2.83µm which increased with increase in core: coat ratio; reduced when the pH of the TPP medium was changed from its original alkaline to acidic and also with increased extent of cross-linking. Percentage encapsulation efficiency was found to be within 56.33 ± 1.8 to 96.59 ± 3.62 and it was largely dependent on core: coat ratio, pH of the TPP medium and extent of cross-linking. Higher drug release was observed for the microspheres prepared at lower core: coat ratios and also for those prepared at the original pH of dispersion medium. On the other hand, more controlled drug release was observed with the microspheres containing higher polymeric levels prepared in the acidic medium. The drug release was also reduced with higher cross-linking conditions. Non-Fickian diffusion controlled drug release mechanism was observed for all the microspheres except those prepared at higher cross-linking conditions, which exhibited zero order release kinetics. Overall, formulation and process variables have significantly affected the physicochemical properties of the prepared microspheres.

Phytochemical screening, cytotoxicity studies and larvicidal activity of hexane extract of Lippia kituiensis against Rhipicephalus appendiculatus.

Abstract: Ectoparasites particularly ticks are responsible for severe losses in the livestock industry. This study evaluated the larvicidal properties of hexane extract of Lippia kituiensis against larvae of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus . Contact toxicity was used in the bioassay and mortality data was collected at 6, 12, 24 and 48 hrs. The data obtained during bioassay was then subjected to probit regression analysis to estimate concentration dependent mortality for LC 50 and LC 90 values in mg/ml. The LC 50 in mg/ml were 12.6 (11.0-14.1), 10.6 (9.0-12.0), 6.7 (5.2-7.9), and 4.8 (2.2-5.9) while the LC 90 in mg/ml were 19.5 (17.0-24.4), 17.4 (15.0-22.0), 10.8 (9.1-14.3) and 7.7 (6.2-13.0) at 6, 12, 24 and 48 hrs respectively. Results of one way ANOVA showed significant difference (P= 0.03, 95%) in activity against the larvae by the hexane extract of L. kituiensis at 6, 12, 24 and 48 hrs. Phytochemical screening of hexane extract revealed presence of saponins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides. The activity observed in this extract was attributed to the presence of these phytochemicals. The plant demonstrated no cytotoxicity against vero cells at 500 µg/ml, hence the extract was considered safe for practical use in controlling R. appendiculatus infestation in livestock.

A review on the recent innovations in transdermal drug delivery for herbal therapy

Abstract: This review focuses on the recent innovation in Transdermal drug delivery system which can be a stand for the research and development of pharmaceutical dosage form for transdermal drug delivery. TDDS (transdermal drug delivery system) improve beneficial value and drug safety by further site definite the way and temporal position in the body’s vital to reduce the number and size of doses necessary to achieve the objective of systemic medication through topical application to the intact skin surface. TDDS has abundant advantages more than usual drug delivery route. Transdermal route or therapy is non-invasive that includes lack of first pass metabolism effect, high bioavailability and steady drug plasma concentration. A Transdermal Patch is an adhesive patch that has a coating of medicine (drug) that is placed on the skin to deliver specific dose of the medicine (drug) into the bloodstream over a period of time. The present review focused on the delivery of some herbal agents through transdermal route. The main principle of developing unconventional drug delivery technologies is to offer more convenience for patients and increase the effectiveness and protection of drug. The aim of the present review at formulation of transdermal patches incorporating herbal drug components. Transdermal patch is a medicated adhesive pad that is designed to release the active ingredient at a constant rate over a period of several hours to days after application to the skin. It has been found that drugs from herbal origin can be utilized with enhanced efficacy by incorporating in transdermal drug patches. Herbal transdermal patches which aids to quit smoking, relieve stress, increase sexuality, insect repellant patches, detoxification, male energizer, postpone menopause are available. The objective and aim of the transdermal drug delivery system is topically administered drug in the form of patches that is delivering the drug in the body through the skin for systemic effect at a predetermined time period.

Crystal engineering of nabumetone by cocrystallization

Abstract: Pharmaceutical cocrystals are multi-component solid-state assemblies of two or more compounds held together by any type or combination of intermolecular interactions. The objective of this study was to investigate the use and validate the success rate of Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs) for the indicating cocrystal formation and guide for cocrystal screening. Nabumetone as a model drug selected which carries dosage form design challenges. Present work emphasizes prediction of miscibility of nabumetone and cocrystal former (CCF) for cocrystal formation. Prediction was based on differences in the HSPs between drug and CCF; calculated by combined Hoftyzer-Van Krevelen and Fedors group contribution. Cocrystallization was carried out using the equimolar 1:1, 0.1 mMol stoichiometric ratios of nabumetone and CCFs via solvent evaporation technique followed by vaccum drying. The obtained systems/samples were characterized by FT-IR, DSC and PXRD for identification of cocrystal formation. Results showed formation of new phases designated as a cocrystal. The investigated approach was effective in predicting miscibility of the drug and selected conformer’s. Proposed HSPs-based approach would be useful for short listing potential coformers prior to complex laboratory screening experiments. Key words : Cocrystals, Nabumetone, Cocrystal formers, Hansen solubility parameter.

Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical, Pharmacological and Toxicological Review on Trichosanthesanguina Linn

Abstract: Traditional medicine is widely spread globally and it is the almost exclusive source of primary health care for 80% of the world’s population. Herbal medicines are regarded by the public and some health care providers to be gentle and safe, despite a paucity of scientific evidence to support such beliefs. Trichosanthes anguina Linn. (Cucurbitaceae) is widely distributed in Asian countries including Sri Lanka, India, Malay Penisula and Philippine. It is used as a tonic and to cure coughs and bilious attacks. The seeds are purgative, anthelmintic and used in the treatment of syphilis.Seeds are given in disorder of stomach. Unripe fruit is very bitter and dried capsule are given in infusion or in decoction with sugar to assist digestion. The observation of living plants in the field is useful for the assessment of various aspects of the habit of Trichosanthes because these aspects may be not clear from the herbarium specimens. Most species are perennial climbers, often with tuberous roots, and some are annual. Perennial female plants frequently die after fruiting (monocarpous), but new shoots may be produced by the tubers in some species. Pharmacognostical, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological activity of Trichosanthes Anguina Linn is briefly introduced in this review. Key words: Trichosanthes Anguina Linn, Phytochemical, Pharmacological, Cucurbitaceae

Chemical constituents and biological activity of ficus platypoda (miq.) leaves

Abstract: Six compounds were isolated for the first time from the leaves of Ficus platypoda and were identified as 3-methoxycarpachromene [1], pheophorbide-a methyl ester [2], pheophorbide-b methyl ester [3], (6S, 9R)-3-oxo-6-hydroxy-α-ionol [4], β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside [5]and rutin [6] on the basis of their spectroscopic data;UV, IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR in conjunction with 2D experiments (COSY, HSQC, HMBC), ESI/MS and direct comparison with published literatures. The different crude extracts (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and n-butanol) showed selective antimicrobial activities against two Gram-positive bacteria, seven Gram-negative bacteria and two fungi. The different crude extracts also exhibited moderate to weak radical scavenging properties towards DPPH radical. The petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts showed remarkable cytotoxic activities against two human tumor cell lines: Human colon carcinoma (HCT-116) and Human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines, whereas week activities were detected with the n-butanol extract. Compound 2 showed potent antimalarial activity against both chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum with IC50 values in the range of 3.9 μg/mL without showing any cytotoxicity to mammalian cells but showing weak antileishmanial activity with IC50 value of 40 μg/mL. This is the first report concerning the biological activities of Ficus platypoda leaves. Key words: Ficus platypoda, Cytotoxicity, Antimalarial and Antileishmanial

Ecopharmacovigilance: its importance and challenges

Abstract: Active pharmaceutical ingredients represent a group of emerging environmental contamination. Even in trace amounts, they are of great concern due to then continuous introduction into the environment, their impact an ecosystem and human and vetenery health is of great importance. This has given birth to the science of Ecopharmacovigilance (EPV). It aims to ensure that significant environmental issues associated with pharmaceuticals in the environment are identified and managed appropriately. EPV has become a research hotspot in Europe and North America. Environmental Risk assessment (ERA) is now a regulatory requirement prior to launch of any new drug. The biggest difference and greatest challenge concerns signal detection in the environment and the dilemma of identifying cause and effect. In the background of growing Indian pharmaceutical industry and drug consumption, India should shoulder responsibility for its own environment and people along with the world ecosystem. Compared to the west EPV in India is in infancy ERA is now a regulatory requirement prior to launch of any new drug. However there is no formal frame-work to monitor for potential adverse effects in the environment, once a product has been launched. There should be laws and regulations on EPV, rational medication, drug take back programs, strengthening policy guided and scientific researches on EPV by pharmaceutical firms and academia. Key words: Ecopharmacovigilance (EPV), Active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), Environment risk Assessment (ERA).

Isolation of four furoquinoline alkaloids from teclea nobilis and their activity against schistosoma mansoni miracidia

Abstract: Schistosomiasis is one of the neglected diseases affecting approximately 200 million people worldwide. In this research, we isolated and evaluated the antimiracidial activity of secondary metabolites from Teclea nobilis (Rutaceae) which has been used ethnomedicinally against helminthes. Ethyl acetate extract was fractionated over silica gel column chromatography yielding four furoquinoline alkaloids which were identified through analysis of their 1D and 2D NMR, mass spectrometry data and comparison with literature data as; tecleoxine A, methylnkolbisine B, kokusaginine C and nkolbisine D. Serial dilutions of these compounds were exposed to Schistosoma mansoni miracidia. Compounds A, B and C were tested for bioassay and analyzed as a mixture because they were not resolved individually into purified forms due to their minimal amounts and close Rf values. Miracidial mortality was determined after 30 minutes under a dissecting microscope. Log probit regression analysis at 95% confidence level was used to calculate LC50 and LC90 using IBM SPSS version 21.0 software. Compounds A, B and C mixture were the most potent with LC50 and LC90 values of 270.2 and 690.9 ppm, respectively. Synergism could have been the reason for the high potency. Compound B was the least potent with mortality recorded LC50 and LC90 values of 287.9 and 631.7 ppm, respectively. These findings indicate that these compounds could be useful as lead compounds for the development of schistosomicide. Also, considering that a large number of human populations, mostly from poor backgrounds, suffer chronic schistosomiasis, the discovery of plant compounds that may control schistosomiasis could be of great value. Key words: alkaloids, miracidial activity, Schistosoma mansoni and Teclea nobilis

Validated rp-hplc method development for the simultaneous estimation of acetylcysteine and acebrofylline in capsule formulation

Abstract: A new simple, precise, rapid and accurate reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method had been developed for the simultaneous estimation of Acetylcysteine (ACST) and Acebrofylline (ACBF) in capsule dosage form. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a Hypersil BDS, C18, 100 x 4.6 mm, 5mm particle size column was used with PDA detector by using mobile phase containing mixture of 0.02M Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (KH 2 PO 4 ) buffer : acetonitrile (90:10 % v/v pH 3.2) was used. . The flow rate was 0.9 ml / min and effluents were monitored at 260 nm. Chromatogram showed two main peaks corresponding to Acetylcysteine and Acebrofylline at retention times 2.365 and 5.505 min respectively. The method was liniear over the concentration range of 150-900µg/ml for Acetylcysteine and 25-150 µg/ml for Acebrofylline respectively. The developed method was validated in accordance to ICH guidelines. Key words: Acetylcysteine, Acebrofylline, RP-HPLC, Validation, ICH, Acetonitrile

Phytochemical studies and in vivo antioxidant activity of two lavandula species (lamiaceae) against streptozotocin induced oxidative stress in albino rats

Abstract: Phytochemical studies of two Lavandula species namely L. dentata L. and L. angustifolia Mill. (Lamiaceae) cultivated in Egypt was carried out to subsist positive diagnostic indices for the research of their monographs as well as GC/MS analysis of their volatile oils and quantitative estimation of total phenol and flavonoid contents. The gained results revealed both qualitative and quantitative variation in the chemical composition of the investigated species where twenty-six and thirty-one compounds were identified in the volatile oils of L. dentata L. and L. angustifolia Mill. representing 96.43 % and 98.56 % respectively, the major chemical constituents in the volatile oil of L. dentata were menthe-1,5-dien-8-ol (26.80%), caryophyllene oxide (16.40%) and guiaol (15.36%), while in L. angustifolia were linalyl acetate (18.99%), citronellol (17.36%) and menthe-1,5-dien-8-ol (16.21%), moreover, the calculated values of total phenol and flavonoid contents were 188.50 ±2.07 mg GAE g -1 , 90.40±1.57 mg QE g -1 , 194.95±2.55 mg GAE g -1 , 98.83±2.68 mg QE g -1 and 167.10±2.30 mg GAE g -1 , 116.15±1.91QE g -1 ,152.50± 2.21mg GAE g -1 , 119.95±1.87 mg QE g -1 for aqueous and methanol extracts respectively. Investigation of their impact as antioxidants against Streptozotocin induced oxidative stress in liver and kidney tissues of albino rats revealed that the methanol extract of L. angustifolia exhibited the highest antioxidant potential followed by, that of L. dentata and volatile oil L. angustifolia in dose dependent manner respectively which can be useful results for developing natural antioxidant agents.

Prevalence of non-fermenting gram negative bacilli from clinical isolates and their antibiogram profile

Abstract: Background and Objectives: Non fermenting gram negative bacilli (NFGNB) are an increasing cause of concern in the hospitals as they produce a therapeutic dilemma for the treating physician.The present study was undertaken to know the prevalence and the resistance pattern of non-fermenting gram negative bacilli from clinical isolates. Methods: Of2758 bacterial isolates 389 (14.1%) were Non-fermenting gram negative bacilli recovered from various clinical specimens . All the samples were processed for routine bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility test as per standard protocol (CLSI guidelines). Results: Among NFGNBs, 274(70.43%) were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 99 (25.44%) Acinetobactercalcoaciticus - baumaniicomplex, 10 (2.57%) Acinetobacterlwoffii and6 (1.54%) Acinetobacterhemolyticus .All the Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were sensitive to Polymyxin B and least resistance was observed towards Amikacin 9.85%.All the Acinetobacterisolates were sensitive to Polymyxin B. Only 20.20 % of Acinetobactercalcoaciticusbaumannii complex were resistant to Imipenemwhereas rest all strains were sensitive . Conclusion: The prevalence of NFGNB among clinical isolates was 14.1%. Significantly higher resistance rate was observed by these isolates to almost all the drugs routinely used. Keywords: NFGNB,Pseudomonas,Acinetobacter, Amikacin, Polymyxin B

Clinico-etiological study of neonatal jaundice in a tertiary carecentre in ambala (haryana) india

Abstract: Jaundice occurs in most newborn infants. Most jaundice is benign, but because of the potential toxicity of bilirubin, newborn infants must be monitored to identify those who might develop severe hyperbilirubinemia and, in rare cases, acute bilirubin encephalopathy or kernicterus. Many a times it is physiological. Assessment can be done both by invasive and non-invasive methods. Clinical assessment is by Kramers rule. Aims of the study were to clinically assess neonatal jaundice and evaluate the etiological factors responsible. One-hundred and fifty newborns were included in the study with the following inclusion criteria : all neonates developing jaundice and exclusion criteria : neonates developing jaundice after first two weeks of birth, who left against medical advice and where parents did not give consent for investigations. Babies were examined in broad day light to clinically assess level of jaundice and kramers rule was applied. Various investigations were done to determine serum bilirubin levels and find out the cause for jaundice. The study showed that the most common cause was Physiological (n=90 that is 60%) followed by Breast feeding jaundice (n=21 that is 14%), ABO incompatibility (n=19 that is 12.67%), Sepsis (n=15 that is 10%), RH incompatibility(n=4 that is 2.67%) and G6PD deficiency (n=1 that is 0.67%). Bilirubin levels of 115 (76.67%) neonates correlated with Kramer scoring based on visual assessment of cephalocaudal progression. There was no variation in the 17 neonates who had visual jaundice upto face, 38/47(80%) neonates with visual jaundice upto chest were with the rule with 20% variation, 37/55(67.27%) neonates with visual jaundice upto abdomen were with the rule with 32.73% variation, 9/16 (56.25%) neonates with visual jaundice upto thighs were with the rule with 43.75% variation. There was no variation in the 6 neonates who had visual jaundice upto legs while a variation of 11.11% was present in neonates with visual jaundice upto soles. Physiological jaundice is the most common cause of jaundice in newborn babies and Kramers rule is an efficient, easy, safe and non-invasive method to determine jaundice in newborn babies. Key words: Jaundice, Kramers rule, Neonate, Serum bilirubin levels.

Comparison of typhidot-eia and widal test in respect to polymerase chain reaction as diagnostic procedures for early diagnosis of typhoid fever

Abstract: Dids Link : http://dids.info/didslink/09.2014-11634985/ Background: The public health burden of typhoid fever can be substantially reduced by early diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic therapy. Aim: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study; aimed to compare Typhidot-EIA test and Widal test in respect to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of the early typhoid fever. Methods: A total of 80 suspected cases of typhoid fever attending Khartoum Hospitals between August and October 2013, were included in this study. Blood samples were collected from all cases during the first week of illness. Typhidot-EIA test, Widal test and PCR were performed for all samples. The Result: Out of 80 patients, 35 (43.8%) were found to have rising titer and considered as Widal positive patients and 21 (26.3%) were positive using Typhidot-EIA test; While only 10 (12.5%) were positive by PCR. The sensitivity and specificity of Widal test and Typhidot-EIA test against PCR were 60%, 59% and 80%, 81% respectively Conclusion: The DOT EIA IgM seems to be a practical alternative to Widal test for early diagnosis of typhoid fever Key words: Salmonella, Typhidot-EIA, Typhoid fever, Widal test

Postmenopausal osteoporosis in obese women

Abstract: Obesity and osteoporosis are two common diseases with an increasing prevalence and a high impact on morbidity and mortality. Obese women have always been considered protected against osteoporosis. Fat and bone are linked by many pathways, which ultimately serve the function of providing a skeleton appropriate to the mass of adipose tissue it is carrying. Leptin, adiponectin, adipocytic estrogens and insulin/amylin are involved in this connection. However, excessive body fat, and particularly abdominal fat, produces inflammatory cytokines which may stimulate bone resorption and reduce bone strength. Even more recent studies have shown conflicting results. There is growing evidence that obesity, and particularly severe obesity, may be related to an increased risk of fracture at different skeletal sites which is partially independent from bone mineral density (BMD). This review aimed to examine the literature data on the relationships of body mass index (BMI) and fat mass with osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

Sensitivity pattern of methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus isolated from surgical site infections

Abstract: Surgical site infections are an important cause of health care associated infections among surgical patients. Patients who develop surgical site infections have longer hospital stays, more expensive hospitalizations, and increased mortality. They are the second most commonly reported nosocomial infection and they count for approximately a quarter of all nosocomial infections. This was a retrospective study conducted at a tertiary care hospital in South India, from June 2010 to December 2011. Testing for Methicillin resistance was performed by modified Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion method using Cefoxitin (30μg) as recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. A total of 195 aerobic bacteria were isolated. 114 were Gram positive cocci (58.4%) and 81 were Gram negative bacilli (41.5%). The most common organism was S. aureus, with 69 isolates (31.2%). Out of 61 isolates of S. aureus, 12 (19.6%) were Methicillin resistant. Highest resistance was seen with Penicillin and least resistance to Vancomycin and Linezolid. Resistance to Ciprofloxacin was and Gentamicin was 75% and 58.3% respectively. But the alarming sign is the resistance to Cephalosporins group of antibiotics which was more than 50%. We did not find any resistance to Vancomycin and Linezolid. Several studies all over the world have well established that the early detection of Methicillin resistance is very essential in the prognosis of infections which are caused by S. aureus as many of these infections are life threatening. The regular surveillance of SSIs and monitoring of antibiogram of MRSA will help in formulating a definite antimicrobial policy and reduce the use of powerful antibiotics like Vancomycin and Linezolid and preserve them for the treatment of life threatening infections. Key words: Surgical site infection, MRSA, antimicrobial susceptibility, nosocomial infections

Antiinflammatory and antinociceptive activity of moringa oleifera

Abstract: The Moringa plant , found in tropical and subtropical countries, provides a rich and rare combination of zeatin, quercetin, kaempferom and many other phytochemicals. It is very important for its medicinal value. Various parts of the plant such as the leaves, roots, seed, bark, fruit, flowers and immature pods act as cardiac and circulatory stimulants, possess antitumour (Makonnen et al, 1997), antipyretic, antiepileptic, anti-inflammatory and antiulcer (Pal et al, 1995). In this study, the antiinflammatory and antinociceptive activity of the 50% ethanolic extract of the Moringa oleifera leaf in animals is described. Key words : Moringa plant, antitumour, Moringa oleifera

Molecular detection of Helicobacter pylori among gastroduodenitis and peptic ulcer patients in Khartoum state

Abstract: Dids Link : http://dids.info/didslink/09.2014-82955971/ Background : Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with gastroduodenitis , gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer . Many of studies have released causes of gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer (approximately 95% of duodenal ulcers and 85% of gastric ulcers) to infection with H. pylori (Kuipers et al, 1995a). The study was aimed to detect Helicobacter pylori in patients with gastroduodenitis and peptic ulcer in Khartoum State by employing Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect H. pylori 16S gene, sudan . Methods: Molecular testing for H. pylori 16-S gene was done on 57 stomach and duodenal biopsy specimens using PCR technique. Biopsy specimens were collected by gastroenterologist using endoscopy. Multiple gastric biopsy specimens were taken from the stomach antrum and the corpus and the duodenum. Transport of specimens was in normal saline and kept at -80 OC till used (Boulos et al, 2002). Extraction was done by using Vivantis GF-1 Nucleic acid extraction kit (Vivantis, MALAYSIA). The amplification reaction was carried out in thermo cycler machine PCR system with program system consisting of (1 min at 94°C, 2 min at 55°C, 3 min at 72°C), and final extension was done at 72°C for 5 min) PCR products were separated in a 1.5% agarose gel, then stained with ethidium bromide and viewed under gel documentation system. A result was considered positive when a band of the appropriate size was visible in the gel. Standard procedures for reducing contamination were strictly followed. Results: Twelve samples (21.1%) out of 57 were positive by PCR, while 45 samples (78.9%) were negative. Conclusion: The frequency of 16 S rRNA genes of H. pylori among endoscopic patients was 21.1%.

Staining of histological sections from the small intestine using hibiscus sabdariffa

Abstract: Dids Link : http://dids.info/didslink/09.2014-87771635/ ABSTRACT Objective: this was a descriptive study aimed to assess the quality of staining of intestinal tissue by Hibiscus Sabdariffa solution compared to Hematoxylin-Eosin routine stain. Methods: paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed tissue sections from small intestine were stained by Hibiscus Sabdariffa solution using different concentrations and time durations in room temperature. Results: With 5 % solution, 48 % of slides showed at least very good quality of staining. The excellent results were mainly obtained when time duration was 60 minutes while poorest results were obtained when staining time was 1-2 minutes Conclusion: Hibiscus Sabdariffa solution is a cheap, natural, and harmless dye that can be used for staining of histological sections and it is comparable to the routine Hematoxylin and Eosin stain.

Amoxicillin trihydrate capsule- a choice of drug for useful for the treatment of bacterial infections

Abstract: The Aim of present investigation was to formulate moderate spectrum bacteriolytic activity. Each hard gelatin capsule of Amoxycillin Trihydrate was prepared with the addition of different excipients like microcrystalline cellulose phosphate (102), Magnesium stearate, Sodium Lauryl Sulphate, Aerosil. The excipients were used for this study was based on the compatibility studies. The optimized batch was passes all the evaluation parameters and stability studies Key words: Amoxycillin Trihydrate, Hard Gelatin Capsule, method, mode of action, uses, adverse drug reaction.

Effect of cigarette smoking on lipid profile

Abstract: Tobacco smoking is one of the most potent and prevalent addictive, influencing behavior of human beings for over four centuries. Cigarette smoking is an important for the development of atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disorders. Cigarette smoking is known to alter the lipoprotein levels. Some authors have concluded that High density Lipoprotein (HDL) levels were same for smokers and non-smokers, while others have found conflicting results wherein significant variations (low levels of HDL in cigarette smokers) were obtained. The present study was done to compare the effects of cigarette smoking on lipid levels. This was a prospective study conducted at tertiary care hospital in South India from September May 2013 to August 2013. The subjects were selected from department of medicine who were undergoing master health check up. The smokers were divided into three groups. Mild smokers (Group I) = 1-10 cigarettes per day. Moderate smokers (Group II) = 11-20 cigarettes per day. Heavy smokers (Group III) = >20 cigarettes per day. The lipid levels were statistically significant in all the three groups. The HDL levels were moderately significantly ( P £ 0.05) in Group I. All other lipid levels were highly significant ( P £ 0.01) in all the three groups. When the lipid levels were compared along with the duration of smoking, there was statistically significant difference in total cholesterol and HDL levels, but moderately significant in triglycerides and Low density Lipoprotein (LDL), and no significant difference in Very Low density Lipoprotein (VLDL) levels. The results of this study show that smokers are at greater risk of developing atherosclerosis than non-smokers. The changes become more marked with increased duration and number of cigarette smoked. Creating awareness regarding health consequences of smoking at young age, particularly in schools and colleges will help in reducing cardiovascular mortality. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE

Hptlc fingerprint profile of steroidal constituents of achyranthes aspera linn.

Abstract: The study was carried out with an aim to determine the steroidal profile of the medicinally important plant Achyranthes aspera Linn. from methanolic extract of root, stem and leaf. Preliminary phytochemical screening was done followed by HPTLC studies. N-butanol: methanol: water 3:1:1 was used as mobile phase for the separation of steroids. The steroid fingerprint of leaf exhibited 7 peaks in neutral, 3 peaks in acidic and 7 peaks in basic methanolic fractions, while that of stem exhibited 8 in neutral, 6 each in acidic and basic methanolic extracts. The fingerprint of root revealed the presence of 9 peaks in neutral, 6 in acidic and 9 in basic methanolic fractions. The study revealed diverse forms of steroids in large number in the root, stem and leaf of Achyranthes aspera Linn. It can be concluded that HPTLC fingerprint analysis of root, stem and leaf extract of Achyranthes aspera Linn. can be used as a diagnostic tool for the correct identification of the plant and it is useful as a phytochemical marker. The results also indicate that the plant parts are a good source of steroids. Key words : Achyranthes aspera Linn. Root, stem, Leaf , Phytochemical Screening, HPTLC Fingerprinting, steroids.

Acid base indicator property of lawsonia inerimes leaves

Abstract: Indicators used in titration show well-marked changes of color in certain intervals of pH. Most of these indicators are organic dyes and are of synthetic origin. The environmental pollution caused by chemical industries in the synthesis of organic dyes had made the scientist in the developing country to enter in to an era, in which plant product serve as an alternative to synthetic products. Natural pigments in plants are highly colored substances and may show color changes with variation of pH. Lawsonia inermis (henna plant) has been used in herbal medicine for ages. However, the medical benefits of this plant have been discussed in only a few publications. the study helped to realize that the leaves pigment of hina could be effectively used as a substitute to the presently existing indicators owing to the factors like simple preparation, good performance and accurate and precise results. It was found that the extract changes the color at different pH and can be used successfully as indicator.

Biologically active secondary metabolites from kalanchoe tomentosa

Abstract: Phytochemical study of the ethanolic extract of Kalanchoe tomentosa (Crassulaceae) resulted in the isolation of 14 compounds identified as; α-amyrin acetate (1), friedelin (2), glutinol (3), 1-dotriacontanol (4), phytol (5), Stigmasta-7,25-dien-3b-ol (6), β-sitosterol (7), Isorhamnetin (8), 2,3-dihydroxypropyl tetradecanoate (9), Eriodictyol (10), Gallic acid (11), quercetin (12), kampferol-3-O-Rutinoside (13) and isovitexin (14). These compounds were isolated for the first time from this species. The structure elucidation of isolated metabolites was carried out using spectroscopic data (1D and 2D NMR). Antioxidant, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of different plant extracts were also studied and significant results were obtained. Key words:Kalanchoetomentosa; Crassulaceae; cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activities.

Assessment of student’s knowledge on neonatal resuscitation

Abstract: Resuscitation of the neonate presents a different set of challenges than resuscitation of the adult or even the older infant or child. For resuscitation measures consider being successful, it requires accurate understanding by the nursing students working in the delivery room, postnatal and neonatal units to have adequate skills for prompt neonatal resuscitation technique. The research design adopted for the study was descriptive research design. The study was conducted in selected Nursing College at Mangalore. The samples comprised of 100 nursing students. The samples were selected using purposive sampling technique. Data was collected using demographic proforma, structured knowledge questionnaire on neonatal resuscitation. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Result. ( 69%) were had average knowledge regarding neonatal resuscitation, (60.50%) were had adequate knowledge on meaning structure and functions regarding neonate, (50.36%) were had knowledge on initiation step of neonatal resuscitation technique and (35.50%) were had adequate knowledge regarding applying chest compression during neonatal resuscitation. The study concluded that Nursing students, as the key personnel in acquiring adequate knowledge regarding management of neonatal resuscitation, practical training programme regarding neonatal resuscitation should consider in the nursing education to ensure acceptable neonatal outcome.

Brine shrimp lethality test and anti-proliferation test against human cancer- origin cell lines using ethanolic and water extracts of selaginelladoederleinii hieron

Abstract: Most of the properties of herbal products claimed in traditional use are based on traditional knowhow and/or empirical observations Support from scientific evaluation and validation is thus crucial Selaginella doederleinii HIERON is a member from the family of Selaginellaceae, a perennial, fern-like plant, and spike moss It is known in traditional medicine to be useful to treat many diseases However, proper scientific experimental results have not been reported thus far The present study was conducted with the objectives of evaluating the phytochemical compositions, antimicrobial activities, and toxicity of the plant extracts Qualitative phytochemical analysis on ethanolic (SDE) and water extracts (SDW) revealed the presence of saponins, tannins and cardiac glycosides in the extracts The 50% lethal concentration (LC 50 ) in brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) using SDE and SDW after 24 hours of exposure was found to be >1000µg/ml Strong antimicrobial activity was observed against Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilus Cancer-origin cell lines MDA-MB231 and HepG2 were found to be the most susceptible, among other tested cell lines, with the treatments of SDE (LC 50 =306 µg/ml) and SDW (LC 50 = 329 µg/ml) respectively Amelioration with further subfractionation would increase the specific antiproliferation activities of these subfractions Key words : Selaginella doederleinii, Brine shrimp, Anti-proliferative

Evaluation of some brands of shampoos according to the libyan standard specification

Abstract: There are many brands of shampoos in Tripoli markets-Libya, available from different sources, locally and imported from other different countries. The aim of this work was to investigate whether such brands comply with the Libyan standard specifications number 280 for shampoos issued by the national center for specifications and standards and to what extent these specifications are applied and restricted with. 14 shampoo brands were randomly collected from Tripoli markets and evaluated for their physicochemical properties including organoleptic characterization, pH measurement, determination of the percent of anionic and nonionic surfactant and the percent of preservative added, also the absence of any alkyl-arryl-sulfonate and the label information were checked. As a result of this work it was found that all investigated shampoo samples had a thick consistency with different colors and odors. Regarding the pH measurement, two shampoo samples were out of the specified range. Five shampoo samples had a total percent of the ionic and nonionic surfactants out of the specified limit. The percent of the preservative for all shampoo samples was within the specified limit. All shampoo samples were free from any alkyl-arryl-sulfonate. Only two shampoo samples were completely comply with the specifications regarding the label information.From such results it is clear that not all shampoo brands available in Tripoli markets comply with the Libyan standard specifications. Therefore the goods should prove their compliance with such standards before releasing them to the market. Key words : compliance, comply, standards, conform, conformity.

Evaluation of the signalling mechanisms of lysophosphatidic acid and its role in the central nervous system

Abstract: Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which is proposed to play an important role in normal physiological situations such as wound healing, maintenance of vascular tone, vascular integrity and reproduction, may also be implicated in the etiology of some diseases such as atherosclerosis, cancer, stroke and dementia. There is a causative relationship between stroke and dementia also leading to the classical Alzheimer’s disease. Abnormal findings, including silent brain infarction, are frequently observed by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. The importance of LPA in stroke and vascular cognitive impairment has been reported. This review article is focussed on the signalling mechanisms of lysophosphatidic acid as well as its role in central nervous system. Key Words: Stroke, dementia, lysophosphatidic acid, metabolism, nervous system

Perinatal outcomes associated with meconium stained non vigoroius babies in a tertiary centre of uttarakhand (india)

Abstract: We examined the perinatal outcomes in singleton pregnancies associated with meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) in non vigorous neonates.The study was performed during one year (2012-2013) in new borns admitted at our tertiary referral centre, department of pediatrics Dr. Sushila Tiwari government hospital (Government medical college & hospital) Haldwani distt- nainital (Uttarakhand) India . Mothers in labour were studied when meconium was found at the time of rupture of membranes or clear amniotic fluid turned meconium stained during course of labour. Number of cases were 75 and number of controls were 100. The incidence of non vigorous MSAF newborns was 4.9%. The incidence of intrauterine fetal death, low Apgar score, low umbilical artery pH and need of NICU admission at delivery in cases with MSAF were significantly higher than those without MSAF. Incidences of early neonatal death were higher in study group (18.66%) as compared to control group (2%). Obstetric management should be affected by meconium in the amniotic fluid.